Philosophers have often argued that ascriptions of content are appropriate only to the personal level states of folk psychology. Against this, this paper defends the view that the familiar propositional attitudes and states defined over them are part of a larger set of cognitive proceses that do not make constitutive reference to concept possession. It does this by showing that states with nonconceptual content exist both in perceptual experience and in subpersonal information-processing systems. What makes these states content-involving is their (...) satisfaction of certain basic conditions deriving from a general account of representation-driven behaviour that is neutral on the question of concept possession. It is also argued that creatures can be in states with nonconceptual content even though they possess no conceptual abilities at all. (shrink)

Thinking without Words provides a challenging new theory of the nature of non-linguistic thought. Many scientific disciplines treat non-linguistic creatures as thinkers, explaining their behavior in terms of their thoughts about themselves and about the environment. But this theorizing has proceeded without any clear account of the types of thinking available to non-linguistic creatures. One consequence of this is that ascriptions of thoughts to non-linguistic creatures have frequently been held to be metaphorical and not to be taken at face value. (...) Bermúdez offers a conceptual framework for treating human infants and non-human animals as genuine thinkers. Whereas existing discussions of thought at the non-linguistic level have concentrated on how such thoughts might be physically realized, Bermúdez approaches the problem by considering what is required in explaining behavior in psychological terms. In developing a positive account of non-linguistic thought he shows how the experimental tools used by developmental psychologists and students of animal behavior can be used to give a precise account of the way in which a human infant or non-human animal is representing the world. Much of the book is devoted to exploring the differences between thinking without words and language-based thinking. Bermúdez argues that there are clear limits to the expressive power of non-linguistic thought. Nonetheless, he identifies primitive analogues at the non-linguistic level that can be used to explain sophisticated non-linguistic behaviors. Thinking Without Words is the first full-length philosophical study of this important topic. It is written with an interdisciplinary readership in mind and will appeal to philosophers, psychologists, and students of animal behavior. (shrink)

This paper examines and defends the view that the immediate objects of visual perception, or what are often called sense data, are parts of the facing surfaces of physical objects-the naturalized sense data (NSD) theory. Occasionally defended in the literature on the philosophy of perception, most famously by G. E. Moore (1918-1919), it has not proved popular and indeed was abandoned by Moore himself. The contemporary situation in the philosophy of perception seems ripe for a revaluation of the NSD theory. (...) however. The NSD theory allows us to accommodate the very real shortcomings in uncritical direct realism without postulating the existence of non-physical sense data in a way that has seemed to many incompatible with any robust form of philosophical naturalism.The argument to establish the NSD theory proceeds in two stages. In §II I argue against the direct realist that we perceive three-dimensional material objects in virtue of perceiving parts of their surfaces. The argument for this conclusion involves clearly distinguishing (in § I) between two notions that have tended to be run together in discussions of perception---namely, immediate perception and direct perception. In §III I argue against the sense-datum theorist that those parts of the surfaces of those objects are not themselves perceived in virtue of the perception of anything else. (shrink)

An accessible analysis of the global expansion of financial markets in poor communities, incorporating the latest thinking and evidence.

The author challenges the view that birth cannot be a morally relevant fact in the process of development from zygote to child. He reviews specific arguments against giving any moral significance to the fact of birth. Drawing on recent work in developmental psychology, he contends that the lives of neonates can have a level of self-consciousness that confers moral significance but can only be possessed after birth. He shows that the position he has argued for provides a framework within which (...) the move from the moral validity of aborting sentient fetuses to the moral validity of infanticide might be resisted. He concludes that arguments suggesting that birth can be morally significant support the view that the acquisition of moral significance is a gradual and multilayered phenomenon. (shrink)

DICTIONARY OF SPANISH VERBS WITH THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS AND MODELS OF CONJUGATION/DICCIONARIO CON LOS VERBOS EN ESPAÑOL, SU TRADUCCIÓN AL INGLÉS Y CONJUGACIONES.

