Es posible defender que el pensamiento político de Suárez se halla en tránsito desde lo medieval a una Modernidad diferente. El núcleo de dicha interpretación es la tesis de que la consecución del bien común inserto en la facticidad de la realidad humana concreta es el motor de la teoría política suareciana. Desde ahí se analizan sus elementos fundamentales: primero, el origen comunitario del poder político a partir de la naturaleza social de la persona, creada así por Dios. Segundo, la (...) articulación operativa de dicho poder a través de su entrega absoluta a un gobernante y la preferencia por la Monarquía como forma de gobierno. Tercero, la aceptación de la resistencia al tirano en determinados casos y condiciones. Así, cabe sostener que la flagrante contradicción entre la translatio total del poder político y la simultánea admisión de la resistencia a este supone, en última instancia, negar la primera, erigir esta última como límite del poder, y abrir la puerta a un modelo de democracia directa. (shrink)

Las diferencias entre Francisco Suárez y Juan de Mariana son notables, empezando por sus caracteres personales. En particular, en el tratamiento de una cuestión de tanta importancia en la teoría política de la época como el tema del derecho de resistencia y el tiranicidio, y pese a ciertos rasgos similares que los enemigos de los jesuitas se encar-garán de acentuar, un somero estudio puede revelar una serie de diferencias. No obstante, merece la pena examinar dichas diferencias tomando como referencia una (...) cuestión práctica que podría arrojar luz sobre el grado de profundidad de esas divergencias. En efecto, pese a las evidencias que demuestran que Mariana y Suárez se conocían, y a la dificultad de sostener la idea de que el segundo desconociese la obra de Mariana, el granadino no cita en ningún momento al talaverano al tratar el tema que concita nuestro interés. Más allá de la presencia evidente de cuestiones de estrategia política en dicho silencio, no cabe duda de que Suárez debía entender también que su teoría no coincidía con la de Marian. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende analizar la discusión que Francisco Suárez mantiene con las tesis contrarias a la distinción entre tipos de tirano en la cuestión del tiranicidio (Defensio fidei, Libro VI, capítulo IV, números 10-13). Para esta visión no le es lícito a una persona privada matar a ninguno de los dos tipos de tirano; sólo es posible darles muerte en legítima defensa, porque se entiende que en tal caso se actúa en ejercicio de autoridad pública. Suárez acaba admitiendo esta (...) tesis en el número 13, lo que parece contradecirse con lo sostenido en el número 7, donde se aceptaba la muerte del usurpador por cualquier particular. Sin embargo, en el fondo mantiene la diferencia entre ambos tipos de tirano, por cuanto que en el caso del usurpador sostiene que siempre se dan las condiciones para alegar legítima defensa. Queda sin aclarar qué ocurre en tal caso con las condiciones dispuestas en los números 8 y 9. (shrink)

En el presente artículo tratamos algunos de los desafíos que un constitucionalismo global tiene actualmente respecto a la consecución de una justicia cosmopolita: pluralismo jurídico más allá del monismo jurídico y cultural del Estado moderno, sociodiversidad e interculturalidad, y sostenibilidad socioecológica de los modos de vida legitimados jurídicamente. Para ello consideraremos cómo entiende la tradición escolástico-católica de la Modernidad temprana las exigencias de lo común que atraviesan todo fenómeno jurídico en la vida colectiva y entre los pueblos, atendiendo específicamente a (...) algunas contribuciones clave de Francisco Suárez. De otra parte, como contrapunto del humanismo escolástico católico trataremos la visión de la Modernidad liberal, la cual plantea un modelo racional unívoco y ahistórico de configuración tanto de las exigencias de justicia entre los pueblos, como del modo de propiedad, el cual se identifica con una única forma de propiedad individual desvinculada de las exigencias del bien común. (shrink)

Although we supposedly live in a representative democracy, citizens in many cases do not really participate in political reality and lack resources in the face of multiple situations in which their rulers do not act in the most appropriate way. The problems are numerous: the attempt of seduction of the citizenship by the political class and its subsequent kidnapping until the following elections for lack of mechanisms of social control, the breach of the electoral programs according to the conveniences; sectarianism, (...) poor political ethics or even clear corruption, use of taxes for unapproved fines, indoctrination, poor separation of powers and real power from political parties... (shrink)

Le travail que Josep Monserrat Molas nous présente ici s’intitule Estranys, Setciències i Pentatletes. Ces trois mots cherchent à désigner des figures diverses sous lesquelles la philosophie peut se présenter au sein de la polis : soit des figures apparentes de la philosophie, soit quelques revêtements sous lesquels certains hommes se font passer pour ce qu’ils ne sont pas, soit enfin un trait fondamental du philosophe lui-même qui renverrait donc à la situation essen­tielle de toute philosop...

Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CO X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:CalistoMT;} This paper presents two views regarding democracy and its relationship with liberal thought. Specifically it shows the main features of radical democracy and how this one can make a proper contact between individual and social aspects and respects the minimum guarantees that must be given (...) to all individuals in order to carry out its own conception of good. It fosters adequate conditions of participation and control over public affairs. So, the paper shows the visions of Hayek and Nozick confronted to the conception of radical democracy proposed by other authors. (shrink)

Cet article propose une lecture critique du Despotisme de la Chine, un texte riche mais peu commenté, où Quesnay expose explicitement le contenu de sa pensée politique. Par l’analyse de Despotisme de la Chine nous voudrions défendre trois idées qui font sens autour de la représentation de la Chine qui est faite par Quesnay. La première est naturellement de montrer en quoi ce texte est représentatif de la pensée de Quesnay (et, plus largement, de l’école des physiocrates). La deuxième (...) est de souligner que le cas de la Chine, tel qu’il est vu par Quesnay, permet de penser l’économie en tant qu’activité, discipline, ou même science qui se situe au cœur du fondement de la philosophie politique qu’il avance. La troisième est d’indiquer comment la compréhension des logiques économiques d’après Quesnay relève finalement d’une observation intelligente du réel, de lier la loi positive (le politique fondé par l’économique, pour ce qui est alors connu de la Chine) et la loi naturelle (en somme : ce qui est et ce qui doit être). Au cœur de ces trois vues se trouve une réflexion sur ce pays lointain et nul autre (sinon la France). Loin d’être un simple prétexte pour avancer ses arguments, la Chine est surtout une façon de voir, de révéler, de saisir la nature d’une pensée (la physiocratie), d’une discipline (l’économie), et de sa portée (la science et le politique). Codes JEL : A11, A12, B11, K10. (shrink)

We say that a sentence A is a permissive consequence of a set X of premises whenever, if all the premises of X hold up to some standard, then A holds to some weaker standard. In this paper, we focus on a three-valued version of this notion, which we call strict-to-tolerant consequence, and discuss its fruitfulness toward a unified treatment of the paradoxes of vagueness and self-referential truth. For vagueness, st-consequence supports the principle of tolerance; for truth, it supports the (...) requisite of transparency. Permissive consequence is non-transitive, however, but this feature is argued to be an essential component to the understanding of paradoxical reasoning in cases involving vagueness or self-reference. (shrink)

How should political power and influence be allocated in democratic systems? That is, roughly, the core of the boundary problem in democratic theory. As of late, some authors have begun paying increased attention to the methodological aspects of this dispute. This paper attempts to make a twofold contribution to this ‘methodological turn’. On the one hand, it identifies and analyzes five desiderata of a successful principle of democratic inclusion. Any such principle, I argue, must be grounded in a clearly identifiable (...) set of values, must provide a clear standard of inclusion, must specify the relevant modalities of inclusion, must provide sound bridging principles, and must be extensionally adequate. In the first half of the paper, these desiderata are developed and critically scrutinized. On the other hand, I also extract three lessons from the previous discussion. First, that a unique answer to the boundary problem (i.e. one grounded in one single principle) is unlikely. Second, that a satisfactory answer to the boundary problem need not necessarily appeal, as some have argued, to distinctively democratic values. And third, that intuitions about political exclusion (i.e. those requiring or permitting the exclusion of some individuals) should be treated with special caution. (shrink)

“But surely if it's not irrational, it can’t be OCD!” my friend exclaimed, when I told them about the paper Carolina Flores and Brent Kious provided their excellent comments for. In all fairness, my friend is not working in philosophy, or psychiatry, or in psychology. Still, I take their sentiment to be expressive of a widely held view: if you have a certain mental illness, then you must be irrational. Conversely, rationality guarantees mental health; the sane life is the rational (...) life. -/- In my paper, I attempted to complicate this picture. My main line of thought was that if the sane life is the rational life, we do not have a good conception of rationality yet. For, our best theories of rationality fail to capture what is going wrong in some cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Addressing the criticisms raised by my commentators will allow me to clear up some misunderstandings and sketch avenues for further work. (shrink)

