Neste artigo, apresento a maneira como o filósofo francês Gilles Deleuze aproxima algumas formulações de Michel Foucault das de Friedrich Nietzsche. Procuro evidenciar como essa aproximação cumpre o papel bastante preciso de criticar o niilismo. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar, através dessa aproximação, a leitura deleuziana de Nietzsche e de Foucault e mostrar como ela é uma estratégia do filósofo para questionar a estrutura negativa da dialética e do niilismo a que ela está ligada. A fim de realizar (...) o escopo deste artigo, a análise empreendida aqui se concentrou no livro Nietzsche e a filosofia e no artigo “Sobre a morte do homem e o super-homem”. A leitura conjunta desses dois textos de Deleuze permitiu evidenciar que, para ele, o niilismo é o motor da História e que as diferentes formas do niilismo podem ser conectadas a diferentes formações históricas. Além disso, foi possível indicar os elementos que Deleuze evoca para a superar o niilismo a partir de uma afirmação ética. (shrink)

This article aims to present a conceptual proposition based on the writings of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben. One of the central notions in his political philosophy is that of Homo Sacer, used as a paradigmatic figure to criticise the violence of law. From this, in this article, I propose a game with this notion, through the syntagma Homo Profanum. This game refers to the role that the concept of profanation plays in Agambenian ethical thought. Through this conceptual proposition, I (...) show how Agamben criticises tradition and the way it conceives the notion of subject. In addition, I also show how, through the concepts of potency and use, the Italian philosopher offers notes to open the ethical horizon of modernity. Thus, I characterise the figure I call Homo Profanum from the way the Italian philosopher conceives the notions of ungovernable, use and life-form, which, orbiting around the concept of potentiality, form a conceptual constellation from which Agamben makes notes to think his ethics of profanation. (shrink)

Este artigo propõe mostrar como a arqueologia agambeniana se realiza por meio de um movimento duplo que, a um só tempo, exibe a tradição a partir de um paradigma excepcional. É possível pensar aqui em um jogo de palavras, já que, habitualmente, a palavra paradigma é usada como sinônimo de modelo e, nesse sentido, a exceção foi o que modelou aquilo que a tradição transmitiu e, igualmente, recalcou. No entanto, com seu gesto característico, Agamben remete a palavra paradigma ao seu (...) sentido etimológico, como “aquilo que se mostra ao lado”, e confere a ela um sentido estratégico na sua arqueologia. Como o exemplo, o paradigma exibe o funcionamento e o pertencimento de algo sem que pertença a isso que é exibido, mostrando-se ao lado, subtraindo o seu pertencimento a uma regra. Isso que ele exibe é a estrutura excepcional da tradição, remetendo também a palavra exceção ao seu sentido etimológico, “capturada fora”. Esse sentido, que define a exceção enquanto tal, é usado para caracterizar a maneira como a tradição operou pressupondo uma origem. Essa pressuposição de uma dimensão originária, anterior a toda suposição, destinou como um fundamento subjacente, o sub iectum, isto é, o problema do sujeito. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo, no presente artigo, é propor uma articulação entre a teoria da individuação de Gilbert Simondon e a teoria da investigação de John Dewey. Em relação à primeira, serão enfatizados os aspectos “biológico” e “psíquico” de individuação; quanto à segunda, ressaltaremos seus principais elementos naturalistas e epistemológicos, assim como os conceitos mais gerais de “experiência” e de “natureza” de Dewey. Defenderemos que o processo de individuação tem estreita relação com a capacidade, possuída por todo indivíduo vivo, de solucionar problemas (...) ou situações de conflito resultantes de sua constante interação com o ambiente. Proporemos, mais precisamente, uma conexão teórica entre o princípio ou conceito de individuação e a ideia de que existe no organismo vivente uma aptidão investigativa que não apenas restaura seu equilíbrio “metaestável”, como também, e ao mesmo tempo, lhe proporciona sempre uma nova individualidade, tanto biológica como psíquica. Esperamos obter, como resultado deste processo de síntese envolvendo as ideias de Simondon e de Dewey, uma compreensão ampliada das respectivas teorias da individuação e da investigação. (shrink)

