The increase in women’s labor market participation emphasizes the importance of understanding maternal separation anxiety, that is, the unpleasant maternal emotional state, due to the actual or anticipated short-term separation from the child. Drawing on the insights of the attachment and psychoanalytic perspectives, the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale was developed to overcome existing measurement gaps. However, prior research did not replicate its original three-factor structure in the contemporary context and in other cultural settings, using large samples composed of mothers of (...) preschool children. This study aimed to examine the factorial structure of the MSAS in a sample of 597 Portuguese mothers of children aged 5–84 months who completed the questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis conducted in subsample 1 revealed a four-factor structure: Maternal Negative Feelings, Beliefs about Exclusive Maternal Care, Need of Proximity, and Perceptions of Separation Benefits for Children. Confirmatory factor analyses conducted in subsample 2 revealed that the original three-factor structure revealed a poor fit, whereas the four-factor solution revealed an acceptable fit. As in previous studies, our findings report deviations from the original three-factor structure of the MSAS. Three of the newly identified factors seem to reflect specific sub-dimensions that originally guided item development in the MSAS, namely, maternal negative feelings, maternal attitudes about the value of exclusive maternal care, and the need of proximity with the child. The last factor appears to represent a refinement of original items pertaining to perceptions about separation effects for children. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between coaches’ experience and their perceptions on the implementation of a long-term athletic development model created in 2016 by the Portuguese Swimming Federation. Eighty-six swimming coaches were assembled in groups according to their experience level: “novice”, “intermediate”, and “experienced”, and they answered a questionnaire with the following items: awareness of the existing model acceptance usefulness for practice, and implementation of this model by their peers. Regardless of experience, ~67% of the (...) coaches were aware of the model. Among those, a large number showed acceptance and confidence in its usefulness for their daily practice. Most coaches showed concerns about the fact that their peers do not respect the model frameworks, declaring the search for their swimmers’ immediate success as the main cause for such behavior. The results also showed an association between experience and knowledge about the model’s existence [χ2 = 10.223, p < 0.01, V = 0.345], and experienced coaches exhibited better knowledge than their intermediate [χ2 = 9.555, p < 0.01, V = 0.393] or novice [χ2 = 5.926, p = 0.02, V = 0.314] counterparts. While there was an association between the coaches’ experience and knowledge about the LTAD model’s existence, this situation does not seem to influence the way coaches accept and understand the usefulness of the model for their daily practice. (shrink)

Introduction: The aim of this review was to systematically synthesize the published literature describing the psychological and behavioral correlates of recreational running in adults, defined as running for leisure, with or without a competitive component.Methods: Quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals until January 2021 were included. Studies were identified through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science and were included in this review if they were aimed at recreational running, included general adult samples, and assessed psychological or behavioral correlates of (...) recreational running.Results: Fifty-six articles reporting 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There were 27 cross-sectional studies, 12 longitudinal studies, and 19 trials. Twenty-eight studies assessed antecedents of running behavior, and 25 studies used running behavior as treatment or predictor of a given effect or outcome. Four studies examined both predictors and outcomes of running. Thirty-one studies showed poor quality, while 20 had fair and 7 good quality. Motives were the most frequently studied antecedent of running behavior, and results suggest that the highest-ranked or more prevalent motives were physical health, psychological motives, and personal achievement. Additionally, perceived control, attitude toward running, intention and subjective norms, self-efficacy, and social support may have also played a role in the adoption of recreational running. Moreover, improvements in mood and well-being were the most frequently reported positive outcomes of running. Reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress were also reported in included studies.Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on this topic. The identification of behavioral and psychological correlates of recreational running across populations can contribute to inform and guide a public policy agenda, focused on helping people sustain regular physical activity, through a modality they have chosen and appear to enjoy.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=68954, identifier: CRD42017068954. (shrink)