Interpretation of Aristotle’s theory of action in the last few decades has tended toward an intellectualist position, according to which reason is in charge of setting the goals of action. This position has recently been criticized by the revival of anti-intellectualism (particularly from J. Moss’ work), according to which character, and not reason, sets the goals of action. In this essay I argue that neither view can sufficiently account for the complexities of Aristotle’s theory, and propose an intermediate account, which (...) I call indirect intellectualism, that preserves the merits of both traditional interpretations and is able to dispel the problems that trouble each. There is very strong textual evidence for the claim that goal-setting is the task not of reason but of character (and in this anti-intellectualists are right); but reason is able to set goals indirectly by carefully shaping the processes of habituation that constitute a person’s character (and in this intellectualists are right). I argue for this position through a study of the division of labour between character and reason, and through a reconstruction of Aristotle’s conception of habituation. (shrink)

This paper argues that, while there is a difference between personal and sub‐personal explanation, claims of autonomy should be treated with scepticism. It distinguishes between horizontal and vertical explanatory relations that might hold between facts at the personal and farts at the sub‐personal level. Noting that many philosophers are prepared to accept vertical explanatory relations between the two levels, I argue for the stronger claim that, in the case of at least three central personal level phenomena, the demands of explanatory (...) adequacy require postulating horizontal explanatory relations. (shrink)

During the Covid-19 pandemic, considerable scholarly attention has been paid to the proliferation of conspiracy theories and their potential impacts. How and why digital media has facilitated the production, consumption, and distribution of such discourses as ‘truth’ remains largely neglected in the literature though. This paper explores this process through a transdisciplinary methodology designed to investigate legitimation in digital spaces. Based on a theoretical bridge between Beetham’s theory of legitimation and KhosraviNik’s principle that visibility-equals-legitimacy, the Multimodal Critical Affect-Discourse Analysis of (...) an audio-visual performance of the 5G conspiracy theory exposes how it has been simultaneously legitimized through authoritative performance and visibility. An interview given by the notorious conspiracy theorist David Icke, in which he associates the pandemic with 5G technology, was used as a case study because it was widely consumed and reproduced as ‘truth’, leading media companies to take unprecedented action against conspiracy theories. Besides contributing to existing debates on conspiracy theories, this paper offers new directions for the critical analysis of legitimation and power, acknowledging the fluid and diffuse nature of power in network societies and illuminating how meanings, beliefs, and affects have been manipulated by multiple actors to achieve consent and motivate collaborative authorship. (shrink)

Esta herramienta didáctica con tecnología de realidad aumentada ha aparecido recientemente como un nuevo recurso en los últimos años. En esta investigación cualitativa pretendemos conocer qué percepciones obtienen 72 futuros docentes de Educación Infantil una vez que experimentan por sí mismos estos formatos digitales multimodales. Entre las conclusiones, consideran que el cuento de RA es una herramienta multimodal con muchas cualidades, apta para ser introducida a los infantes, jugando un papel motivador para el desarrollo de la lectura. Además, estos cuentos (...) en 3D hacen que los niños aprendan mientras se divierten. (shrink)

“There’s no need for DNA tests to prove that One Hundred Years of Solitude is Don Quixote’s heir.” G. Rabassa This paper is a personal attempt to relate the concept of language games as portrayed by the Austrian Philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein with the literary magic of Gabriel García Márquez. The topic came up to me after reading an essay of the Colombian writer Carlos Patiño Roselli. His exposition on the language games in Wittgenstein triggered a series ofassociations in me that (...) made me see spoken language as the actor that plays the leading role in both authors. In order to address this topic I will first summarize Wittgenstein’s notion of language-games, on one hand, and then I will remind us of what we commonly understand under “magical realism” in GGM; then, I will propose a free interpretation of §103 in PhU relating it to Melquiades’ return from death to live in a story he tells in some papyrus. And now, “Back to the rough ground!”. (shrink)

The contributions of the Anthropology could be significant for the Penal Law as long as some epistemological criteria could be settled down. Today we lack of these criteria or are simple outlined. This article tries to outline some of these epistemological axes that would allow a better use of th..