RESUMOAs muitas definições de tecnociência são oferecidas como corretivas para um ideal de ciência pura, completamente separada da sociedade. A crítica da pureza nos estudos de ciência e de tecnologia foi precedida por críticas fenomenológicas em Heidegger e em Marcuse. A ideia de pureza não é mais crível. No entanto, o conceito de ciência pura tem desempenhado historicamente um papel na defesa da ciência contra interferências políticas. O conceito de tecnociência corre o risco de abrir a ciência a essa interferência (...) e tem provocado uma defesa renovada e, de certa forma, fútil da sua pureza. O consenso nos Estudos de Ciência e Tecnologia (ECT) de que a ciência é fundamentalmente social parece tornar óbvia a necessidade de um termo como tecnociência. Este artigo sugere uma definição restritiva de tecnociência com base na multiplicação de testes independentes de validade. Esse é um caso extremo da sociabilidade da ciência, porque aqui a ciência e a tecnologia emergem juntas, em vez de a teoria preceder a aplicação. A tecnociência sob essa definição descreveria o trabalho científico, validado cientificamente, que serve simultaneamente em processos comerciais e públicos que têm sua própria lógica e seus testes de validade independentes. De acordo com essa definição, a existência de interações complexas entre ciência e sociedade não obscurece as fronteiras entre esses testes. A tecnociência está inserida na sociedade, como toda ciência, mas é única ao se situar em um “garfo” [ataque duplo no xadrez] entre linguagens e critérios de sucesso distintos. Palavras-chave: Tecnociência. Estudos de Ciência e Tecnologia. Heidegger. Marcuse. Ciência/Sociedade. (shrink)

RESUMO A fim de nos aproximarmos da singular constelação conceitual que nos permite falar de uma noção de imagem artística na estética adorniana - ainda que na margem do seu pensamento e muito menos manifesta do que na escrita de Walter Benjamin - partimos da conexão entre os conceitos de “aparência” e “expressão”, remetendo-nos à própria materialidade das obras de arte, da literatura à música, para uma maior nitidez teórico-crítica. O intuito de ressaltar a importância do conceito de imagem artística (...) em Theodor W. Adorno visa tanto atualizar alguns pontos opacos de sua estética quanto conectar seu pensamento com o debate acerca da imagem na estética contemporânea, sobretudo em Jacques Rancière e Didi-Huberman. ABSTRACT In order to approach the remarkable conceptual constellation that permits us to develop a notion of artistic image in Adorno's aesthetics - although not outstanding in the author's thought, and even less evident than in Walter Benjamin's writings - we depart from the connection between the concepts of “appearance” and “expression”, referring to the material quality of works of art in themselves, from literature to music, for broader theoretical and critical clearness. The intent of highlighting the importance of the concept of artistic image within Theodor W. Adorno's ideas, aims to both update some opaque points within the author's aesthetics and to connect his thought with the debate about the image in contemporary aesthetic theories, mostly in the works of Jacques Rancière and Didi-Hubermann. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como objetivo fazer um diálogo entre os direitos humanos à democracia e à internet, dando ênfase ao surgimento da democracia digital, como forma de participação política dos cidadãos. Assim, parte-se do seguinte questionamento: é possível haver participação política dos cidadãos através da relação entre democracia e internet? Tem-se como hipótese que a internet se trata de uma ferramenta capaz de viabilizar a participação política dos cidadãos. Para averiguá-la, são utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, (...) bem como um estudo realizado pela rede Technology for Transparency da organização não governamental denominada Global Voices. (shrink)

This article aims to reconstruct the way by which Leibniz presents in some of his texts an a posteriori proof of God’s existence. To this end, we intend to demonstrate the centrality of the Principle of Sufficient Reason applied to the contingency of the passage to the existence of a given world. Once demonstrated the existence of God by these ways, and still taking into account the Principle of Sufficient Reason - now applied to the existence of this world in (...) particular -, we will discuss the theory of possible worlds and Leibniz’s thesis according to which the Actual World is the most perfect possible. (shrink)