In actuarial parlance, the price of an insurance policy is considered fair if customers bearing the same risk are charged the same price. The estimate of this fair amount hinges on the expected value obtained by weighting the different claims by their probability. We argue that, historically, this concept of actuarial fairness originates in an Aristotelian principle of justice in exchange (equality in risk). We will examine how this principle was formalized in the 16th century and shaped in life insurance (...) during the following two hundred years, in two different interpretations. The Domatian account of actuarial fairness relied on subjective uncertainty: An agreement on risk was fair if both parties were equally ignorant about the chances of an uncertain event. The objectivist version grounded any agreement on an objective risk estimate drawn from a mortality table. We will show how the objectivist approach collapsed in the market for life annuities during the 18th century, leaving open the question of why we still speak of actuarial fairness as if it were an objective expected value. (shrink)

We defend, from a contractarian perspective, that the fair price of an insurance policy is the amount that the contracting parties agree when they are both equally uncertain about the insured event. Drawing on the approach developed by R. Sugden in _The Community of Advantage_, we answer two standard objections raised against contractarianism in the actuarial sciences: (1) people are not wise enough to assess their actuarial risks; (2) they are not rational enough to decide which insurance policy suits them (...) better. We show under which circumstances people can make fair actuarial agreements, without presupposing any objective risk or rationality benchmarks. (shrink)

El turismo no es única y exclusivamente una actividad económica, sino que nunca debemos subestimar esta dimensión primordial, y su creciente importancia es inseparable de algunos de los cambios políticos y sociológicos más profundos que marcaron el siglo 20: el crecimiento de la clase media educada y su movilidad, facilitada por la formidable revolución técnico-científica; institucionalización y ampliación de los derechos democráticos de los ciudadanos; la contención de la guerra; pero también de un cambio aún más radical, el reposicionamiento del (...) Ser Humano en el marco de la Filosofía de la Naturaleza y del Medio Ambiente y de la Ética Ambiental. Se dará especial relevancia al estudio de los impactos positivos de la economía del patrimonio en la actividad turística y sus “externalidades”, que, incluso en tiempos de crisis, representan una inversión segura y altamente reproductiva. (shrink)

Exploramos aquí la conexión entre los conceptos de riesgo e igualdad en el argumento del observador imparcial. La concepción de la justicia que elegiría un observador imparcial se justifica por la pureza del procedimiento de elección. Sin embargo, si modelizamos esta decisión utilizando medidas del riesgo habituales en matemática financiera, veremos cómo el criterio de elección del observador bajo el velo de la ignorancia contiene una preferencia implícita por el grado de desigualdad resultante. Esto nos obliga a reconsiderar la pureza (...) procedimental de la elección. (shrink)

The meaning-maintenance model posits that any violation of expectations leads to an affective experience that motivates compensatory affirmation. We explore whether the neural mechanism that responds to meaning threats can be inhibited by acetaminophen, in the same way that acetaminophen inhibits physical pain or the distress caused by social rejection. In two studies, participants received either acetaminophen or a placebo and were provided with either an unsettling experience or a control experience. In Study 1, participants wrote about either their death (...) or a control topic. In Study 2, participants watched either a surrealist film clip or a control film clip. In both studies, participants in the meaning-threat condition who had taken a placebo showed typical compensatory affirmations by becoming more punitive toward lawbreakers, whereas those who had taken acetaminophen, and those in the control conditions, did not. (shrink)

Tras una breve introducción en el fenómeno migratorio, el autor delimita los documentos sociales de la Iglesia a partir de los cuales realizará su estudio descriptivo y valorativo de las migraciones, apuntando sus dificultades, consecuencias y características. En un segundo momento, aborda sus principales causas y las actuaciones llevadas a cabo en el orden político-administrativo y eclesial. Por último, concluye reconociendo la fuerza de los argumentos bíblicos y de los emanados de la tradición cristiana a favor del reconocimiento de la (...) idéntica dignidad humana, la cual ha de situar al hombre en el centro de la política y la economía y no como el sub-producto de ningún sistema. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende explorar la dimensión ritual en los Textos de las Pirámides, el corpus de literatura religiosa extensa más antiguo de la humanidad. La naturaleza variada de sus componentes textuales ha impedido que los egiptólogos comprendan en profundidad las complejidades de la colección y los contextos originales en los que estos textos aparecieron. La aplicación de la teoría del ritual, principalmente la aproximación de la sintaxis ritual, ofrece a los investigadores un marco excelente de análisis e interpretación del corpus, (...) su estructura y función. Sujeto a las reglas de la sintaxis ritual es posible exponer los múltiples niveles de significado en el corpus para la resurrección y salvación del difunto. (shrink)

