We show how a semantics based on Aristotle’s texts and ecthetic proofs can be reconstructed. All truth conditions are given by means of set inclusion. Perfect syllogisms reveal to be valid arguments that deserve a validity proof. It turns out of these proofs that transitivity of set inclusion is the necessary and sufficient condition for the validity and perfection of a syllogism. The proofs of validity for imperfect syllogisms are direct proofs without conversion in a calculus of natural deduction. Transitivity (...) of set inclusion turns out to be a necessary condition for the validity of imperfect syllogisms. As a consequence, it can be established what the main metalogical difference between a perfect and an imperfect syllogism is. The validity of the laws of conversion is also obtained by direct proofs. Finally, it is shown that and explained why some imperfect syllogisms satisfy the definition of a perfect syllogism. (shrink)

Jedi ethics are flawed because they submit to the demands of hierarchy. Hierarchy in its many forms – whether on the job, in government, or even within a Star Wars fan club – makes demands due to its very nature. One way in which reliance on hierarchy can cause moral trouble is when it's allowed to overtake other moral values. The Jedi Council prove themselves unworthy of Ahsoka's trust, as they end up turning her over. The Jedi Council places more (...) value on playing their part in hierarchical political and military systems than trusting one of their own. The Jedi's claim to ethical impartiality is due in large part to their denial of their feelings. One key step to impartiality is found in recognizing that moral duties must be prioritized over hierarchical demands. The Jedi play key roles not only in the greater galactic society, but also in the war that Palpatine is secretly orchestrating. (shrink)

En este artículo, desarrollamos el proyecto de una epistemología de la visibilidad para desmontar y examinar los sesgos sexo-genéricos y coloniales del conocimiento. El objetivo central es cuestionar la llamada “doble subalternidad” identificada por diversas teorías críticas latinoamericanas (Femenías, 2009) y argumentar en favor de una conjunción epistémica entre crítica feminista y decolonial, en pos de un pensamiento complejo. Partiendo del análisis de algunas experiencias recientes en nuestra unidad académica, presentamos algunas consideraciones teóricas y prácticas sobre la imbricación entre crítica (...) feminista y crítica de la colonialidad. (shrink)

(1999). Information self‐organization and consciousness—towards a holoinformational theory of consciousness. World Futures: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 309-327.

This work aims to demonstrate the relation between the Spinozist concept of resistance, the role that the socialization of the affects plays in the construction of the State and the reasons by which Spinoza states the democratic foundation of the power of State. This paper also aims to expose the elements in Spinoza’s political philosophy that enables him to refute the transcendence of political power, the generalized spread of hate, the voluntarism and the political moralism.

Understanding the experiences of volunteers is critical to the effective management of non-profit organizations. Many organizations benefit greatly from the work of volunteers; however, little is known about the interest of occasional volunteers in repeating their experience. Our research aims to understand occasional volunteers and their intention to repeat the experience. To achieve this objective, it is essential to understand volunteers’ motivations and the influence of volunteers’ previous experiences in motivations. At the same time, it is necessary to know how (...) these factors may impact satisfaction and therefore, the intention to repeat the experience in the future. For this research, we analyzed the campaigns organized by the Food Bank Against Hunger in Portugal. Through online questionnaires, data were collected at two different moments: one month before and one month after the campaign. Results show five motivations categories: purposive, understanding, protection and enhancement, group identification and career. The research shows that motivations vary depending on volunteers’ previous experience, and this fact may also influence the level of satisfaction with the experience. All volunteers presented a high level of satisfaction and this variable influences volunteers intention of repeating, that is, volunteers wanting to be engaged in future campaigns. (shrink)

Este artigo busca demonstrar a relação entre a noção spinozana de resistência, o papel da socialização dos afetos na formação do Estado e o projeto spinozano de defesa do fundamento democrático do poder do Estado. O artigo também expõe os elementos filosofia política de Spinoza que permitem combater a transcendência do poder político, a difusão generalizada do ódio, o voluntarismo e o moralismo político.