Resumo: Assim como o neokantismo, a fenomenologia e a filosofia analítica, também a epistemologia histórica francesa teve sua emergência no contexto da crise das ciências, na virada para o século XX. Por seus desdobramentos particulares, as obras de Gaston Bachelard e de Georges Canguilhem romperam, cada uma a seu modo, respectivamente com o neokantismo representado por Brunschvicg e por Alain. Neste artigo, propõe-se retirar algumas consequências epistemológicas, éticas e políticas dessas duas rupturas, analisando brevemente as particularidades de cada um dos (...) dois casos.: As well as neo-Kantianism, phenomenology and analytical philosophy, French historical epistemology also had its emergence in the context of the crisis of the sciences at the turn of the 20th century. Due to their own developments, the works of Gaston Bachelard and Georges Canguilhem broke, each in its path, respectively with the neo-Kantianism represented by Brunschvicg and by Alain. In this article, we propose to draw some epistemological, ethical, and political consequences of these two ruptures, briefly analyzing the particularities of each of the two cases. (shrink)

O presente trabalho consiste na análise do enunciado “experiências sensatas e demonstrações necessárias”, que Galileu utiliza em seus argumentos em favor da autonomia da ciência na “Carta a Castelli”. Nosso propósito é explicar o enunciado “experiências sensatas e demonstrações necessárias” como sendo o critério de conhecimento dos fatos da realidade física que Galileu estava propondo com seu conceito de “ciência”. Explicaremos os procedimentos particulares que definiriam os itens “experiências sensatas” e “demonstrações necessárias” do critério de Galileu. Por um lado, as (...) experiências sensatas estariam baseadas na interpretação matemática dos efeitos derivados de causas rigorosamente observadas. Por outro lado, as demonstrações necessárias seriam baseadas no procedimento do “regresso demonstrativo” (regressus demonstrativus). Através de sua forma lógica, o regressus estabelece um tipo de demonstração utilizada especialmente nas explicações dos fatos físicos, oferecendo, desse modo, uma descrição verdadeira da realidade. Dessa forma, uma vez que o regressus fosse aplicado aos efeitos interpretados matematicamente, teríamos uma descrição verdadeira da realidade. Em uma postura filosófica, Galileu estava propondo uma física baseada na matemática que descrevesse verdadeiramente, e não instrumentalmente, a realidade. (shrink)

If there’s a riddle scholarship has not yet cracked, it is what Clarice Lispector—arguably Brazil’s most notorious writer—meant when she dedicated the entire Chinese nation to a single egg. Lispector’s infatuation with China, by way of the Daodejing, the I-Ching, and the work of philosophers such as Lin Yutang has also not yet been suff iciently explored. Following Lispector’s own evocative—rather than overly analytical—writing style, this article posits that her fascination with Chinese philosophy and mysticism is deeply rooted in a (...) distrust toward mundane and forward-looking notions of success, opting instead for embracing failure as a counterintuitive, “proregressive” politics of resistance—or, as Lin Yuntang would put it: “the Chinese are cynics and poets only when they have failed.” Drawing from the little-explored Chinese inf luences in her writings, this article sheds light on the Daoist roots of Clarice Lispector’s worldview and the role failure plays in her oeuvre. (shrink)

Causal approaches to explanation often assume that a model explains by describing features that make a difference regarding the phenomenon. Chirimuuta claims that this idea can be also used to understand non-causal explanation in computational neuroscience. She argues that mathematical principles that figure in efficient coding explanations are non-causal difference-makers. Although these principles cannot be causally altered, efficient coding models can be used to show how would the phenomenon change if the principles were modified in counterpossible situations. The problem is (...) that efficient coding models also involve difference-makers that, prima facie, cannot be characterized as non-causal in this sense. Mathematical principles always involve variables which have counterfactual relations between them. However, we cannot simply assume that these difference-makers are causal. They can also be found in paradigmatic non-causal explanations and therefore they must be characterized as non-causal in some sense. I argue that, despite appearances, Chirimuuta's view can be applied to these cases. The mentioned counterfactual relations presuppose the counterpossible conditionals that describe the modification of a relevant mathematical principle. If these conditionals are the hallmark of non-causal relations, then Chirimuuta’s criterion has the desired implication that variables in mathematical principles are non-causal difference-makers. (shrink)

