In the text Critique of the Foundations of Psychology (1928) Georges Politzer (1903-1942) sought to investigate the epistemological bases of some currents of psychology. His intention was to reorient psychological studies toward a concreteconception. By analyzing Gestalt theory, Behaviorism, and Psychoanalysis, Politzer outlined a project of concrete psychology with some principles that guide possible perspectives of studies on psychological phenomena. His principles consist instudying psychological facts through the prism of the first person and consider man in his drama. Despite being (...) Hungarian, the author walked his political and intellectual path in France in the 20th century, a time when Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980) focusedon psychological phenomena under the prism of phenomenology, proposing an Existential Psychoanalysis at the end of Being and Nothingness (1943). In this sense, we will verify to what extent the Sartrian theory can contemplate Politzer’s principlesof a concrete psychology. (shrink)

Phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases that produce 3‐phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol upon activation by various cues. These 3‐phosphorylated lipids bind to various protein effectors to control many cellular functions. Lipid phosphatases such as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) terminate PI3K‐derived signals and are critical to ensure appropriate signaling outcomes. Many lines of evidence indicate that PI3Ks and PTEN, as well as some specific lipid effectors are highly compartmentalized, either in plasma membrane nanodomains or in endosomal compartments. We examine the evidence (...) for specific recruitment of PI3Ks, PTEN, and other related enzymes to membrane nanodomains and endocytic compartments. We then examine the hypothesis that scaffolding of the sources (PI3Ks), terminators (PTEN), and effectors of these lipid signals with a common plasma membrane nanodomain may achieve highly localized lipid signaling and ensure selective activation of specific effectors. This highlights the importance of spatial regulation of PI3K signaling in various physiological and disease contexts. (shrink)

In the present article we aim to thematize the conception of personal identity from a historical articulation based on the notion of axial era. With this strategy, we want to pursue a double objective, namely: (i) to explain the concept of the axial age as an important historical axis for Western culture, focusing on the changes in the role of religion in society; and (ii) to trace a certain constitutive image of modern personal identity from such a historical perspective. In (...) this way, we argue that the personal identity of the modern subject is rooted in a certain reconfiguration of the ways in experiencing religion, resulting in a disembedding of the individual in his society and a growing need for self-realization. Then, we aim to offer an alternative opening for the understanding and assimilation of the original speeches in its contrast with the Western culture. (shrink)

A contemporary serious lack of scientific knowledge by the general public and many decision-makers is now quite perceptible, both globally and in Portugal. Living in a science-driven technological world filled with scientific illiteracy is dangerous and a path toward disaster. Recent years brought a fairly strong global movement promoting the so-called “alternative therapy” that also affected Portugal. I propose an evidence-based ethics reflection and argumentation, both encompassing the global and the specific Portuguese reality. I debate the specific arguments used in (...) favour of alternative therapies, demonstrating the inherent fallacies of thought, deliberate manipulation of words and concepts, and the dire consequences for global and local health politics by following this line of biased reasoning. (shrink)

O artigo busca examinar o sentido do termo "confia- bilidade" no interior da teoria winnicottiana do amadurecimento pessoal e com relação à tarefa terapêutica. Em Winnicott, mais do que uma qualidade desejável em qualquer relação humana, a confiabilidade é a característica central do ambiente facilitador, materno e terapêutico, e está intimamente ligada à dependência. O ponto específico no qual o estudo se detém é a função essencial da confiabilidade durante o período inicial da vida, em que estão sendo constituídas as (...) bases da personalidade, com o bebê em estado de dependência absoluta da mãe. Nesse momento, a confiabilidade ambiental está diretamente implicada na constituição da identidade e dos sentidos de realidade, do si-mesmo e do mundo, tendo implicações clínicas importantes, sobretudo no que se refere ao tratamento de pacientes que usam a situação analítica para regredir à dependência.The purpose of this essay is to examine the meaning of the term "reliability" within the winnicottian maturacional process theory and its relevance to therapeutic task. According to Winnicott, reliability is more than just a desirable quality in human relations: it is the central characteristic of the facilitating - maternal and therapeutic - environment. The specific point to be examined is the essential function of reliability during the earlier stages, when the bases of the personality are being built and the baby is in a state of absolute dependence on the mother. At this moment, the environmental reliability is directly implicated in the constitution of the self as identity and the world's sense of reality. This point has significant clinical implications specially in the treatment of patients who need to regress to the dependence. (shrink)

