Various four- and three-valued modal propositional logics are studied. The basic systems are modal extensions BK and BS4 of Belnap and Dunn's four-valued logic of firstdegree entailment. Three-valued extensions of BK and BS4 are considered as well. These logics are introduced semantically by means of relational models with two distinct evaluation relations, one for verification and the other for falsification. Axiom systems are defined and shown to be sound and complete with respect to the relational semantics and with respect to (...) twist structures over modal algebras. Sound and complete tableau calculi are presented as well. Moreover, a number of constructive non-modal logics with strong negation are faithfully embedded into BS4, into its three-valued extension B3S4, or into temporal BS4, BtS4. These logics include David Nelson's three-valued logic N3, the four-valued logic N4 bottom, the connexive logic C, and several extensions of bi-intuitionistic logic by strong negation. (shrink)

While attention to research integrity has been growing over the past decades, the processes of signalling and denouncing cases of research misconduct remain largely unstudied. In this article, we develop a theoretically and empirically informed understanding of the causes and consequences of reporting research misconduct in terms of power relations. We study the reporting process based on a multinational survey at eight European universities. Using qualitative data that witnesses of research misconduct or of questionable research practices provided, we aim to (...) examine actors’ rationales for reporting and not reporting misconduct, how they report it and the perceived consequences of reporting. In particular we study how research seniority, the temporality of work appointments, and gender could impact the likelihood of cases being reported and of reporting leading to constructive organisational changes. Our findings suggest that these aspects of power relations play a role in the reporting of research misconduct. Our analysis contributes to a better understanding of research misconduct in an academic context. Specifically, we elucidate the processes that affect researchers’ ability and willingness to report research misconduct, and the likelihood of universities taking action. Based on our findings, we outline specific propositions that future research can test as well as provide recommendations for policy improvement. (shrink)

According to Minstrumentalize” this framework to propose an evolutionary basis for the existence of a biological resilience to drug addiction in people.

The unified framework for addiction (UFA) formulated by Redish et al. is a tour de force. It uniquely predicts that there should be multiple addiction syndromes and pathways – a diversity that would reflect the complexity of the mammalian brain decision system. Here I explore some of the evolutionary and developmental ramifications of UFA and derive several new avenues for research.

This first book in English by Serge-Christophe Kolm provides an overview of his far-reaching vision of distributive justice. Kolm derives justice from considerations of rationality.

Active ending of the life of a newborn baby is a crime. Yet its clandestine practise is a reality in several European countries. In this paper, we defend the necessity to institute a proper legal frame for what we define as active neonatal euthanasia. The only legal attempt so far, the Dutch Groningen protocol, is not satisfactory. We critically analyse this protocol, as well as several other clinical practises and philosophical stances. Furthermore, we have tried to integrate our opinions as (...) clinicians into a law project, with the purpose of pinpointing several issues, specific of perinatality that should be addressed by such a law. In conclusion, we argue that the legalisation of neonatal euthanasia under exceptional circumstances is the only way to avoid all the “well-intentioned” malpractices associated with ending life at the very dawn of it. (shrink)

Cette étude traite de la redécouverte de l'oeuvre de Tocqueville à travers les différentes lectures (politique, phénoménologique, individualiste) qui en ont été proposées.

Les espaces de rencontre, ou d’accueil enfants-parents lors de séparation ou divorce conflictuel, sont intrinsèquement très sensibles à la parentalité et à son évolution. Cet article tente ainsi de repérer le travail de « scénarisation » des professionnels face aux liens emmêlés entre parents et enfants. L’auteur montre d’abord comment la pression s’accentue sur l’enfant, plus que jamais « coupable d’être » et responsable des « chagrins d’amour » de ses parents, comme l’illustrent plusieurs exemples littéraires. Il analyse ensuite des (...) situations cliniques avec recompositions familiales et homoparentalité. La diversité de la parentalité ne met pas à l’abri l’enfant, « acteur faible » des déchirements des adultes en couple. On doit sans cesse lui offrir un espace de subjectivation non inféodé à la souffrance de l’un ou l’autre des parents, d’autant plus qu’il tend à être l’objet de « leur projet ». (shrink)