The main purpose of these introductory remarks is to give the reader a sense of Philip Rossi’s philosophical project and its importance. I will then advance an interpretation of what motivates Kant’s commitment to community, and, on its basis, object to Rossi’s views on radical evil –a point which affects how one should conceive the moral vocation of humanity and the role that politics and religion play within it. My reconstruction concludes with a sketch of how the five contributions to (...) this Symposium fit together and deepen our understanding of Rossi’s overall project. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Barrio, Tajer and Rosenblatt establish a correspondence between metainferences holding in the strict-tolerant logic of transparent truth ST+ and inferences holding in the logic of paradox LP+. They argue that LP+ is ST+’s external logic and they question whether ST+’s solution to the semantic paradoxes is fundamentally different from LP+’s. Here we establish that by parity of reasoning, ST+ can be related to LP+’s dual logic K3+. We clarify the distinction between internal and external logic and (...) argue that while ST+’s nonclassicality can be granted, its self-dual character does not tie it to LP+ more closely than to K3+. (shrink)

Os sites institucionais das universidades são ferramentas importantes para que os estudantes acessem as informações referentes à instituição. Espera-se que as informações distribuídas nos sites sejam de fácil acesso e contemplem informações completas. Considera-se o cuidado com a saúde mental discente um assunto muito importante, mas pouco explorado e/ou investido. Esse estudo tem por objetivo problematizar e discutir sobre os serviços de saúde mental discente encontrados através das informações apresentadas nos sites institucionais das universidades e avaliar a facilidade de acesso (...) às informações. Foram escolhidas 11 universidades federais da região sul do Brasil por amostra de conveniência, sendo uma pesquisa qualitativa onde foi utilizado o método descritivo e interpretativo com o auxílio da etnografia virtual para construção dos dados. Ao longo da pesquisa, percebeu-se uma dificuldade em encontrar informações sobre suporte à saúde mental e informações completas sobre os serviços estudados. Durante o estudo houve o questionamento sobre a necessidade de pensar a saúde mental discente além do viés biomédico centralizado em dificuldades cognitivas e/ou possíveis adoecimentos no meio acadêmico. Existe uma urgência de criar propostas de prevenção e promoção à saúde mental universitária ampliando os campos de atuação do psicólogo escolar. (shrink)

Frost's article advocates for universal models of reading and critiques recent models that concentrate in what has been described as “cracking the orthographic code.” Although the challenge to develop models that can account for word recognition beyond Indo-European languages is welcomed, we argue that reading models should also be constrained by general principles of visual processing and object recognition.

Supervaluationism is a well known theory of vagueness. Subvaluationism is a less well known theory of vagueness. But these theories cannot be taken apart, for they are in a relation of duality that can be made precise. This paper provides an introduction to the subvaluationist theory of vagueness in connection to its dual, supervaluationism. A survey on the supervaluationist theory can be found in the Compass paper of Keefe (2008); our presentation of the theory in this paper will be short (...) to get rapidly into the logical issues. This paper is relatively self-contained. A modest background on propositional modal logic is, though not strictly necessary, advisable. The reader might find useful the Compass papers Kracht (2011) and Negri (2011) (though these papers cover issues of more complexity than what is demanded to follow this paper). (shrink)

Michel Janssen and Harvey Brown have driven a prominent recent debate concerning the direction of an alleged arrow of explanation between Minkowski spacetime and Lorentz invariance of dynamical laws in special relativity. In this article, I critically assess this controversy with the aim of clarifying the explanatory foundations of the theory. First, I show that two assumptions shared by the parties—that the dispute is independent of issues concerning spacetime ontology, and that there is an urgent need for a constructive interpretation (...) of special relativity—are problematic and negatively affect the debate. Second, I argue that the whole discussion relies on a misleading conception of the link between Minkowski spacetime structure and Lorentz invari-ance, a misconception that in turn sheds more shadows than light on our understand-ing of the explanatory nature and power of Einstein’s theory. I state that the arrow connecting Lorentz invariance and Minkowski spacetime is not explanatory and uni-directional, but analytic and bidirectional, and that this analytic arrow grounds the chronogeometric explanations of physical phenomena that special relativity offers. (shrink)