La constatación de un proceso de transnacionalización del grupo criminal brasileño de base penitenciaria autodenominado Primer Comando de la Capital solo puede entenderse como un efecto de las formas de operación, prácticas, actividades y configuraciones asumidas por las redes criminales en medio de los cambios estructurales asociadas con la globalización, considerando, principalmente, las dinámicas de los mercados ilícitos de cocaína y marihuana. Entender el proceso de transnacionalización del PCC implica considerar especificidades que presenta un grupo que tiene su origen en (...) las cárceles y particularidades de la dinámica criminal brasileña en cuyo centro la prisión ocupa cada vez un lugar más importante. Aunque el PCC participe y amplíe su presencia internacional, y de hecho ingresó y opera en esas redes globales, lo hace de forma aún muy volcada para su actuación en Brasil. Hay, sin embargo, elementos indicativos de que el grupo evoluciona para nuevas conformaciones en ese mercado criminal global, especialmente aquél del tráfico de drogas. (shrink)

O artigo mostra como Winnicott, a partir de uma experiência assistencial de caráter institucional, soube observar o que era propriamente terapêutico para as crianças envolvidas, e formular os princípios em que essa ação terapêutica estava baseada, relacionando-os com a teoria que ele começara a desenvolver: a teoria do amadurecimento pessoal. Um desses princípios é o da sobrevivência, conceito-chave do cuidado materno e terapêutico. Na continuação, estão descritos alguns aspectos essenciais da capacidade de sobrevivência da mãe e do analista.The article starts (...) by showing that Winnicott, by considering the practice of institutional assintance, was able to find what was therapeutic for the children involved and to formulate principles upon which these therapeutic effects were based, putting them in the context of the theory he began to develop: the theory of personal development. One of these principles is survival, which is also the key concept for characterizing maternal and therapeutic care. After making that point, the article studies various essential aspects of the capacity of survival of both mothers and analysts. (shrink)

In 1751, LEONHARD EULER established “harmony” between two principles that had been stated by PIERRE-LOUIS-MOREAU DE MAUPERTUIS a few years earlier. These principles are intended to be the foundations of Mechanics; they are the principle of rest and the principle of least action.My claim is that the way in which “harmony” is achieved sets the foundations of so called Analytical Mechanics: it discloses the physical bases of the general ideas, concepts, and motivations of the formalism. My paper intends to show (...) what those physical bases are, and how a picture of the formalism issues from them. This picture is shown to be recast in JOSEPH-LOUIS LAGRANGES justification of the formalism, which strengthens my claim. (shrink)

The purpose is to retrace phenomenology's argumentative path towards temporality as the foundation of phenomenality as presentation. The next step is to construct another paradigm based on movement and the processes of differentiation involved in it. The confrontation between these two types of approach, one related to Husserl's genetic phenomenology, and the other which allows us to think of presuppositions for a phenomenology of difference and event based on Merleau-Ponty's lateral writings in the 1950s, serves to question the foundations of (...) this type of philosophy. The final aim is to show how space and time can be described from the point of view of movement. (shrink)

A presente comunicação tem como propósito analisar o modo de participação do povo nas disputas políticas em torno das magistraturas por ele conquistadas, a partir da análise Maquiavel do paradigma republicano romano na obra Discorsi.

Reading, even when silent and individual, is a social phenomenon and has often been studied as such. Complementary to this view, research has begun to explore how reading is embodied beyond simply being ‘wired’ in the brain. This article brings the social and embodied perspectives together in a very literal sense. Reporting a qualitative study of reading practices across student focus groups from six European countries, it identifies an underexplored factor in reading behaviour and experience. This factor is the sheer (...) physical presence, and concurrent activity, of other people in the environment where one engages in individual silent reading. The primary goal of the study was to explore the role and possible associations of a number of variables (text type, purpose, device) in selecting generic (e.g. indoors vs outdoors) as well as specific (e.g. home vs library) reading environments. Across all six samples included in the study, participants spontaneously attested to varied, and partly surprising, forms of sensitivity to company and social space in their daily efforts to align body with mind for reading. The article reports these emergent trends and discusses their potential implications for research and practice. (shrink)