This study has assessed the psychometric proprieties of the Mental Toughness Inventory within the context of Brazilian sports. About 12 professionals participated in the process of adapting and translating the scale to Brazilian Portuguese. Subjects were 575 athletes who answered the MTI and the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted, Spearman correlation, and model invariance tests. Results from CFA showed adequate fit for the original 8-item structure of the (...) scale [Chi-square = 27.041; p = 0.078; normalized chi-square = 1.50; comparative fit index = 0.988; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.981; root mean square error of approximation = 0.03 [0.00–0.05]; standardized root mean residual = 0.030] assessing mental toughness as a single factor and the scale presented satisfactory internal consistency. MT was correlated with resilience, age, and time of experience in the sport. The MTI has also shown partial measurement invariance for sex and complete invariance across sport types. It was concluded that the MTI is a suitable tool for assessing MT in the present sample of Brazilian athletes; this instrument has potential practical application for researchers and sports psychologists who seek to develop the well-being and performance of athletes. (shrink)

Georges Canguilhem não inicia suas publicações no campo da história das ciências da vida. Nas primeiras décadas em que seu pensamento se formulou (1920-1930), sua obra versava sobre temas relacionados à filosofia dos valores e à moral. Contudo, em decorrência de acontecimentos internos e externos a seu pensamento, a partir de meados da década de 1950 Canguilhem se consagra como um dos maiores expoentes da assim chamada epistemologia histórica francesa, com uma série de publicações sobre o domínio histórico das ciências (...) da vida. Nestes estudos, e de um modo cada vez mais evidente em sua obra, nota-se uma influência decisiva de Gaston Bachelard, a quem pouco se reportava nas décadas anteriores. É também nesse período que se consolida o que se pode conceber como sendo a sua “filosofia biológica”. Este estudo propõe tirar algumas consequências desse acontecimento na esfera da filosofia de Georges Canguilhem. (shrink)

A elaboração de um conceito de literatura, por Foucault, esteve atrelada às demais problematizações caras à arqueologia como as da linguagem, da vida e do estatuto filosófico do homem. Após História da loucura, Foucault publica diversos textos em que analisa o domínio literário. Nessas análises, observa-se o exercício de modificação de um conceito de literatura, o qual obteve uma primeira formulação em meados da década de 1950 nos escritos fenomenológicos de Foucault e passou a ganhar uma importância cada vez maior (...) na arqueologia foucaultiana. (shrink)

Artigo originalmente publicado em 1880 na Revue des deux mondes.

Resenha do livro de István Mészáros, A Educação para Além do Capital.

It has been argued that neural data are an especially sensitive kind of personal information that could be used to undermine the control we should have over access to our mental states, and therefore need a stronger legal protection than other kinds of personal data. The Morningside Group, a global consortium of interdisciplinary experts advocating for the ethical use of neurotechnology, suggests achieving this by treating legally ND as a body organ. Although the proposal is currently shaping ND-related policies, it (...) is not clear what its conceptual and legal basis is. Treating legally something as something else requires some kind of analogical reasoning, which is not provided by the authors of the proposal. In this paper, I will try to fill this gap by addressing ontological issues related to neurocognitive processes. The substantial differences between ND and body organs or organic tissue cast doubt on the idea that the former should be covered by bodily integrity. Crucially, ND are not constituted by organic material. Nevertheless, I argue that the ND of a subject s are analogous to neurocognitive properties of her brain. I claim that s’ ND are a ‘medium independent’ property that can be characterized as natural semantic personal information about her brain and that s’ brain not only instantiates this property but also has an exclusive ontological relationship with it: This information constitutes a domain that is unique to her neurocognitive architecture. (shrink)