This article examines the influence of a teacher education program designed to promote aspects of critical multicultural citizenship on the views of preservice teachers’ concerning citizenship education for culturally diverse contexts. The findings are based on a case study of four minority preservice teachers who attended a large research university in the Southwest and who expressed beliefs related to critical multicultural citizenship. Two questions guided this study: Where did participants acquire their views on citizenship and citizenship education? What role did (...) their teacher education program play in fostering their views of citizenship education? Findings from this study illuminated nuances in the interaction between participants’ prior beliefs about teaching for citizenship education and those ideas expressed in the teacher education program. While participants clung soundly to prior experiences, they often borrowed terminology and tools that were explicitly conveyed in the teacher education program to both express their ideas and to frame their classroom practices. Implications for teacher educators are discussed. (shrink)

Relations between different religious and philosophical traditions in the Korean Peninsula have gone through periods of harmonious coexistence and other more conflictive ones throughout its history. An important moment of change between a pluralistic society and a society increasingly focused on Confucian thought was during the Goryeo kingdom. The purpose of this article is to show how social changes influence the social recognition of shamanism practices and practitioners in Korea, especially in relation to Confucian public officials. To illustrate these social (...) changes and their influence on the social recognition of the religious practitioner, I will analyse a text that reflects them. The text, which has not previously been translated into Spanish, is a poem by the Confucian scholar Yi Gyubo, Nomupyeon, where we can see well the relationship between the shamans and the Confucian officials during the second half of the Goryeo dynasty. This poem shows the social and political changes that took place in society at this time and how religious practices play an important role in power struggles. The position of shamans in society was changing as the new social, philosophical and religious ideas of Neo-Confucianism were established and spread across the Korean peninsula. In a parallel process, shamanism will become a practice associated with women, with all implications that this means in terms of gender values. These changes will influence the position of the shamans and their recognition by society from then until today in Korea. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal investigar a relação existente entre a percepção da felicidade dos brasileiros, sua satisfação com a vida e a satisfação com o regime democrático no período de 2017 a 2020. Nossa hipótese de trabalho postula que o declínio da felicidade e da satisfação com a vida, de uma forma geral, guarda relação de associação com a satisfação com a democracia e suas instituições. Assim, o artigo sugere que felicidade e democracia no Brasil são duas variáveis (...) associadas que ajudam a explicar em parte as fragilidades de nosso regime democrático e devem ser foco de atenção de nossas políticas públicas. A base empírica deste artigo é a sétima onda da Pesquisa Mundial de Valores (WVS, 2017-2020), por meio de pesquisa quantitativa, tipo survey, que utilizaremos para demonstrar nosso argumento. (shrink)

RESUMENLos resultados empíricos y los análisis teóricos en física cuántica ni apoyan ni refutan concluyentemente el realismo. Aunque se mostrara que la interpretación de Copenhague era la única viable de entre todas las posibles, todavía quedaría por probar que con eso se había conculcado cualquier tipo de realismo. Bohr mismo aceptaba un realismo con tintes kantianos y mostraba desagrado hacia el instrumentalismo de Heisenberg. Pero además de la interpretación de Copenhague existen interpretaciones rivales que, a pesar de no estar tan (...) desarrolladas como aquélla, dejan abierto el camino al realismo en la física cuántica. En particular la interpretación de David Bohm.PALABRAS CLAVEREALISMO CIENTIFICO – TEORIA CUANTICA – LOCALIDADABSTRACTThe empirical achievements and theoretical analyses in quantum physics neither support nor refute conclusively realism. Even if it were shown that Copenhagen Interpretation is the only feasible one between all the possible interpretations in quantum mechanics, it would remain to prove that it forbids every kind of realism. In fact, Bohr himself accepted a realism with Kantian aspects and disagreed whith Heisenberg’s instrumentalism. But there are interpretations, rival to Copenhagen’s, which in spite of not being son developped, smooth the way for realism in quantum physics. Particularly David Bohm’s interpretation.KEYWORDSSCIENTIFIC REALISM – QUANTUM THEORY – LOCALITY. (shrink)