Thought, Reference, and Experience is a collection of important new essays on topics at the intersection of philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and philosophical logic. The starting-point for the papers is the brilliant work of the British philosopher Gareth Evans before his untimely death in 1980 at the age of 34. Evans's work on reference and singular thought transformed the Fregean approach to the philosophy of thought and language, showing how seemingly technical issues in philosophical semantics are inextricably linked (...) to fundamental questions about the structure of our thinking about ourselves and about the world. The papers, all newly written for this volume, explore different aspects of Evans's philosophical legacy, showing its importance to central areas in contemporary analytic philosophy. The volume includes a substantial introduction that introduces the principal themes in Evans's thought and places the papers in context. (shrink)

ARISTOTLE'S Ethics are not focused on a group of moral principles; they are developed from the affirmation of an end which subordinates all human activities. This end is sought for itself and is called "the good and the best".

O objetivo deste estudo é propor um modelo explicativo ao problema da beleza desenvolvido no diálogo Hípias Maior de Platão. É um lugar-comum entre os estudiosos defender o senso aporético do diálogo, ressaltando como todas as hipóteses formuladas são descartadas pelos interlocutores, tese que é geralmente endossada pela afirmação final de que as coisas belas são difíceis (304e8). No entanto, no epicentro deste emaranhado de hipóteses, algumas conclusões importantes surgem e serão, conforme se espera demonstrar, fortemente incorporadas em outros lugares (...) daquilo que chamamos de corpus platônico. Assim, a partir desta condição fragmentária, inerente ao próprio texto, e através dela mesma, a presente dissertação visa propor um senso de unidade ao diálogo. Para cumprir tal intento, defende-se que a estrutura do diálogo repousa em três características centrais, sendo estas responsáveis por qualificar o belo em si, são elas: a ordem (kalós é identificado com o kósmos, a ordem, à medida em que estabelece um principio estético de organização, garantindo a ordem harmônica dos seres); a admiração (isto é, o objeto perseguido tem uma validade permanente e universal de estima e, neste sentido, aparece conectado àquilo que é genuinamente bom (agathós), embora a ele não se limite); e, por fim, o comum (kalós é identificado com o koinós, o comum, pois é apresentado como aquilo que é compartilhado pelas coisas belas). A partir destas atribuições, espera-se alcançar uma designação apropriada do belo, de modo a conferir uma certa dignidade e prestígio a um diálogo pouco abordado nos estudos platônicos. (shrink)

This paper explores some of the areas where neuroscientific and philosophical issues intersect in the study of self-consciousness. Taking as point of departure a paradox (the paradox of self-consciousness) that appears to block philosophical elucidation of self-consciousness, the paper illustrates how the highly conceptual forms of self-consciousness emerge from a rich foundation of nonconceptual forms of self-awareness. Attention is paid in particular to the primitive forms of nonconceptual self-consciousness manifested in visual perception, somatic proprioception, spatial reasoning and interpersonal psychological interactions. (...) The study of these primitive forms of self-consciousness is an interdisciplinary enterprise and the paper considers a range of points of contact where philosophical work can illuminate work in the cognitive sciences, and vice versa. (shrink)

Este trabajo parte de una revisión completa del periódico para mujeres La Educanda (Madrid, 1861-1865), que permite apreciar las variaciones existentes en las dos épocas que conoce en su andadura y muestra de manera clara cómo pese a ser una publicación dirigida por hombres, en sus páginas va creciendo de manera notable la participación femenina, coincidiendo con una tendencia generalizada a visibilizar el papel de las mujeres editoras y escritoras en muchas de las empresas de la década de los sesenta.

