In response to the impending spread of COVID-19, universities worldwide abruptly stopped face-to-face teaching and switched to technology-mediated teaching. As a result, the use of technology in the learning processes of students of different disciplines became essential and the only way to teach, communicate and collaborate for months. In this crisis context, we conducted a longitudinal study in four German universities, in which we collected a total of 875 responses from students of information systems and music and arts at four (...) points in time during the spring–summer 2020 semester. Our study focused on the students’ acceptance of technology-mediated learning, any change in this acceptance during the semester and the differences in acceptance between the two disciplines. We applied the Technology Acceptance Model and were able to validate it for the extreme situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. We extended the model with three new variables that influenced the construct of perceived usefulness. Furthermore, we detected differences between the disciplines and over time. In this paper, we present and discuss our study’s results and derive short- and long-term implications for science and practice. (shrink)

Originally published in 1985, this is a short meditation by a great old man on people relating to other people who are dying, and the need for all of us to open ...

Anwander questions "the role that Pogge assigns to benefiting from injustice in the determination of our duties toward the victims of injustice... challenging his claim that there is a negative duty not to benefit from injustice.".

This paper discusses “impartiality thought experiments”, i.e., thought experiments that attempt to generate intuitions which are unaffected by personal characteristics such as age, gender or race. We focus on the most prominent impartiality thought experiment, the Veil of Ignorance (VOI), and show that both in its original Rawlsian version and in a more generic version, empirical investigations can be normatively relevant in two ways: First, on the assumption that the VOI is effective and robust, if subjects dominantly favor a certain (...) normative judgment behind the VOI this provides evidence in favor of that judgment; if, on the other hand, they do not dominantly favor a judgment this reduces our justification for it. Second, empirical investigations can also contribute to assessing the effectiveness and robustness of the VOI in the first place, thereby supporting or undermining its applications across the board. (shrink)

Michel Foucault entwickelt sich gegenwartig zweifellos zu einer der neuen Bezugsgrossen des padagogischen Diskurses: Nach einer langen Phase grosser Widerstande innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Erziehungswissenschaft werden jetzt die ...

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Aufsatz beleuchtet die komplexen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Physik, Literatur und Philologie in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ausgehend von einem Brief des österreichischen Physikers Erwin Schrödinger an Ernst Cassirer gehen wir der Frage nach, inwiefern die prominenten deutschsprachigen Vertreter der aufstrebenden theoretischen Physik nicht nur literarische Texte und Inhalte verarbeiteten, sondern in ihrer zutiefst philologisch geprägten Publikations- und Arbeitspraxis auch textwissenschaftlich operierten. Lassen sich in den nachgelassenen und publizierten Schriften von Physikern wie Schrödinger neue Hinweise darauf finden, dass (...) die »Macht der Philologie« noch weit ins Jahrhundert der Physik nachwirken, ja Philologie vielleicht sogar als Wissensmodell in der theoretischen Physik fungieren konnte?This essay examines the complex interrelations between physics, literature, and philology in the first half of the 20th century. Starting from a letter of the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger to Ernst Cassirer, we investigate how theoretical physicists in the German-speaking world referred to literary texts and contents. Beyond that, we focus on traces of philological working and publication practices in the works of the physicists. To what extent and under what conditions could philology function as an inevitable knowledge model for the modern natural sciences? (shrink)

Leibovich et al. propose that non-symbolic numerosity abilities develop from the processing of more basic, continuous magnitudes such as size, area, and density. Here I review similar arguments arising in the visual perception field and further propose that the evolvement of discrete representations from continuous stimulus properties may be a fundamental characteristic of cognitive development.

Walter Benjamin was one of the most intriguing and original Marxist cultural theorists of the twentieth-century. He made a precarious living in Berlin as a literary journalist and, partly under the influence of Ernst Bloch and Lukacs, turned toward the Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School. In the late 1920's, he became a close friend of Brecht, championing his revolutionary "epic theater". Driven from Germany in 1933 by the rise of Nazism, Benjamin settled in Paris where he had close associations (...) with the surrealists. When the Nazis invaded France, Benjamin fled to the Spanish frontier where on being denied entry, he committed suicide rather than risk being delivered to the SS. Benjamin's writings are a curious mixture of esoteric, sometimes mystical Jewish thought, artistic modernism, and unorthodox Marxism. He united an apocalyptic vision of history with a concern for the material, productive basis of art. Fascinated by tradition, yet a radical spokesman for the new technological media, steeped in high German philosophy, but a champion of the proletariat, Benjamin was in turn philologist, literary critic, political commentator, and philosopher of history. Bolz and van Reijen proceed from the standpoint that Benjamin's thought was shaped by his attempt to connect extremes—to make the theological idea of salvation fruitful for political thought. Then, they go on to structure Benjamin's important clusters of themes in light of the radical consequences of this intention. (shrink)

Kant war uberzeugt, dass er das "Wissen aufheben" musste, "um zum Glauben Platz zu bekommen". Wie sich der philosophisch begrundete "Vernunftglaube" aber zum Offenbarungsglauben verhalt, ist eine Frage, die bis heute Nachdenkens bedarf. Der Band vergegenwartigt Uberlegungen von der Stoa bis in unsere Zeit. Er verdeutlicht: Wo Philosophie die Fragen der Religion vergisst oder missachtet, verliert sie Rang und Tiefe. Wo religioser Glaube die Beziehung zum philosophischen Fragen vernachlassigt, wird er verlieren und scheitern. Wo jedoch etwas philosophisch gedachtes Absolutes die (...) Beziehung zur Geschichtlichkeit des menschlichen Lebens aus dem Blick verliert und die faktische Absolutheit im Geschichtlichen nicht zu verstehen versucht, verliert die Philosophie ihre Kernaufgaben aus dem Blick. (shrink)

