Philosophy; history; Kurds; philosophical works.

Although a growing body of research has shown the positive impact of ethical leadership on workplace deviance, questions remain as to whether its benefits are consistent across all situations. In this investigation, we explore an important boundary condition of ethical leadership by exploring how employees’ moral awareness may lessen the need for ethical leadership. Drawing on substitutes for leadership theory, we suggest that when individuals already possess a heightened level of moral awareness, ethical leadership’s role in reducing deviant actions may (...) be reduced. However, when individuals lack this strong moral disposition, ethical leadership may be instrumental in inspiring them to reduce their deviant actions. To enhance the external validity and generalizability of our findings, the current research used two large field samples of working professionals in both Turkey and the USA. Results suggest that ethical leadership’s positive influence on workplace deviance is dependent upon the individual’s moral awareness—helpful for those employees whose moral awareness is low, but not high. Thus, our investigation helps to build theory around the contingencies of ethical leadership and the specific audience for whom it may be more influential. (shrink)

Sahra Altı Afrika’da yabancı yatırımların ekonomik büyümeyi etkilemesini inceleyen literatürde birbiriyle çelişen görüşler mevcuttur. Bazı araştırmacılar Sahra Altı Afrika’da yer alan gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sermaye akışlarını liberalleştirdikleri zaman, yüksek seviyedeki volatilite, artan cari hesap açıkları, gelişmiş finansal piyasaların yokluğu ve düzenleyici çerçevenin düşük kalitesinden dolayı ekonomik kayıplara uğrayacaklarını öne sürmektedirler. Oysa, bazı çalışmalar Sahra Altı Afrika’daki düşük seviye birikmiş tasarruflarına çare olmak için yabancı yatırımın ekonomik büyümeyi arttırıcı etkisine odaklanmıştır. Çalışma, Sahra Altı Afrika’daki ülkeler için yabancı portföy yatırımlarının ve doğrudan (...) yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi konusunda yeni bulgular getirmektedir. Endojenlik sorunu nedeniyle, üç eşzamanlı denklem sistemini tahmin etmek için panel VAR metodolojisini kullanılmıştır. 1990-2016 arasında Sahra Altı Afrika’daki 25 ülkeyi analiz ederek, Sahra Altı Afrika’da doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve yabancı portföy yatırımlarının tamamlayıcı olduğunu ve her ikisinin büyümeyi pozitif anlamlı etkilediğini bulunmuştur. (shrink)

Grand challenges stress the importance of multi-disciplinary research, a multi-actor approach in examining the current state of affairs and exploring possible solutions, multi-level governance and policy coordination across geographical boundaries and policy areas, and a policy environment for enabling change both in science and technology and in society. The special nature of grand challenges poses certain needs in evaluation practice: the need for learning at the operational, policy and, especially, system level; and the importance of a wider set of impacts (...) and behavioural change. The examination of the usefulness of evaluations as learning tools thus becomes relevant as does the way current evaluation practices address broader impacts and issues such as behavioural additionality. The suitability of existing evaluation contexts in meeting the specific issues posed by the ‘grand challenges’ orientation is also worth examining. The paper argues that learning at the policy and system levels is largely unaddressed while concepts such as behavioural additionality are still underexploited. (shrink)

This study examines a proposed model whereby ethical leadership positively influences the level of meaning followers experience in their work, which in turn positively impacts followers’ levels of work engagement and organizational identification, as well as reduces their levels of workplace envy. We further hypothesized that cognitive reappraisal strategies for emotional regulation would moderate the ethical leadership–meaningful work relationship. The model was tested in a stratified random field sample of 440 employees and their direct supervisors in the aviation industry in (...) Turkey. Results based on data collected at two points in time showed that ethical leadership has a significant and positive direct effect on engagement and organizational identification, as well as indirect effects on those two outcomes through meaningfulness. Finally, results show that ethical leadership has a significant negative direct effect on workplace envy. Further, results showed that cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy positively moderates, i.e., strengthens, the relationship between ethical leadership and meaningful work. (shrink)

Experiential evidence shows that pain is associated with common meanings. These include a meaning of threat or danger, which is experienced as immediately distressing or unpleasant; cognitive meanings, which are focused on the long-term consequences of having chronic pain; and existential meanings such as hopelessness, which are more about the person with chronic pain than the pain itself. This interdisciplinary book - the second in the three-volume Meanings of Pain series edited by Dr Simon van Rysewyk - aims to better (...) understand pain by describing experiences of pain and the meanings these experiences hold for the people living through them. The lived experiences of pain described here involve various types of chronic pain, including spinal pain, labour pain, rheumatic pain, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, endometriosis-associated pain, and cancer-related pain. Two chapters provide narrative descriptions of pain, recounted and interpreted by people with pain. Language is important to understanding the meaning of pain since it is the primary tool human beings use to manipulate meaning. As discussed in the book, linguistic meaning may hold clues to understanding some pain-related experiences, including the stigmatisation of people with pain, the dynamics of patient-clinician communication, and other issues, such as relationships between pain, public policy and the law, and attempts to develop a taxonomy of pain that is meaningful for patients. Clinical implications are described in each chapter. This book is intended for people with pain, their family members or caregivers, clinicians, researchers, advocates, and policy makers. (shrink)