The paper focuses on Reinhardt Grossmann's analysis of the Argument from Physics, as well as the analysis by the Spanish philosopher Antonio Millán-Puelles, in an attempt to assess the validity of the Argument on the basis of their respective critical views. Both authors agree in perceptual realism and in the need to distinguish between the scope and object of Physics and the ordinary objects of natural perception. Their criticisms mainly concern the innappropiate use of the principle of reduction in the (...) Argument and the distinction between secondary and primary qualities, which is, according to Grossmann, one of the sources of idealism and phenomenalism. (shrink)

El GMMP o Global Media Monitoring Project es el mayor estudio sobre la presencia de las mujeres en los medios de comunicación en el mundo. En 6 ediciones, a lo largo de los últimos 25 años ha analizado longitudinalmente cómo se representa a las mujeres en los medios de comunicación de todo el mundo. En estos 25 años el cambio sufrido en los tres elementos que inciden en el estudio -los medios de comunicación, la situación de las mujeres y la (...) propia tarea de monitorización- ha sido relevante y multifactorial. ¿Se nota esta evolución en los resultados obtenidos en los sucesivos análisis de contenido? (shrink)

RESUMEN El talante filosófico de la confianza otorga un sello distintivo al pensamiento de Paul Ricoeur e irradia su filosofía hermenéutica y su ética. Como presuposición onto-an-tropológica, la confianza no aparece tematizada expresamente en su obra, pero se puede pesquisar en nociones éticas clave: solicitud y atestación, desarrolladas en Sí mismo como Otro y en la Filosofía de la Voluntad y otros textos. El objetivo del estudio es exhibir dicha confianza como suelo del dinamismo interno de su filosofía, cuyo presupuesto (...) ontológico-ético es la relación originaria del sí con el otro, expresada en el espíritu hermenéutico-esperanzador, inseparable de su carácter hermenéutico-crítico. ABSTRACT The philosophical spirit of trust gives a distinctive stamp to the thought of Paul Ricoeur and radiates his hermeneutical philosophy and ethics. As an onto-anthropological presupposition, trust does not appear expressly thematized in his work, but it can be investigated in key ethical notions: solicitude and attestation, developed in Himself as Other and in the Philosophy of Will and other texts. The aim of the study is to show this trust as the ground for the internal dynamism of his philosophy, whose ontological-ethical presupposition is the original relationship of the self with the other, expressed in the hermeneutical-hopeful spirit, inseparable from its hermeneutical-critical character. (shrink)

Thinking without Words provides a challenging new theory of the nature of non-linguistic thought. Many scientific disciplines treat non-linguistic creatures as thinkers, explaining their behavior in terms of their thoughts about themselves and about the environment. But this theorizing has proceeded without any clear account of the types of thinking available to non-linguistic creatures. One consequence of this is that ascriptions of thoughts to non-linguistic creatures have frequently been held to be metaphorical and not to be taken at face value. (...) Bermúdez offers a conceptual framework for treating human infants and non-human animals as genuine thinkers. Whereas existing discussions of thought at the non-linguistic level have concentrated on how such thoughts might be physically realized, Bermúdez approaches the problem by considering what is required in explaining behavior in psychological terms. In developing a positive account of non-linguistic thought he shows how the experimental tools used by developmental psychologists and students of animal behavior can be used to give a precise account of the way in which a human infant or non-human animal is representing the world. Much of the book is devoted to exploring the differences between thinking without words and language-based thinking. Bermúdez argues that there are clear limits to the expressive power of non-linguistic thought. Nonetheless, he identifies primitive analogues at the non-linguistic level that can be used to explain sophisticated non-linguistic behaviors. Thinking Without Words is the first full-length philosophical study of this important topic. It is written with an interdisciplinary readership in mind and will appeal to philosophers, psychologists, and students of animal behavior. (shrink)

El aprendizaje cooperativo aplicado en la clase de ILE (inglés como lengua extranjera) mejora el desarrollo de habilidades fundamentales en el alumnado y la competencia lingüística. Se presenta un trabajo de experimentación comparativa exploratoria que parte de la hipótesis de que el aprendizaje cooperativo (método jigsaw) podría ser conveniente para trabajar la escritura académica. Las conclusiones corroboran esta hipótesis ya que se obtienen resultados más favorables en el grupo experimental donde se aplicó el aprendizaje cooperativo. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas (...) prácticas dirigidas a las propuestas metodológicas para mejorar la escritura académica de inglés como lengua extranjera en enseñanza universitaria. (shrink)