O artigo aborda alguns dos principais aspectos da concepção winnicottiana sobre a agressividade e a destrutividade humanas, à luz da teoria do amadurecimento. Salientando ser esse um dos temas em que melhor se pode constatar a mudança paradigmática operada por Winnicott com relação à psicanálise tradicional, o artigo examina a posição do autor segundo a qual, em vez de manifestação de forças intrapsíquicas ou de afetos, a agressividade e destrutividade humanas estão intrinsecamente relacionadas à questão da constituição do sentido da (...) realidade externa. Atendo-se sobretudo aos estágios iniciais, em que se mostram as raízes da agressividade, o estudo explicita a natureza múltipla do fenômeno segundo a sua raiz no processo de amadurecimento, descrevendo o caráter das manifestações agressivas no estágio de dependência absoluta do bebê em relação à mãe e nos estágios em que a dependência se torna relativa. São abordadas algumas implicações para a clínica winnicottiana.The article talks about some of the main aspects of the winnicottian conception regarding human aggressiveness and destructiveness, in the light of the maturation theory. Pointing out that this is one of the themes where we can better see the pragmatic change operated by Winnicott regarding traditional psychoanalysis, the article examines the author's position by which, instead of the manifestation of intra-psychic forces or affections, human aggressiveness and destructiveness are intrinsically related to the constitution issue of the sense of external reality. Keeping, over all, to the initial stages, where the roots of aggressiveness are seen, the study explains the multiple nature of the phenomenon as per its roots in the maturation process, describing the character of the aggressive manifestations in the state of absolute dependence of the baby in relation to the mother, and in the stages where the dependence becomes relative. A few implications for the winnicottian clinic are mentioned. (shrink)

Among various computing models, it is difficult to find a model inspired from the human mind to improve the computational efficiency of the computer. In fact, the human mind becomes competent in responding for the inputs, resourcefully and mindfully acquiring knowledge and experience over continuous processing with the time. Further, as it is possible to find deeper explanation for the human mind in the Buddhism, the introduction of a computing model imitating the human mind based on Buddhist Theory of Mind (...) to enhance the computational efficiency, would be a great research challenge. According to the BTM, human mind is a continuous thought process which arise as per the conditions. Imitating this processing model in the human mind, a computing model called Six-state Continuous Processing model was introduced exploiting 24-causal relations in BTM. This paper discusses this profound Buddhist theoretical approach that was used in order to derive the Six-state continuous processing model. (shrink)

Is there only one logic? Or are there several equally adequate logics? What does it mean, after all, that different logics can be equally adequate? And they would be adequate with respect to what?This article intends to analyze the different answers to these questions, that is, we will evaluate the central arguments of the debate between pluralism, relativism and logical monism. We will explain,on the one hand, the main assumptions of this discussion and, on the other hand, its philosophical ramifications. (...) We will end by indica-ting the development of a possible logical pluralism using the notion of paraconsistentization of logics, which will be explained afterward.We do not intend to refute, once and for all, logical monism. We will show that the main arguments put forward by a monist against logical pluralism are unsound and therefore the existence of some form of logical pluralism remains possible. (shrink)

Este artigo é um comentário crítico sobre o encontro científico promovido, em 12 de novembro de 1968, pela Sociedade Psicanalítica de Nova Iorque, no qual Winnicott pronunciou uma palestra intitulada "O uso de um objeto", seguida de um debate com quatro analistas dessa Sociedade. O relato desse encontro consta da Ata do encontro, que foi redigida por David Milrod. Após apresentar algumas considerações gerais sobre o debate e as circunstâncias que o cercaram, assinalam-se aspectos centrais da contribuição de Winnicott e (...) o teor das críticas que lhe foram dirigidas pelos debatedores.This article is a critical commentary of the scientific meeting organized on the November 12th, 1968, by the New York Psychoanalytic Society, during which Winnicott presented a paper entitled "The Use of an Object", which was followed by a discussion with four members of the Society. The report on this meeting is contained in the Acts written by David Milrod. After making brief considerations on the circumstances in which the debate was held, we present the central elements of Winnicott´s contribution as well as an analyses of objections raised against it. (shrink)

This research investigates 3- and 5-year-olds' relative fairness in distributing small collections of even or odd numbers of more or less desirable candies, either with an adult experimenter or between two dolls. The authors compare more than 200 children from around the world, growing up in seven highly contrasted cultural and economic contexts, from rich and poor urban areas, to small-scale traditional and rural communities. Across cultures, young children tend to optimize their own gain, not showing many signs of self-sacrifice (...) or generosity. Already by 3 years of age, self-optimizing in distributive justice is based on perspective taking and rudiments of mind reading. By 5 years, overall, children tend to show more fairness in sharing. What varies across cultures is the magnitude of young children's self-interest. More fairness (less self-interest) in distributive justice is evident by children growing up in small-scale urban and traditional societies thought to promote more collective values. (shrink)

Spoken language consists of a linear sequence of units, from which the existence of particular underlying hierarchical processing mechanisms is inferred. Uddén et al. use graph theory to provide a framework for describing the possible structural relationships that may underlie a linear output sequence. Being more explicit in defining different structures can help identifying and testing for such structures in AGL experiments, as well as help showing how behavioral and neuroimaging data reveals signatures of hierarchical processing in humans.