İçinde bulunduğumuz çağ, modernizm ile birlikte din ve geleneğe yer vermeyen metafizikten kopuk bir bilim inşa etmiştir. Zengin bir bilim geçmişine sahip İslam medeniyeti ise değerleri ile uyuşmayan bu bilim sahnesinin dışında kalmıştır. Kur’an-ı Kerim gibi tabiatı da hakkın tecellisi kabul etmiş bu medeniyette bilimin yeniden inşası için geleneğin vazgeçilmez olduğunu belirten İlhan Kutluer, tarihi süreç içerisinde yıpranmış, anlamını ve eski canlılığını yitirmiş unsurları yeniden düşünce tarihinin malzemesi haline getirmeyi amaçlamıştır. İslam’ın klasik çağında olduğu gibi günümüzde de bütün disiplinlere aynı (...) ihtimamın gösterilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamıştır. Örnek alınması gereken düşünce geleneğimizin ana hatlarını çizen bu eser geleceği inşa ederken temele alınan unsurları gözler önüne sermesi açısından ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. İslam medeniyetini uyuduğu gaflet uykusundan uyandırmak isteyen Kutluer’in geçmişi gün yüzüne çıkardığı Felsefî Gök Kubbemiz adlı eseri yazımızda incelenecektir. (shrink)

율곡은 생애를 철학자로서의 삶과 경세가로서의 삶으로 병행했다. 그의 학문은 이학(理學)으로서의 성리학과 기학(氣學)으로서의 경세학으로 구성되어 있다. 경세학의 철학적 근거가 성리학이고, 성리학의 현실적 구현이 경세학으로 드러난다. 성리학과 경세학이 체용일원으로 하나가 되고 회통하는 논리를 갖는 것이다. 그러므로 율곡학을 참으로 이해하는 것은 성리학과 경세학을 아울러 알 때 가능하다. 율곡은 세계에 내놓아도 부족함이 없는 위대한 철학자다. 그는 관념적인 철학자가 아니라 시대정신에 투철하고 나라와 백성에 대한 우환의식을 가지고 개혁에 앞장섰던 실천적 지성이었다. 이러한 율곡에 대한 이해는 이 시대를 살아가는 우리 모두의 교양이다.

The majority of the Sufi orders, which have their own special ezkar, evrâd, etiquette, and erkan and have survived until today, particularly VI/XII. They were formed over centuries and spread to many parts of the world by dividing into different branches in the historical process. Sufi personalities who belonged to these sufi orders established structures such as dervish lodges and dervish lodges in the regions they reached with great efforts, and they were instrumental in the conversion of many people to (...) Islam. Attributed to its founder, Abdulqadir Geylani, Qadiriyya is one of the most famous of these sufi orders. From the Middle East, especially from Iraq, to Afkaya; It spread over a wide area from Anatolia to the Balkans and China in the east and carried out convent activities with more than fifty branches. The Reshidiyya Sufi Order, which is attributed to Ahmed Reshidi and whose center is in Mosul, is a sect that operates in a wide region from Turkey to India and still has followers in these regions. It can be said that the Reshidiyya Sufi Order, which has its principles and manners, is one of the largest branches of the Qadiriyya. This Sufi order also has relations with the Rifaiyya, Bedewiyya, Desûqiyya, and Suhrawardiyya Sufi Order. Because Ahmed ar-Reshidi, the founder of the sect, is a Sufi figure who received the caliphate from all these sects. Although it is a Sufi order that has spread to this extent in Islamic lands and continues its dervish activities until today, the name of the Reshidiyya sect is not encountered even in the encyclopedic studies conducted in our country on the branches of the Qadiriyya Sufi Order. However, a scholar such as Mollâ Khalil Siirdî, who was mentioned as the "ser ring" in the ijazah ceremonies held in classical madrasahs that continued to be active in Anatolia until today, is one of the caliphs of this order. This humble study has been prepared by making use of the sources obtained through Ahmed ar-Reshidi's last-generation grandchildren after reaching them. With this study, we have been trained in recent times like Ahmed ar-Reshidi, Hz. We will try to introduce a great Sufi figure, who came from the progeny of the Prophet, who devoted his whole life to the task of guidance and who was referred to as the "pole", as well as the principles and manners of the Sufi order he was the founder of. (shrink)