Nossa intenção neste artigo é mostrar como Claude Lefort concebe a democracia como, mais do que um regime político, uma forma histórica privilegiada por ser aquela em que a sociedade se exprime politicamente sem anular um elemento fundamental para a preservação de sua liberdade: o conflito. Para tanto, partimos dos estudos lefortianos sobre Maquiavel para investigar como o autor extrai do republicanismo o sentido dessa conflitualidade fundamental e como ele vê nessa forma política a gestação de uma mutação histórica decisiva: (...) o esvaziamento do lugar do poder. (shrink)

Michel Foucault, no curso Em defesa da sociedade, explica a relação entre o biopoder e o racismo. Dentre as modalidades de racismo praticadas desde o século XIX, Foucault inclui o socialismo, sendo que neste há um racismo de tipo evolucionista, biológico, que funciona plenamente em relação aos doentes mentais, aos criminosos, aos adversários políticos etc., que foi necessário sempre que o socialismo teve de insistir no problema da luta contra o inimigo e da eliminação do adversário no interior da sociedade (...) capitalista, e apareceu porque foi a única maneira, nesse caso, de pensar uma razão para matar o adversário. Por outro lado, Maurice Merleau-Ponty publicou, em 1947, o livro Humanismo e Terror, no qual invoca o problema da violência praticada pela União Soviética, pondo em evidência a teoria e a prática da violência pelo regime comunista. Para Merleau-Ponty, quando se vive numa época em que a base tradicional de uma sociedade se destrói e o homem deve reconstruí-la e reconstruir também as relações humanas, a liberdade de cada um desaparece e a violência aparece. Isso seria como foi o princípio do comunismo, com Lênin. O que Merleau-Ponty questiona é se a violência praticada em 1947 pelo mesmo regime tem o mesmo sentido que tinha no leninismo. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar se há e quais são os pontos de toque entre a visão foucaultiana do racismo de Estado praticado pela URSS e a violência revolucionária identificada por Merleau-Ponty na mesma URSS. (shrink)

Zadie Smith’s latest novel, NW, presents a multiverse in which multiplicity is driven into homogeneization by the forces of those dominant discourses that attempt to suppress the category of the “Other.” This paper focuses on the development of the two female protagonists. Their opposing attitudes towards motherhood, together with their confrontation with their origins, bring to the fore the performativity found in the discourses of gender, sexuality, class, and race. Thus, this paper will explore authenticity and performativity in a contemporary (...) context, where patriarchal and neocolonial discourses still apply. (shrink)

BackgroundCurrently, most people who might need mental health care services do not receive them due to a number of reasons. Many of these reasons can be overcome by telepsychology, in other words, the use of ICT technologies for therapy ; given that it facilitates access to specialized interventions. In fact, telepsychology is currently offered as an active service in many psychotherapy centers. However, its usage, how it is perceived, and who uses it are still largely unknown.ObjectiveThe aim of this study (...) was to determine if any pattern exists in the usage of telepsychology and face-to-face psychology, to clarify people’s perception of telepsychology in terms of the advantages, barriers and efficacy of online psychotherapy, and to examine usage patterns in terms of individual characteristics and identify patients’ profiles.MethodsAn online survey was conducted on a convenience sample of 514 subjects recluted by using an online advertisement. The inclusion criteria were: to be older than 18 years old and to answer completely the questionnaire. Cluster analysis, ANOVAs, and discriminant analysis were performed to test our research objectives.ResultsThree usage clusters were found: face-to-face psychotherapy ; non-therapy ; and combined face-to-face psychotherapy and telepsychology. In addition, the perception of telepsychology varied among usage clusters, but a common perception emerged about the main telepsychology advantages, barriers and efficacy. Finally, the results showed that personal characteristics differentiated people in each of these clusters.ConclusionThe most common form of access to psychotherapy is the face-to-face form but the second way of delivery was a combination between face to face and online psychotherapy. People who combine face to face with online psychotherapy perceives this last as more efficient and with less barriers to access. Finally, some characteristic as eHealth experience and sociodemographic variables can help to identify people that will attend telepsychology initiatives. These clusters provide insight into opportunities for face-to-face and online patient engagement strategies. (shrink)