Anecdotal evidence has long lamented the status of social studies in elementary classrooms as observed by preservice teachers. As standardized testing has risen for mathematics and language arts, social studies has been pushed aside. In the aftermath of accountability legislation such as No Child Left Behind, research indicates that social studies is less visible in elementary classrooms due to an instructional focus on tested content areas (e.g. math, language arts, reading). In this study, approximately 90 elementary preservice teachers enrolled in (...) a social studies methods course responded to a survey and indicated the frequency and quality of lessons they observed over the course of a single semester. Findings report that preservice elementary teachers witnessed few, if any, lessons in social studies in the elementary classroom. Implications for teacher education are discussed. (shrink)

Comparative thanatologists study the responses to the dead and the dying in nonhuman animals. Despite the wide variety of thanatological behaviours that have been documented in several different species, comparative thanatologists assume that the concept of death is very difficult to acquire and will be a rare cognitive feat once we move past the human species. In this paper, we argue that this assumption is based on two forms of anthropocentrism: an intellectual anthropocentrism, which leads to an over-intellectualisation of the (...) CoD, and an emotional anthropocentrism, which yields an excessive focus on grief as a reaction to death. Contrary to what these two forms of anthropocentrism suggest, we argue that the CoD requires relatively little cognitive complexity and that it can emerge independently from mourning behaviour. Moreover, if we turn towards the natural world, we can see that the minimal cognitive requirements for a CoD are in fact met by many nonhuman species and there are multiple learning pathways and opportunities for animals in the wild to develop a CoD. This allows us to conclude that the CoD will be relatively easy to acquire and, so, we can expect it to be fairly common in nature. (shrink)

En este artículo se realiza un periplo a lo largo de la historia de la península coreana a través de los caminos recorridos por las principales tradiciones religiosas presentes en ella. Analizaremos el papel que han tenido en el modo de entender las relaciones sociales y la creación de mecanismos de inclusión y exclusión dentro de la sociedad coreana. Las interrelaciones establecidas entre ellas como factor que ha contribuido al progreso de la sociedad y que diferentes grupos fueran aceptados o (...) rechazados a lo largo de la historia. Estudiamos como el pensamiento de estas tradiciones religiosas y el modo de entenderlo ha impulsado u obstaculizado los procesos de inclusión y liberación a lo largo de las diferentes etapas de la historia de Corea. (shrink)

Literature on Shared Mental Models has been burgeoning in recent years and this has provided increasingly detailed insight and evidence into the importance of SMMs within specific contexts. However, because past research predominantly focused on SMM structure as measured by diverse, context-dependent measures, a consolidated multi-dimensional measure of perceived SMMs that can be used across diverse team contexts is currently lacking. Furthermore, different conceptualizations of the dimensionality of SMMs exist, which further impedes the comparison between studies. These key limitations might (...) hinder future development in the SMM literature. We argue that the field of SMMs has now matured enough that it is possible to take a deductive approach and evaluate the prior studies in order to refine the key SMMs dimensions, operationalizations, and measurement. Hence, we take a three-stage approach to consolidate existing literature scale-based measures of SMMs, using four samples. Ultimately, this leads to a 20-item five-dimensional scale – the Five Factor Perceived Shared Mental Model Scale. Our scale provides scholars with a tool which enables the measurement, and comparison, of SMMs across diverse team contexts. It offers practitioners the option to more straightforwardly assess perceived SMMs in their teams, allowing the identification of challenges in their teams and facilitating the design of appropriate interventions. (shrink)

The rise of mathematical developments in the theories of consciousness has led to new measures to detect consciousness in a system. The Integrated Information Theory is one of the best mathematical rooted attempts to quantify the level of consciousness in a system with Φ as the effective information generated in a system above its parts. Recently, the IIT has inspired the Perturbational Complexity Index to detect conscious states in patients with disorders of consciousness, and it has shown to have almost (...) perfect classification accuracy. In this study, we explore the statistical correspondence between the theoretical Φ and the experimental PCI through a neurocomputational model of coupled oscillators that can be artificially perturbed, which mainly focuses on the dynamics of collective synchronization between subsets of brain areas. Our results reveal that both measures are statistically related but, in principle, this relationship is far to be perfect. These results are discussed in the context of the model of coupled oscillators, which mainly focuses on the dynamics of collective synchronization between subsets of brain areas. (shrink)