To what degree can language be acquired from linguistic input alone? This question has vexed scholars for millennia and is still a major focus of debate in the cognitive science of language. The complexity of human language has hampered progress because studies of language–especially those involving computational modeling–have only been able to deal with small fragments of our linguistic skills. We suggest that the most recent generation of Large Language Models (LLMs) might finally provide the computational tools to determine empirically (...) how much of the human language ability can be acquired from linguistic experience. LLMs are sophisticated deep learning architectures trained on vast amounts of natural language data, enabling them to perform an impressive range of linguistic tasks. We argue that, despite their clear semantic and pragmatic limitations, LLMs have already demonstrated that human-like grammatical language can be acquired without the need for a built-in grammar. Thus, while there is still much to learn about how humans acquire and use language, LLMs provide full-fledged computational models for cognitive scientists to empirically evaluate just how far statistical learning might take us in explaining the full complexity of human language. (shrink)

In this paper we investigate a semantics for first-order logic originally proposed by R. van Rooij to account for the idea that vague predicates are tolerant, that is, for the principle that if x is P, then y should be P whenever y is similar enough to x. The semantics, which makes use of indifference relations to model similarity, rests on the interaction of three notions of truth: the classical notion, and two dual notions simultaneously defined in terms of it, (...) which we call tolerant truth and strict truth. We characterize the space of consequence relations definable in terms of those and discuss the kind of solution this gives to the sorites paradox. We discuss some applications of the framework to the pragmatics and psycholinguistics of vague predicates, in particular regarding judgments about borderline cases. (shrink)

In a previous paper (see ‘Tolerant, Classical, Strict’, henceforth TCS) we investigated a semantic framework to deal with the idea that vague predicates are tolerant, namely that small changes do not affect the applicability of a vague predicate even if large changes do. Our approach there rests on two main ideas. First, given a classical extension of a predicate, we can define a strict and a tolerant extension depending on an indifference relation associated to that predicate. Second, we can use (...) these notions of satisfaction to define mixed consequence relations that capture non-transitive tolerant reasoning. Although we gave some empirical motivation for the use of strict and tolerant extensions, making use of them commits us to the view that sentences of the form ‘ p∨¬p ’ and ‘ p∧¬p ’ are not automatically valid or unsatisfiable, respectively. Some philosophers might take this commitment as a negative outcome of our previous proposal. We think, however, that the general ideas underlying our previous approach to vagueness can be implemented in a variety of ways. This paper explores the possibility of defining mixed notions of consequence in the more classical super/sub-valuationist setting and examines to what extent any of these notions captures non-transitive tolerant reasoning. (shrink)

A partir da pergunta que dá título a este artigo, pretendemos posicionar o pensamento de Michel Foucault em relação ao materialismo através de uma análise que contemple as três fases de seu pensamento, a saber, a arqueologia, a genealogia e a ética. Mediante esta análise, concluímos não só pela filiação do pensamento de Michel Foucault no campo mais amplo e plural dos materialismos, mas também pela radicalidade que o filósofo assume em relação ao materialismo em todas as fases de seu (...) pensamento. Do ponto de vista da arqueologia, argumentamos que a tomada do discurso não em seu caráter representativo, significativo ou teleológico, mas na concretude e singularidade de seu aparecimento, reforça de forma significativa o materialismo; em relação à genealogia, mostramos como a microfísica do poder, ao voltar-se contra os efeitos de hegemonia que produzem a abstração dos Grandes Conceitos e das Grandes Coisas, revelam a materialidade de um jogo de forças sujeitado pelas formas oficiais do saber e do poder; por fim, do ponto de vista da ética, esclarecemos que o âmbito da análise da relação de si consigo não consiste no domínio da interioridade, refúgio último do imaterialismo, mas justamente no âmbito da produção de subjetividade determinada por uma relação com a exterioridade, a alteridade e o fora. Dessa forma, consideramos a noção de Materialismo Radical pertinente para compreendermos, de forma mais rigorosa, tanto certas características próprias ao pensamento de Michel Foucault, quanto sua indubitável filiação ao materialismo. (shrink)

One way in which we might approach the challenge posed by the Sorites Paradox is considering that Sorites-susceptible predicates have several candidate extensions, or several ways in which these expressions can be made precise. For example, a candidate extension for the predicate ‘is a baby’ is the set of humans of less than two years, but also the set of those less than two years and one second, and of those less than two years and two seconds. In this chapter (...) we present and discuss two theories for vague predicates based on this idea: supervaluationism and subvaluationism. The chapter is structured in three parts. The first presents the super- and subvaluationist theories: their similarities and differences in the semantics, the resulting logics with their most characteristic features. The second reviews the super- and subvaluationist solutions to the Sorites Paradox and provides discussion on several controversies surrounding these theories. The third part introduces proof procedures for s’valuationist logics. (shrink)

Topics in Cognitive Science, Volume 14, Issue 3, Page 634-645, July 2022.

