Abstract

Pastoralism is a vital tradition in Nepal’s high-altitude communities that supports mountainous people’s livelihood, economy, and culture. The high mountain region comprises 20.4% of the country’s land area and extends from Nepal’s northern border with Tibet to the middle mountains, with elevations ranging from 543 to 5000 m. In recent years, high-altitude pastoralism in Nepal has been facing complex challenges. Drawing from literature and field experience in Nepal’s Dolakha District, this chapter delves into the challenges faced by high-altitude pastoral communities due to socioeconomic and ecological changes. Rangeland quality and quantity have declined in response to land use changes, infrastructure development, and poor management strategies. In addition, climate change and societal attitudes have contributed to the loss of pasture production. Conservation initiatives must balance traditional land use practices with sustainable grazing and inclusive rangeland management to promote high-altitude pastoralism. Likewise, alternative income sources, community involvement, and multidisciplinary collaboration are critical for charting a sustainable path.