Les espaces de rencontre, ou d’accueil enfants-parents lors de séparation ou divorce conflictuel, sont intrinsèquement très sensibles à la parentalité et à son évolution. Cet article tente ainsi de repérer le travail de « scénarisation » des professionnels face aux liens emmêlés entre parents et enfants. L’auteur montre d’abord comment la pression s’accentue sur l’enfant, plus que jamais « coupable d’être » et responsable des « chagrins d’amour » de ses parents, comme l’illustrent plusieurs exemples littéraires. Il analyse ensuite des (...) situations cliniques avec recompositions familiales et homoparentalité. La diversité de la parentalité ne met pas à l’abri l’enfant, « acteur faible » des déchirements des adultes en couple. On doit sans cesse lui offrir un espace de subjectivation non inféodé à la souffrance de l’un ou l’autre des parents, d’autant plus qu’il tend à être l’objet de « leur projet ». (shrink)

The recent trend in cognitive robotics experiments on language learning, symbol grounding, and related issues necessarily entails a reduction of sensorimotor aspects from those provided by a human body to those that can be realized in machines, limiting robotic models of symbol grounding in this respect. Here, we argue that there is a need for modeling work in this domain to explicitly take into account the richer human embodiment even for concrete concepts that prima facie relate merely to simple actions, (...) and illustrate this using distributional methods from computational linguistics which allow us to investigate grounding of concepts based on their actual usage. We also argue that these techniques have applications in theories and models of grounding, particularly in machine implementations thereof. Similarly, considering the grounding of concepts in human terms may be of benefit to future work in computational linguistics, in particular in going beyond “grounding” concepts in the textual modality alone. Overall, we highlight the overall potential for a mutually beneficial relationship between the two fields. (shrink)

Peer review of journal submissions has become one of the most important pillars of quality management in academic publishing. Because of growing concerns with the quality and effectiveness of the system, a host of enthusiastic innovators has proposed and experimented with new procedures and technologies. However, little is known about whether these innovations manage to convince other journal editors. This paper will address open questions regarding the implementation of new review procedures, the occurrence rate of various peer review procedures and (...) their distribution over scientific disciplines or academic publishers, as well as the motivations for editors or publishers to engage in novel review procedures. It shows that in spite of enthusiastic innovation, the adoption of new peer review procedures is in fact very slow, with the exception of text similarity scanners. For now, peer review innovations appear to be restricted to specific niches in academic publishing. Analysing these niches, the article concludes with a reflection on the circumstances in which innovations might be more widely implemented. (shrink)

The consumption of traditional meat is currently being challenged by the rise of meat alternatives claimed to be more beneficial for the environment and non-human animals. One of the peculiarities of these products lies in their attempt to replace meat through the close imitation of its sensory qualities, which poses relevant philosophical questions: What are the purported reasons that motivate this imitation, instead of the promotion of different but sustainable foods that break with the imagery of meat eating? And, if (...) eating meat is considered morally wrong, what is the moral status of the simulation of a wrong act? Our aim is to address these questions to shed new light on the ethical claims that constitute, in fact, one of the major advantages of these products. Firstly, we introduce the aims and functions of simulating meat sensory qualities. Subsequently, we investigate whether the imitation of meat can be found morally acceptable on consequentialist grounds. Lastly, we raise the question of whether there is room for claiming that imitating meat is morally wrong even if its consequences are overall better, from the point of view of non-consequentialist ethical frameworks. We conclude that there are not compelling reasons for considering meat imitation as morally undesirable. (shrink)

Le rapport entre culture et politique est l'un des plus débattu sous l'angle des sciences sociales, opposant notamment culture légitime et culture anthropologique ; et ceci selon deux points de vue complémentaires : d'abord quant aux vicissitudes subies par les politiques culturelles des États-nations, à l'exemple de la France du fait de l'échec de l'objectif de démocratisation culturelle, ensuite quant à leur remise en cause frontale par les processus de la mondialisation libérale. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit la diversité (...) culturelle substituée à l'exception culturelle, et comportant la diversité linguistique, défendue par la FrancophonieThe relation between culture and politics represents one of the most discussed topics from the social sciences perspective, particularly the opposition between high culture and popular culture. The question is viewed from two complementary standpoints: firstly, one related to difficulties faced by the cultural politics of Nation States, for example France’s difficulties because of the fact that the objective of cultural democratization has not been achieved; and secondly bringing cultural politics into question by the process of liberal globalisation. It is in this context that cultural exception is replaced by cultural diversity including linguistic diversity as defended by Francophony. (shrink)