This article is a critical study of the recently published edition of the young Descartes's texts: Descartes, Étude du bon sens; La recherche de la verité et autres écrits de jeunesse (1616-1631). Edición, traducción, presentación y notas de Vincent Carraud y Giles Olivo, con la colaboración de Corinna Vermeulen, París, PUF, colección Épiméthée, 2013, 453 pp.

This paper presents and defends a way to add a transparent truth predicate to classical logic, such that and A are everywhere intersubstitutable, where all T-biconditionals hold, and where truth can be made compositional. A key feature of our framework, called STTT (for Strict-Tolerant Transparent Truth), is that it supports a non-transitive relation of consequence. At the same time, it can be seen that the only failures of transitivity STTT allows for arise in paradoxical cases.

When we speak about different interpretations of quantum mechanics it is suggested that there is one single quantum theory that can be interpreted in different ways. However, after an explicit characterization of what it is to interpret quantum mechanics, the right diagnosis is that we have a case of predictively equivalent rival theories. I extract some lessons regarding the resulting underdetermination of theory choice. Issues about theoretical identity, theoretical and methodological pluralism, and the prospects for a realist stance towards quantum (...) theory can be properly addressed once we recognize that interpretations of quantum mechanics are rival theories. (shrink)

This paper is concerned with the claim that supervaluationist consequence is not classical for a language including an operator for definiteness. Although there is some sense in which this claim is uncontroversial, there is a sense in which the claim must be qualified. In particular I defend Keefe's position according to which supervaluationism is classical except when the inference from phi to Dphi is involved. The paper provides a precise content to this claim showing that we might provide complete (and (...) sound) systems of deduction for supervaluationist consequence in which proofs are completely classical with the exception of a single last step (involving the above mentioned inference). (shrink)

According to a popular narrative, in 1932 von Neumann introduced a theorem that intended to be a proof of the impossibility of hidden variables in quantum mechanics. However, the narrative goes, Bell later spotted a flaw that allegedly shows its irrelevance. Bell’s widely accepted criticism has been challenged by Bub and Dieks: they claim that the proof shows that viable hidden variables theories cannot be theories in Hilbert space. Bub’s and Dieks’ reassessment has been in turn challenged by Mermin and (...) Schack. Hereby I critically assess their reply, with the aim of bringing further clarification concerning the meaning, scope and relevance of von Neumann’s theorem. I show that despite Mermin and Schack’s response, Bub’s and Dieks’ reassessment is quite correct, and that this reading gets strongly reinforced when we carefully consider the connection between von Neumann’s proof and Gleason’s theorem. (shrink)

It is a widespread belief that the Kochen-Specker theorem imposes a contextuality constraint on the ontology of beables in quantum hidden variables theories. On the other hand, after Bell’s influential critique, the importance of von Neumann’s wrongly called ‘impossibility proof’ has been severely questioned. However, Max Jammer, Jeffrey Bub and Dennis Dieks have proposed insightful reassessments of von Neumann’s theorem: what it really shows is that hidden variables theories cannot represent their beables by means of Hermitian operators in Hilbert space. (...) Hereby I show that i) the very same constraint can be derived from Gleason’s theorem, and that ii) if we consider the import of von Neumann’s and Gleason’s theorems, the relevance of the Kochen-Specker theorem for hidden variables theories gets substantially weakened: it does not force them to be contextual in any interesting sense of the term. (shrink)

Nietzsche understands that the world unfolds as a will to power. If we want to properly understand this cosmological perspective, we must start by attributing immanent activity not only to organisms, but also to beings called “inorganic”. With this in mind, in this article we examine, in an “ascending” way, the features of the vital becoming in both strata, that is, from the minerals, with their attractions and repulsions, until reaching the man himself and his conscious operations. All the problems (...) involved in this monistic perspective are approached from argumentations that are based on Nietzsche’s readings. Strauss, Dubois Reymond, Herzen, Spencer, Lange, Delfœuf, are some of the cited sources that allow this writing to give an account of how Nietzsche makes life prevail, beyond being, as the primordial phenomenon in all orders. (shrink)