The extent to which English law remedies injury to autonomy as a stand-alone actionable damage in negligence is disputed. In this article I argue that the remedy available is not only partial and inconsistent but also gendered and discriminatory against women. I first situate the argument within the broader feminist critique of tort law as failing to appropriately remedy gendered harms, and of law more broadly as undervaluing women’s interest in reproductive autonomy. I then show by reference to English remedies (...) law’s first principles how imposed motherhood cases—Rees v Darlington and its predecessor McFarlane v Tayside Health Board—result in gender injustice when compared with other autonomy cases such as Chester v Afshar and Yearworth v North Bristol NHS Trust: A minor gender-neutral ITA is better remedied than the significant gendered harm of imposing motherhood on the claimant; men’s reproductive autonomy is protected to a greater extent than women’s; women’s reproductive autonomy is protected by an exceptional, derisory award. Worst of all, courts refuse to recognise imposed motherhood as detriment; and the deemed, mansplained, nonpecuniary joys of motherhood are used to offset pecuniary upkeep costs, forcing the claimant into a position she sought to avoid and thus further undermining her autonomy. The recent Singaporean case ACB v Thomson Medical Pte Ltd, awarding compensation for undermining the claimant’s genetic affinity in an IVF wrong-sperm-mix-up demonstrates some improvement in comparison to English law, and some shared gender injustices in the context of reproductive autonomy. ACB’s analysis is oblivious to the nature of reproductive autonomy harm as gendered; and prioritises the father’s interest in having genetic affinity with the baby over a woman’s interest in not having motherhood imposed upon her. (shrink)

Healthcare systems across the globe are struggling with increasing costs and worsening outcomes. This presents those responsible for overseeing healthcare with a challenge. Increasingly, policymakers, politicians, clinical entrepreneurs and computer and data scientists argue that a key part of the solution will be ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) – particularly Machine Learning (ML). This argument stems not from the belief that all healthcare needs will soon be taken care of by “robot doctors.” Instead, it is an argument that rests on the classic (...) counterfactual definition of AI as an umbrella term for a range of techniques that can be used to make machines complete tasks in a way that would be considered intelligent were they to be completed by a human. Automation of this nature could offer great opportunities for the improvement of healthcare services and ultimately patients’ health by significantly improving human clinical capabilities in diagnosis, drug discovery, epidemiology, personalised medicine, and operational efficiency. However, if these AI solutions are to be embedded in clinical practice, then at least three issues need to be considered: the technical possibilities and limitations; the ethical, regulatory and legal framework; and the governance framework. In this article, we report on the results of a systematic analysis designed to provide a clear overview of the second of these elements: the ethical, regulatory and legal framework. We find that ethical issues arise at six levels of abstraction (individual, interpersonal, group, institutional, sectoral, and societal) and can be categorised as epistemic, normative, or overarching. We conclude by stressing how important it is that the ethical challenges raised by implementing AI in healthcare settings are tackled proactively rather than reactively and map the key considerations for policymakers to each of the ethical concerns highlighted. (shrink)

In the present article, we attempt to elucidate the conceptual rela- tionship between censorship and emotional development. We employ a framework from emotion regulation studies in order to clarify how censorship works and to ex- plain why it cannot affect emotional development in the same way as the remaining types of emotional regulation. Nevertheless, we argue that, by focusing on Plato’s ac- count of censorship, and specifically of its sociocultural function, one can find that it is not a useless device (...) for emotional development. Censorship affects relevant variables in the dynamics of contraposed emotional processes that compete for dominance. (shrink)

Bajo el título «Utopías, distopías y otras nostalgias», la cuarta edición del Congreso de Pensamiento Interdisciplinar, organizado por alumnos del grado de Filosofía, Política y Economía de la Alianza 4 Universidades, abordó el controvertido fenómeno woke, una supuesta mezcla de izquierda identitaria y progresismo políticamente correcto al que se acusa de promover la censura y la llamada «cultura de la cancelación». Sobre esta cuestión conversaron la escritora y filósofa Elizabeth Duval, la investigadora Ayme Román y el director académico y profesor (...) del Instituto Superior de Sociología, Economía y Política (ISSEP), Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz, en un debate moderado por dos de los alumnos organizadores del congreso, Guzmán Díez e Isabel Rodríguez. (shrink)