En partant de l’observation de patients ayant subi une transplantation hépatique, nous constatons que la réhabilitation est souvent très laborieuse. Le malade se trouve transformé par l’intervention des autres sur lui-même. Pour se réapproprier ce corps, il est nécessaire de redonner un sens propre à ce qui s’est passé, loin des explications techniques qui ont permis aux soignants d’agir. Ces explications ne lui permettent pas de comprendre. La dialectique du comprendre et de l’expliquer est difficile à saisir pour le soignant (...) qui privilégie les explications, alors qu’à cette phase du soin elles sont étranges pour le malade. Pour comprendre il lui est plus simple de recréer sa propre tragédie, avec ses propres rôles, un début et une fin. Ses particularités, son ipséité réapparaissent et il peut dresser le bilan de ce qu’il a subi. Il s’agit de sa première action, un « agir narratif ». S’acceptant tel qu’il est devenu, il peut dès lors se considérer comme un nouvel individu, un être guéri non par décret médical, mais par sa propre action. Pour que ce récit soit accueilli, il est nécessaire que le soignant lui face hospitalité et acte de reconnaissance. C’est l’enjeu éthique de cette réflexion : le soignant qui permet, par l’écoute, une autre écriture. (shrink)

This volume surveys 150 law books of fundamental importance in the history of Western legal literature and culture. The entries are organized in three sections: the first dealing with the transitional period of fifteenth-century editions of medieval authorities, the second spanning the early modern period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, and the third focusing on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The contributors are scholars from all over the world. Each 'old book' is analyzed by a recognized specialist in (...) the specific field of interest. Individual entries give a short biography of the author and discuss the significance of the works in the time and setting of their publication, and in their broader influence on the development of law worldwide. Introductory essays explore the development of Western legal traditions, especially the influence of the English common law, and of Roman and canon law on legal writers, and the borrowings and interaction between them. The book goes beyond the study of institutions and traditions of individual countries to chart a broader perspective on the transmission of legal concepts across legal, political, and geographical boundaries. Examining the branches of this genealogical tree of books makes clear their pervasive influence on modern legal systems, including attempts at rationalizing custom or creating new hybrid systems by transplanting Western legal concepts into other jurisdictions. (shrink)

L’accueil familial de la protection de l’enfant traverse une crise importante. Comprendre cette crise passe par l’analyse critique du dispositif d’Aide sociale à l’enfance dans lequel s’inscrit l’accueil familial. Les évolutions du métier d’assistant familial ont déstabilisé le dispositif lorsqu’elles n’ont pas été accompagnées par des transformations des organisations et des pratiques. La loi de 2016 qui réoriente la protection de l’enfance sur les besoins de l’enfant est une opportunité pour l’accueil familial. À partir de l’analyse critique des pratiques en (...) protection de l’enfance, cet article propose les concepts de pourvoyance des besoins de l’enfant, de parentalité empêchée et de développement du pouvoir être parent pour penser les pratiques de l’accueil familial d’enfant. (shrink)

A far-reaching reinterpretation of Plato’s Timaeus and its engagement with time, eternity, body, and soul that in its original French edition profoundly influenced Derrida The Tomb of the Artisan God provides a radical rereading of Timaeus, Plato’s metaphysical text on time, eternity, and the relationship between soul and body. First published in French in 1995, the original edition of Serge Margel’s book included an extensive introductory essay by Jacques Derrida, who drew on Margel’s insights in developing his own concepts (...) of time, the promise, the world, and khōra. Now available in English with a new preface by Margel, this engagement with Platonic thought proceeds from two questions that span the history of philosophy: What is time? What is the body? Margel’s twinned interrogation centers around Plato’s concept of the demiurge (divine artisan or craftsman): its body, its anthropomorphic attributes, its productive capacities and regulatory functions in the ordering/organization/assembling of the world. He posits that this paradoxical figure is not merely a cosmological metaphor for the living body but also the site of its destruction, dissolution, and disappearance. Torn between the finite and the infinite, being and becoming, the concept of demiurge also poses metaphysical questions about time, time before time, and the end of time. The ontological status of the demiurge’s body, Margel argues, would become increasingly decisive in the history of philosophy, particularly in Christianity and the dogma of incarnation. (shrink)

In the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, August 26, 1789, the possession of human rights is subject to the condition of birth and to a particular stipulation: only one who is born a man in entitled to human rights. Birth, that is, the manifestation of a body according to natural laws in a social world, is the condition by which a being comes to personhood. According to a long tradition in moral theology and sacred embryology (...) examined here, human identity is recognized at birth by the possession of a ‘human form.’ The difficulty lies in defining this ‘form,’ and in determining if it extends to beings formed or transformed by human industry. This article looks into the conditions necessary to recognize or grant human rights to trans/posthuman individuals. (shrink)