ABSTRACT: In the 18th century, Kant evaluated that his historical period was not a time of enlightenment, but rather minority, because of man’s inability to use his own understanding. Adorno updated this problem, interpreting the minority in our presente in terms of loss of experience. Men are no longer apt to experience, because the technical and economic apparatus prevents the clarification and awareness of reality. From this diagnosis, The aim of this article is to investigate Adorno’s educational thought in its (...) possibilities of emancipation. In our point of view, the role of education, in the thoughts of the Frankfurtian, is to recover the critical autonomy of individuals, through dialectical thinking, to rebuild the damaged experience. (shrink)

El texto siguiente trae una discusión en el campo teórico y empírico, de las relaciones entre grupos pantaneros y la naturaleza, en el entorno de las haciendas que se encuentran alrededor de Corumbá y Ladario, ciudades situadas a las márgenes del río Paraguay. En este texto, se comunican resultados parciales del proyecto de investigación acerca del conocimiento, de la cultura y de las representaciones producidas en el contexto de esas poblaciones en el proceso de apropiación de los recursos naturales. De (...) esa forma, se busca mostrar como estos grupos humanos piensan y actúan con relación al territorio pantanero. Finalmente se debate sobre las posibilidades de desarrollo local en el contexto de esas tradiciones. (shrink)

Afro-alemães são pessoas negras que tem um dos progenitores alemão e o outro negro de qualquer parte do mundo. Historicamente os que se identificam como afro alemães são desconectados da cultura alemã, há uma forte crença no país onde uma escolha silenciosa é feita: Ou você é alemão, ou negro. Uma vez negro, você não é alemão. A partir de duas poesias da poeta afro-alemã May Ayim, apresento uma reflexão sob a perspectiva histórica sobre motivos que levam à elaboração e (...) reelaboração de identidades e afirmação dos afro-alemães num contexto local e global. (shrink)

O presente trabalho teve por intenção discutir as mudanças nos planos econômicos, político - via acumulação flexível - e culturais - via discurso pós-moderno, que trazem mudanças para a manifestação cultural do futebol. À luz do materialismo histórico e dialético foi possível compreender que o fenômeno futebol tem passado por um processo de mercadorização cujo grande interesse, no campo do espetáculo, não é proporcionar para os espectadores um futebol arte, como já existiu, mas sim, movimentar uma indústria esportiva bilionária.

Este artigo considera a marcante instabilidade da Filosofia nos currículos da Educação brasileira, assim como seu desaparecimento como disciplina, na versão aprovada da Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Apresenta as prováveis alterações que esse documento promoverá na Educação, referente à formação de professores, ao impacto político e à autonomia docente na criação de aulas, para, então, dedicar-se aos espólios filosóficos restantes na Base, sobretudo àqueles relativos à ética. Mostra que a dimensão ética atravessa o documento e está presente nas “Competências Gerais” (...) a serem desenvolvidas ao longo da Educação Básica, sendo, portanto, uma preocupação de todas as áreas do conhecimento, sobretudo no que se refere às Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação e à sustentabilidade ambiental. Volta à definição de ética no documento e às suas bases, a saber, justiça, solidariedade e livre-arbítrio; problematiza seus sentidos e marca algumas incoerências. Evidencia que o documento, apesar de incentivar que a Educação dos jovens esteja, de um lado, voltada àquilo que fizemos e sabemos do mundo, por outro, para o aberto e indeterminado; dá ênfase excessiva à busca de soluções e ao aprendizado de respostas, dando prioridade, no que respeita à Filosofia, à resposta socrática para a questão “O que é o ser humano?” Destaca a ideia apresentada no documento de que o nosso tempo requer uma “nova mentalidade”, regida por uma “ética diferente”, e defende que é por meio do contato com modos de pensar filosóficos, presentes nos textos primários de Filosofia, trabalhados por professores habilitados para isso, que os estudantes tornar-se-ão competentes e hábeis nos dois principais sentidos éticos da Base – 1) da nossa relação com a natureza, com o Planeta e seus bens finitos; e 2) da relação consigo mesmo, o modo de ser. Afirma, por fim, que, apesar da espoliação sofrida pela Filosofia na Base, nenhum projeto de Educação pode ser sustentado sem ela. Palavras-chave: BNCC. Filosofia. Ética. Ensino de Filosofia. (shrink)