El artículo se refiere a la trayectoria de Richard Strauss, con especial mención de su obra operística sobre personajes mitológicos y míticos. Se destacan sus óperas Salomé y Electra como muestra de la innovación que introduce en el lenguaje musical, que preanuncia la revolución atonal experimentada en la música en los comienzos del s. XX. Se mencionan sus óperas de producción anterior, de corte wagneriano, y las posteriores, en un lenguaje novedoso, si bien más acorde con el sonido tonal de (...) la tradición austrogermana, y referidas a personajes de la Antigüedad y a la tradición oriental. This article deals with Richard Strauss's opera production based on mythological and mythical characters. Namely, we focus on the analysis of both of his well known operas, Salomé and Elektra, as innovative pieces of art which foreboded atonality, the greatest musical innovation of the XXth Century. We also review Strauss's former opera production, characterized by a Wagnerian influence, and his later works, more in the line of the tonal austrogermanic musical tradition, with characters of Greek mythology and of the oriental tradition. (shrink)

Many philosophers consider that memory is just a passive information retention and retrieval capacity. Some information and experiences are encoded, stored, and subsequently retrieved in a passive way, without any control or intervention on the subject’s part. In this paper, we will defend an active account of memory according to which remembering is a mental action and not merely a passive mental event. According to the reconstructive account, memory is an imaginative reconstruction of past experience. A key feature of the (...) reconstructive account is that given the imperfect character of memory outputs, some kind of control is needed. Metacognition is the control of mental processes and dispositions. Drawing from recent work on the normativity of automaticity and automatic control, we distinguish two kinds of metacognitive control: top-down, reflective control, on the one hand, and automatic, intuitive, feeling-based control on the other. Thus, we propose that whenever the mental process of remembering is controlled by means of intuitive or feeling-based metacognitive processes, it is an action. (shrink)

Myin, Erik (2000) Direct Self-Consciousness (2)Bermúdez, José Luis (2000) Concepts and the Priority Principle (10)Bermúdez, José Luis (2000) Circularity, "I"-Thoughts and the Linguistic Requirement for Concept Possession (11)Meeks, Roblin R. (2000) Withholding Immunity: Misidentification, Misrepresentation, and Autonomous Nonconceptual Proprioceptive First-Person Content (12)Newen, Albert (2001) Kinds of Self-Consciousness (13)Bermudez, Jose Luis (2000) Direct Self-Consciousness (4)Bermudez, Jose Luis (2000) Prelinguistic Self-Consciousness (5)Gallese, Vittorio (2000) The Brain and the Self: Reviewing the Neuroscientific Evidence (6)Bermudez, Jose Luis (2000) The Cognitive Neuroscience of (...) Primitive Self-Consciousness (7) [Currently Displayed]Robbins, Philip (2000) Paradox Twice Lost (8)Fuller, Gary and Slater, Carol W. (2000) "I"-Thoughts: Criteria, Constitution, and Concept Possession (9)Evans, Cedric Oliver (2000) Prelinguistic Self-Consciousness (3)Bermudez, Jose Luis and Polytechnique, CREA Ecole (1999) The Paradox of Self-Consciousness (representation and Mind) (1). (shrink)

RESUMEN El proceso de duelo ante la pérdida de un ser querido es un fenómeno complejo. Diversas teorizaciones se han propuesto para explicarlo. Para entenderlas es necesario situarse por encima de la sistematicidad, del orden lógico pre-establecido por la razón. No hacerlo puede simplificar la comprensión de las vivencias de los dolientes, quienes han perdido a un ser querido. Este artículo propone revisar la teoría del duelo de Elisabeth Kübler-Ross apoyándose en la concepción del lenguaje de Ludwig Wittgenstein. La conjunción (...) tanatología y filosofía permitirá una comprensión profunda de la complejidad entrañada en el dolor ante la muerte de quien se. (shrink)