Carey's book on conceptual change and the accompanying argument that children's biology initially is organized in terms of naïve psychology has sparked a great detail of research and debate. This body of research on children's biology has, however, been almost exclusively been based on urban, majority culture children in the US or in other industrialized nations. The development of folkbiological knowledge may depend on cultural and experiential background. If this is the case, then urban majority culture children may prove to (...) be the exception rather than the rule, because plants and animals do not play a significant role in their everyday life. Urban majority culture children, rural majority culture children, and rural Native American children were given a property projection task based on Carey's original paradigm. Each group produced a unique profile of development. Only urban children showed evidence for early anthropocentrism, suggesting that the co-mingling of psychology and biology may be a product of an impoverished experience with nature. In comparison to urban majority culture children even the youngest rural children generalized in terms of biological affinity. In addition, all ages of Native American children and the older rural majority culture children gave clear evidence of ecological reasoning. These results show that both culture and expertise play a role in the development of folkbiological thought. (shrink)

The objective of this article is to analyse and compare four methods of ethical case deliberation. These include Clinical Pragmatism, The Nijmegen Method of ethical case deliberation, Hermeneutic dialogue, and Socratic dialogue. The origin of each method will be briefly sketched. Furthermore, the methods as well as the related protocols will be presented. Each method will then be evaluated against the background of those situations in which it is being used. The article aims to show that there is not one (...) ideal method of ethical case deliberation, which fits to all possible kinds of moral problems. Rather, as each of the methods highlights a limited number of morally relevant aspects, each method has its strengths and weaknesses as well. These strengths and weaknesses should be evaluated in relation to different types of situations, for instance moral problems in treatment decisions, moral uneasiness and residue, and the like. The suggestion arrived at on the basis of the findings of this paper is a reasonable methodological plurality. This means that a method can be chosen depending on the type of moral problem to be deliberated upon. At the same time it means, that by means of a method, deliberation should be facilitated. (shrink)

This paper explores the relevance of the debate about ethical expertise for the practice of clinical ethics. We present definitions, explain three theories of ethical expertise, and identify arguments that have been brought up to either support the concept of ethical expertise or call it into question. Finally, we discuss four theses: the debate is relevant for the practice of clinical ethics in that it (1) improves and specifies clinical ethicists' perception of their expertise; (2) contributes to improving the perception (...) of moral competence of non-ethicists; (3) gives insight into complementary styles of argumentation of ethicists and non-ethicists; and (4) contributes to the awareness of the problem of profession-building of (clinical) ethicists. (shrink)

This is a new release of the original 1949 edition.

What is Sociology? presents in concise and provocative form the major ideas of a seminal thinker whose work--spanning more than four decades--is only now gaining the recognition here it has long had in Germany and France. Unlike other post-war sociologists, Norbert Elias has always held the concept of historical development among his central concerns; his dynamic theories of the evolution of modern man have remedied the historical and epistemological shortcomings of structualism and ethno-methodology. What is Sociology? refines the arguments (...) that were first found in Elias' massive work on the civilizing process, in which he formulated his major assertions about the interdependence of the making of modern man and modern society. It is Elias' contention that changes in personality structure--embodied in phenomena ranging from table manners and hygiene habits to rites of punishment and courtly love--inevitably reflect and mould patterns of control generated by new political and social instututions. Elias' rejection of a dichotomy between individual and society, and his use of psychoanalysis, political theory, and social history, help restore a fullness of resource to sociology. (shrink)

„Descartes, der größte Demokrat“ (Tocqueville 2010, 700, FN e). Auch wenn dieser Satz nicht den Weg in die Endfassung des zweiten Bandes der Démocratie gefunden hat, so fasst er doch wahrscheinlich besser als jeder andere (und es gibt deren so gut wie keine) Tocquevilles Ansichten über seinen Landsmann René Descartes und dessen Philosophie zusammen. Das erste Kapitel, in dem „die philosophische Methode der Amerikaner“ vorgestellt wird, zeigt, wieso die Philosophie Descartes’ – mit der sich Tocqueville vermutlich 1834, zusammen mit seinem (...) Freund Kergorlay, eingehender befasst hatte (OC XIII, 1, 384–389) – einen derart großen Erfolg in Amerika hat, obwohl die allerwenigsten Amerikaner Descartes kennen, geschweige denn seine Werke, allen voran den berühmten Discours de la méthode, gelesen haben. (shrink)

Die Katholische Kirche gehort zu den scharfsten Kritikern der Biowissenschaften. Sie erkennt wohl die positiven Fortschritte an, bemangelt aber Grenzuberschreitungen, die aus ihrer Sicht dem Menschen letztlich nicht dienen. Vor allem die Forschung mit humanen embryonalen Stammzellen und die vorgeburtliche Diagnostik stossen auf Ablehnung. In den biomedizinischen Wissenschaften fallen die Bewertungen, die Vielfalt ethischer Werthaltungen ist naturgemass grosser als im kirchlichen Bereich. Viele Biowissenschaftler und Mediziner befurworten die Stammzellforschung und die vorgeburtliche Diagnostik. Die Beitrager Analysieren dieses Spannungsverhaltnuis und fragen, wie (...) es gelingen kann, die Gegensatze zwischen Kirche und Biowissenschaft zu entscharfen und mehr gegenseitiges Verstandnis aufzubauen? (shrink)