Objective: Illness perceptions are important predictors of emotional and behavioral responses in many diseases. The current study aims to investigate the COVID-19-related IP throughout Europe. The specific goals are to understand the temporal development, identify predictors and examine the impacts of IP on perceived stress and preventive behaviors.Methods: This was a time-series-cross-section study of 7,032 participants from 16 European countries using multilevel modeling from April to June 2020. IP were measured with the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. Temporal patterns were observed (...) considering the date of participation and the date recoded to account the epidemiological evolution of each country. The outcomes considered were perceived stress and COVID-19 preventive behaviors.Results: There were significant trends, over time, for several IP, suggesting a small decrease in negativity in the perception of COVID-19 in the community. Age, gender, and education level related to some, but not all, IP. Considering the self-regulation model, perceptions consistently predicted general stress and were less consistently related to preventive behaviors. Country showed no effect in the predictive model, suggesting that national differences may have little relevance for IP, in this context.Conclusion: The present study provides a comprehensive picture of COVID-19 IP in Europe in an early stage of the pandemic. The results shed light on the process of IP formation with implications for health-related outcomes and their evolution. (shrink)

resumo: Pretende-se discutir a relação entre arte, filosofia, poesia e técnica na construção de uma “história do ser”, tal como esta progressivamente se constrói na obra de Martin Heidegger, sobretudo em seus escritos a partir de meados da década de 1930. abstract: The aim of this work is to discuss the relationship between art, philosophy, poetry and technique in the so-called “history of being”, as the latter is gradually built in the work of Martin Heidegger, particularly in his writings since (...) the mid-1930s. (shrink)

O presente texto parte de um diálogo com um artigo publicado recentemente na revista HOPOS (Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science), de autoria dos pesquisadores Fons Dewulf e Massimiliano Simons, intitulado “Positivism in Action: The case of Louis Rougier” (2020). No artigo, os pesquisadores abordam a trajetória pouco frequentada de Louis Rougier, filósofo francês cuja fortuna crítica associou-se à sua participação na rede de intelectuais liberais do pós-guerra e a sua função central na organização (...) do Colóquio Walter Lippmann, ainda em 1938. Os autores abordam a trajetória de Rougier de maneira disciplinarmente inusual: procuram interpretar suas teorias filosóficas à luz de seus comprometimentos políticos, defendendo uma imbricação entre ambas as facetas do pensamento de Rougier. Quero sugerir que uma abordagem disposta a compreender as relações dinâmicas entre uma trajetória intelectual e seu entorno social se beneficia de uma abordagem como essa, às quais pode ser acrescida uma dimensão propriamente institucional das trajetórias intelectuais. Para observá-la, proponho acionar o debate sobre virtudes epistêmicas tal como tem sido pensado por autores como Herman Paul, Lorraine Daston e J. Dongen, com o objetivo de investigar se o debate sobre as non-textual things da atividade intelectual podem ser um caminho para transitar de forma profícua entre texto e contexto. Palavras-chave: Virtudes epistêmicas. História da Filosofia. Louis Rougier. Liberalismo. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a contribuição do marxismo ao debate sobre a cultura, destacando suas principais orientações e contrapontos ao debate pós-moderno. Expõe um panorama sintético do debate sobre cultura na atualidade, realiza um balanço da análise marxista sobre cultura, destacando as contribuições de Trotski sobre a temática e sua íntima ligação com o contexto revolucionário soviético e europeu de seu tempo. Ressalta a importância de compreender a interdependência dialética entre a cultura e a economia. Concluindo que a (...) análise da cultura no campo do marxismo nos possibilita elencar orientações que demarcam a compreensão da cultura no campo da revolução social. This article aims to present the contribution of Marxism to the debate about culture, highlighting its main lines and counterpoints to the postmodern debate. Outlines of overviews of the debate on culture today, carries a balance of the Marxist analysis of culture, highlighting the contributions of Trotsky on the subject and its intimate connection with the revolutionary Soviet and European context of his time. Emphasizes the importance of understanding the dialectical interdependence between culture and economy. Concluding that the analysis of culture in the field of Marxism enables us to list guidelines that demarcate the understanding of culture in the field of social revolution. (shrink)