Résumé L’étude de la figure et de l’œuvre du dominicain méridional Armand de Belvézer permet de dégager quelques-unes des caractéristiques du thomisme tel qu’il se pratiquait en France dans la première moitié du xiv e siècle. Ce thomisme accorde une importance déterminante à l’autorité doctrinale de saint Thomas, qui lui semble être confirmée par la canonisation de 1323. Au plan doctrinal, le thomisme d’Armand peut être assez diffus comme dans le Tractatus de declaratione, qui transmet une doctrine commune plus qu’un (...) thomisme spécifique. Mais il est plus littéral dans le Scriptum sur le De ente et essentia où Armand, non sans une certaine originalité dans sa compréhension des rapports de l’être et de l’essence, développe les thèses d’une philosophie spécifiquement thomiste. (shrink)

La Zarathoustra de Nietzsche, de son propre aveu l’opus magnum de Nietzsche a toujours été appréhendé sous l’angle de ses contenus et de ses thématiques : volonté de puissance, surhumain, éternel retour. Le vitalisme de Nietzsche, illustré par ces trois enseignements centraux de Zarathoustra, a rarement été recherché dans la forme et les caractéristiques précises d’un discours qui se voulait pourtant novateur et que l’on pouvait supposer — à l’opposé du discours neutre et reproducteur de la tradition philosophique — chercher (...) à être lui-même « vital ». Pour les mêmes raisons, comment a-t-on pu négliger à ce point l’impact communicationnel qu’un tel discours se devait de produire sur ses lecteurs, à l’image du discours prosélyte que Zarathoustra adresse sans cesse à ses auditoires ? Si Zarathoustra est une apologie du vouloir exacerbé sous toutes ses formes, ne fallait-il pas justement qu’il fût un appel à vouloir, un manifeste plutôt qu’un traité. C’est ce renouveau qu’apporte le discours nietzschéen dans le discours philosophique séculaire, c’est sa fonction appellative que nous entendons analyser ici à l’aide d’une panoplie d’outils linguistiques allant de la morphosyntaxe aux modèles actantiels, mais toujours dans l’objectif de replacer ces caractéristiques dans une perspective philosophique.Nietzsche’s Zarathustra, the philosophical work that the philosopher regarded as his magnum opus, has always been approached through its contents and themes : the will to power, the Übermensch, Overman, eternal recurrence. Nietzsche’s “vitalism,” as illustrated by Zarathustra’s three central teachings, has rarely been sought in the form and precise characteristics of a discourse that was intended to be innovative and could therefore itself be expected to be “vital,” . Allowing this hypothesis, we must ask how interpreters could ignoreFor the same reasons, how could interpreters ignore to such an extent the communicative impact that such a discourse was intended to produce on its readers, following in its way the proselytizing discourse that Zarathustra restlessly addressed to his audiences ? If Zarathustra represents the apologia of an exacerbated will in all its forms, is it not logical to regard Nietzsche’s work as an appeal intended to strengthen that will ; as a manifesto rather than a treatise ? It is thus the renewal that Nietzsche’s discourse brings to traditional philosophical discourse andthe appellative function it fulfills that we will analyse here, using a variety of linguistic tools ranging from morphosyntax to actantial models. Our aim will invariably be to set these features in a philosophical perspective and framework. (shrink)

Comment les migrants et les membres des minorités culturelles composent-ils avec les outils de communication mis à leur disposition dans le nouvel environnement numérique? Nous pensons plus particulièrement à la téléphonie mobile et aux outils de l'internet social qui permettent à leurs utilisateurs de converser en groupe ou de se construire des réseaux de contacts via les « sites de réseaux sociaux ». Nous questionnons d'abord la nature sociologique de ces prétendues « communautés » dans un tel type d'environnement sociotechnique. (...) Nous décrivons ensuite le vécu des migrants connectés faisant usage des outils de communication pour établir une téléprésence quasi permanente avec leurs proches. En conclusion, nous abordons laproblématique des diasporas de l'ère numérique à travers le rôle joué par l'usage de ces nouveaux dispositifs de communication.How migrants and cultural minorities coping with their communication tools available to them in the new digital environment? We think especially mobile telephony and internet social tools that allow users to converse in a group or to build networks of contacts via "social networking sites". First we question the sociological nature of these so-called "communities" in such a type of socio-technical environment. We then describe the experiences of migrants making use of online communication tools to establish a semi-permanent telepresence with their families. In conclusion, we discuss the problem of the digital diaspora through the role played by the use of these new communication devices. (shrink)