Experiments in cognitive neuroscience build a setup whose set of controlled stimuli and rules elicits a cognitive process in a participant. This setup requires researchers to decide the value of quite a few parameters along several dimensions. We call ‘’contextual factors’’ the parameters often assumed not to change the cognitive process elicited and are free to vary across the experiment’s repetitions. Against this assumption, empirical evidence shows that many of these contextual factors can significantly influence cognitive performance. Nevertheless, it is (...) not entirely clear what it means for a cognitive phenomenon to be context-sensitive and how to identify context-sensitivity experimentally. We claim that a phenomenon can be context-sensitive either because it is only triggered within a specific context or because different contexts change its manifestation conditions. Assessing which of these forms of context-sensitivity is present in a given phenomenon requires a criterion for individuating it across contextual variations. We argue that some inter-level experiments that, within the mechanistic approach to explanation, are required to identify relations of constitutive relevance between a phenomenon and a mechanism, are also necessary for individuating the phenomenon across its contextual variations. We articulate a criterion according to which behavioral variations across contexts indicate different phenomena if and only if the mechanistic activities, components and/or organizational properties recruited in each context are different. We support this approach by showing how it is applied in paradigmatic studies addressing cognitive performance differences resulting from contextual variations of task features, such as stimulus type and response modality. Finally, we address the challenge that a form of context-sensitivity possessed by the so-called ‘multifunctional mechanisms’ is incompatible with our proposal because it entails that the same mechanism can be recruited in different contexts to produce different phenomena. We examine key cases of multifunctionality and argue that they are consistent with our proposal because a single mechanism can have different components, activities and/or organizational properties in different contexts. Thus, these modifications may not affect the identity of a mechanism, and they could explain how it produced different phenomena in those contexts. (shrink)

The present paper offers a libertarian reading of one of the most important Chinese novels of the twentieth century, The Travels of Laocan, written by Chinese entrepreneur Liu E between 1903 and 1906. I start with an exposition of the ideas associated with the concept of “Asian values,” the evident cultural unviability of this notion, and how “Asian authoritarianism” has been rationalized and justified on the basis of a Hobbesian conception of human nature. Next, I examine Liu E’s life and (...) career as an entrepreneur in a highly interventionist society. Finally, I focus on his magnum opus, The Travels of Laocan, a fictionalized autobiography that explains Liu E’s philosophical and libertarian ideas. (shrink)

The two leading theoretical approaches to tort law — economic analysis and corrective justice — are blind to distributive considerations. Moreover, even the main distributive approaches to tort law — loss-spreading and fairness — fail to emphasize egalitarianism as a distributive consideration. This article argues that egalitarianism should influence the normative evaluation of one’s conduct as negligent or not. It first explains why normatively negligence law should be sensitive to the egalitarian concern, suggesting three different accounts for this claim, based (...) on needs, equality, and desert as criteria for distribution. Second, it argues that egalitarianism is commensurate with the basic understanding of negligence law as reflecting corrective justice and notions of fault. The notion of fault is, therefore, reformulated from within, in order to accommodate egalitarianism. Third, I maintain that in order for egalitarianism to accommodate notions of corrective justice, egalitarian concerns should matter also at the stage of the standard of care. While the egalitarian concern can and should be integrated into the duty stage, I argue that such integration is insufficient. A correct and full understanding of the egalitarian concern and the tort of negligence requires a conclusion that the normative evaluation of one’s action as negligent or not cannot be separated from the distributive results that this action entails. The egalitarian concern works at the duty stage as an excuse for not imposing liability for wrongful activity. In contrast, at the standard stage, it works as a justification that turns an otherwise wrongful activity into a legitimate one. My claim is that morally we should usually expect more care from the better-off than from the disadvantaged. Findings of negligence are based on the failure to balance properly between one’s interests and those of another. In deciding to what extent the defendant should burden herself in order to prevent a loss to potential victims, one morally relevant criterion is the relative ability of the injurer and victim to bear precaution costs and expected accident loss, respectively. (shrink)

In this paper I will defend the idea of the success of post-truth as one of the main features of hypermodernity. In order to understand such a claim, I will start by defining “post-truth” and showing the key differences that separate it from simple manipulation or lies. I will explain how post-truth characterizes a whole new way of understanding the difference between truth and falsity: a new attitude of indifference to the sharp distinction that moderns and ancients had placed between (...) these two notions. I will contend that this new attitude had been announced by the work of at least three recent philosophers: Harry Frankfurt, Gianni Vattimo and Mario Perniola. They give different names to “post-truth”, though, and attribute it to different causes (from anti-intellectualism to the new media and to sheer carelessness). After that, I will explore how two key aspects of hypermodernity (according to Gilles Lipovetsky), i.e. hyperindividualism and hyperconsumption, cohere with this spread of post-truth. Finally, I will summarily refer to some political and geopolitical events that corroborate the relevance of post-truth in our hypermodern world. (shrink)