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  1. Mean and Variance in Quantum Theory.John E. Gray & Andrew Vogt - 2015 - Foundations of Physics 45 (8):883-888.
    Calculation of the mean of an observable in quantum mechanics is typically assumed to require that the state vector be in the domain of the corresponding self-adjoint operator or for a mixed state that the operator times the density matrix be in the trace class. We remind the reader that these assumptions are unnecessary. We state what is actually needed to calculate the mean of an observable as well as its variance.
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