O presente artigo expõe, inicialmente, um panorama da sociedade contemporânea, a qual se apresenta como programada para o consumo e é marcada pelas exigências de um mercado capitalista e neoliberal, visando demonstrar de que forma tais características influenciam e determinam a construção da subjetividade dos indivíduos. Nesse contexto, o texto analisa as consequências das referidas configurações sociais no campo educacional, em especial no ensino de filosofia. Ademais, busca-se ressaltar o modo como são desenvolvidas as relações de poder, pautadas essencialmente pelo (...) caráter opressivo. Como proposta para o desenvolvimento de práticas de ensino nesse cenário, de modo a não reproduzir o modelo vigente, cujo objetivo é a construção de um sujeito eficiente em termos de produção, é apontado o ensino de filosofia a partir do eixo problemático. Esse modelo, na concepção do filósofo Sílvio Gallo, é uma das formas mais adequadas de propiciar aos estudantes a experiência do pensar crítico, fugindo de um ensino mecanicista, reprodutor de um sistema de controle e normatização. Por fim, é apresentada a ética do cuidado de si ou a estética da existência, a partir dos estudos de Michel Foucault. À luz dessa concepção, busca-se analisar as suas possíveis contribuições para o ensino de filosofia, entendido como uma forma de resistência às práticas criadas pelos estados modernos com o objetivo de domesticar, subjugar e controlar os indivíduos. Entendemos que o ensino de filosofia torna-se uma práxis libertadora, que desperta nos sujeitos o pensar crítico, criativo e reflexivo, de modo a se tornar uma forma de resistência contra as lógicas de controle e alienação das subjetividades. (shrink)

O artigo discorre sobre o constitucionalismo latino-americano, suas fases e sua contemporaneidade. O objetivo desse trabalho é trazer o histórico do constitucionalismo latino-americano, e ainda, analisar sua atual situação, com foco no novo constitucionalismo dialógico, proposto pelo professor Roberto Gargarella. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica. Conclui-se que o atual constitucionalismo de alguns países latino-americanos precisa implementar uma política dialógica ou deliberativa, a qual a participação popular é fundamental na tomada de decisões públicas.

Deep beneath the Jack the Ripper story, Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell use From Hell to argue for a philosophical thesis: Although physical violence and structural violence are quite different, they are also interconnected as each causes the other to worsen. William Gull claims that through the Ripper murders, he has “delivered” the twentieth century, as seen in his premonition of the mundane office place. In other words, Gull believes that the Ripper murders somehow played a foundational role in creating (...) twentieth-century life. This premonition suggests that horrific murders like those of the Ripper make structural violence, such as that found in the contemporary office place through wrongs such as sexual harassment, recede into the background of society where it becomes invisible and taken for granted. As Gull sees his violence as particularly connected to his misogynist worldview, From Hell makes the clearest case for the connection between physical violence and structural violence through the problem of patriarchy. (shrink)

The spinozian critical fortune records that, starting withproposition 27 of Ethics Part iii, something completely original appearsin the examination of affective life: the imitation of affections. Spinoza’snovelty, in comparison with his contemporaries, is to describe theproduction of affections no longer from an external object, but from theconduct of “something”, or “someone”, on an object - considering thatthis production is rooted in the fact that we imagine that this “someone”or that “something” is similar to us. The proposition links a longdeductive sequence (...) that runs through the rest of Part iii, supports thecrucial Part iv propositions on politics and law and reaches the PoliticalTreaty [i, v]. Our intention is to evaluate the meanings of this propositionin Spinoza’s political thought, based on a review of this problemin critical fortune - taking into account some passages in the works ofPrimo Levi. In particular the “Chemistry Test”, chapter ofthis book If This Is a Man? [Se questo è un uomo?]. (shrink)

Veronica had crashed Shelly Pomeroy's 09‐er party even though she was neither invited nor welcome. During the party, she took a drink which was mixed with gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Consequently, she was taken advantage of. Does that make Veronica partially responsible for the horrible things done to her that night? Can we blame her, even in part, for what she suffered? This chapter discusses these issues and comes to the conclusion that it doesn't make sense to assign moral blame to (...) a victim for harms that result from prudential mistakes. If someone like Veronica makes a bad prudential choice that causes her harm, then maybe she should blame herself, but we can't blame her for any moral wrong done to her as a result. (shrink)