Bu makale, Mahmûd el-Çağmînî’ye (etkin olduğu dönem 600/1200 civarı) atfedilen, gök cisimlerinin h lerini ele alan ve kendisinin Batlamyusçu teorik astronomiye giriş niteliğindeki el-Mulahhas’ına bir ek olmasını amaçlamış olabileceği kısa risalesini incelemekte ve Arapça tahkikli metniyle tercümesini sunmaktadır. Risale, mesafeler bahsine değinmeksizin gökcisimlerinin büyüklüklerine odaklanmaktadır. Eser, Güneş’in üstünde ve altında yer alan gök cisimleri, Dünya’ya kıyasla bu cisimlerin yaklaşık hacimleri, bu cisimlerin hacimlerine göre azalan sırayla büyüklükleri ve her birinin kübik fersah (cubic fersah) –bu, Dünya’nın hacmi ve her cisim için (...) belirtilen göreli hacim için türetilmiş fersah değerine dayalı matematiksel bir hesap birimidir– cinsinden ölçülen cisim büyüklükleri gibi muhtelif bilgileri içerir. Bu çalışma için başvurulan nüshalarda herhangi bir kaynak belirtilmemektedir. Fakat Çağmînî’nin -on üçüncü yüzyılda hem Almagest hem de Gezegen Hipotezleri’inin ulaşılabilir olmasına rağmen- tadil edilmiş Batlamyusçu değerleri tercih ettiği aşikardır. Çağmînî’nin aracı kaynaklardaki verileri orijinal Batlamyus değerleri olarak kabul edip etmediği ise belirsizdir. Tahkik için kullanılan dört nüshadan üçü, ölçümle ilgili olan ve Sinan Paşa’nın Kadızâde’nin el-Mulahhas şerhine yazdığı haşiyeden iktibas edilmiş kısa bir ek bölümü içermektedir. (shrink)

"Bu araştırmada Meraga Rasathanesi'nin kurucusu Nasîrüddin Tûsî'nin öğrencisi, meşhur alim, matematikçi, astronom ve İşrâkî filozof Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî'nin hayatı, eserleri, öğrencileri ile XIII. Yüzyılın son çeyreğinde İlhanlı nüfuzu altında bulunan Selçuklu Türkiye'sindeki faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Şîrâzî, Sivas'ta kadılık ve Gök Medrese'de müderrislik yapmış, daha sonra İslamı kabul eden ilk İlhanlı hükümdarı Ahmed Tekudar tarafından elçi olarak Memluk sultanı Kalavun'a gönderilmiştir. Siyasi görevleri bununla sınırlı olmayan Şirazî, Argun Han tarafından Yakın-Doğu haritasını çizmekle vazifelendirilmiş, o da bu görevi başarıyla ifa ederek İlhanlı Devletinde önemli (...) bir konuma yükselmiştir. Ancak Şirazî bu siyasî görevleriyle pek anılmamaktadır. Nitekim onun ilim adamı sıfatı daha önde olmuş, siyaseti bazı nedenlerle tercih etmiştir. Şirazî Anadolu'da aklî ilimler sahasında dersler vererek Meraga matematik ve astronomi ekolunun buraya taşınmasını sağlamıştır. Daha sonra Tebriz'e giderek yetiştirmiş olduğu öğrenciler ve telif ettiği eserleriyle Anadolu, İran ve Türkistan coğrafyasında ilmî ve fikrî bir birliktelik oluşturmuştur. Daha sonra Semerkant matematik astronomi okulu mensuplarının Osmanlı ülkesine göçmeleriyle, Şirazî'nin astronomi ve matematik sahasındaki eserleri Osmanlı medreselerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur."--Back cover. (shrink)

This article has the purpose of examining the commentation that Sung-ho Yi Ik and Da-san Jung Yak-yong developed of Sa-chil Debate (사칠논쟁) Which was a philosophical debate in Chosun Dynasty. Sa-chil Debate began from Toe-gye Yi Whang and Ko-bong Gi Dae-sung and soon as a result of Yul-gok Yi Yi and Woo-gae Sung Hon repeating the debate, It appeared as a kind of philosophical theme. After that, Yul-gok and Toe-gye's students formed a kind of school. They also made the debate (...) extended and the theory more sophisticated by criticizing a counterpart's argument on base of ideologizing their teacher's theory. About 200 years after Toe-gye died, Sung-ho Yi Ik was born and after about 250 years, Da-san Jung Yak-yong was born. Both they experienced a western naturalscience and a catholic theory as Silhak Scholars (실학자). Therefore their this kind of interpretation about Sung-li Debate must be offering a deeply interesting investigation to us. In conclusion, Sung-ho advocated Toe-gye's theory at all, adding more explanation to it and Da-san evaluated all of Toe-gye's and Yul-gok's theory to be right because their theories have a unique logicality of making a sense. Sung-ho stood on a Shilhak view point gave up a organic cosmology ofSung-li theory which has a continuity to cosmology and moral theory, arguing Sa-chil-Li bal-Yil-lo Theory (四七理發一路說) by understanding Sa-chil Debate based on only moral perspective. Even though Da-san also said Yang-si Theory (兩是論) that both their theories are all right, he argued that Toe-gye's theory is much more important in the aspect of moral practice owing to his religious opinion by a catholic affect. By the way, Sung-ho supplemented and explained Toe-gye's theory, but he had not a sufficient logic and was not objective because of his leaning into advocating Toe-gye's theory much further. Da-san had an advantage of evaluating both Toe-gye's and Yul-gok's theory to be all right, but came to argue an insufficient philosophy on account of its simplicity. (shrink)