Despite countless anecdotes and the historical significance of insight as a problem solving mechanism, its nature has long remained elusive. The conscious experience of insight is notoriously difficult to trace in non-verbal animals. Although studying insight has presented a significant challenge even to neurobiology and psychology, human neuroimaging studies have cleared the theoretical landscape, as they have begun to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The study of insight in non-human animals has, in contrast, remained limited to innovative adjustments to experimental designs (...) within the classical approach of judging cognitive processes in animals, based on task performance. This leaves no apparent possibility of ending debates from different interpretations emerging from conflicting schools of thought. We believe that comparative cognition has thus much to gain by embracing advances from neuroscience and human cognitive psychology. We will review literature on insight and discuss the consequences of these findings to comparative cognition. (shrink)

We analyse team dictator games with different voting mechanisms in the laboratory. Individuals vote to select a donation for all group members. Standard Bayesian analysis makes the same prediction for all three mechanisms: participants should cast the same vote regardless of the voting mechanism used to determine the common donation level. Our experimental results show that subjects fail to choose the same vote. We show that their behaviour is consistent with a joy of ruling: individuals get an extra utility when (...) they determine the voting outcome. (shrink)

Recordamos la utopía desde una sola mirada: sociedades paritarias y felices sin diferencias ni clases sociales. Si hubo futuros trazados desde posiciones liberales, no se nos ocurre otra forma que la distopía: futuros de pesadilla, sin libertad y con diferencias de clase abismales. Pero esto no explica su fertilidad e influencia. Si el liberalismo hizo de los sueños de la izquierda una distopía, ¿pudo ser porque quien soñaba era él? En estas páginas se analizan esas promesas, para aclarar el ocaso (...) neoliberal de todo futuro, y de nuestro capitalismo sin horizonte"--Front cover flap. (shrink)

This study aimed to analyze the levels of personal aggression and victimization, ethnic-cultural aggression and victimization, self-esteem, empathy, social skills and gender in adolescents as potential predictors of bullying in Spain and Ecuador. The wide pluricultural sample comprised Secondary Education students from both countries (N = 25190, average age = 13.92, SD = 1.306; NSpain = 14437; NEcuador = 10753), who took part in the study by filling in a self-report. The results revealed that predictive models of bullying for both (...) countries explain 50-70% of variance. A transnational predictive pattern of personal victimization can be observed based on the levels of ethnic-cultural victimization, ethnic-cultural aggression, personal aggression, self-deprecation and affective empathy. A transnational predictive pattern of personal aggression is evidenced depending on the levels of ethnic-cultural aggression, personal victimization, self-deprecation, ethnic-cultural victimization and the fact of being female. We concluded that bullying can largely be predicted by involvement in ethnic-cultural discrimination. These results are discussed, and educational inferences are drawn for prevention. (shrink)

O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura que teve como objetivo descrever a produção de literatura científica acerca das condições de saúde da população LGBTQIAPN+ no sistema prisional brasileiro. A busca pelas informações foi realizada na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde e Google Acadêmico, utilizando os filtros “minorias sexuais e de gênero”, “prisões”, “condições de saúde” e “Brasil”, compreendendo o período de 2018-2023. Após aplicar os critérios de inclusão e excluídos os duplicados, foram selecionados cinco artigos, dos quais (...) emergiram dois temas de análise macro: principais problemas de saúde que impactam a população LGBTQIAPN+ no sistema prisional brasileiro e os principais desafios na execução da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde população LGBTQIAPN+ no Sistema Prisional. Os estudos apontam a violação dos direitos das travestis e transexuais ao observar diversos problemas que se destacam no sistema prisional: alta prevalência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e doenças crônicas, violação do nome social, a negação de ingresso de roupas e utensílios femininos nos presídios masculinos, a prática de estupro e violência física e psicológica. Apesar dos inúmeros direitos garantidos constitucionalmente pela população LGBTQIAPN+, ainda é notória a discriminação acentuada, invisibilidade e maior vulnerabilidade em saúde no sistema prisional brasileiro. (shrink)

Les troubles des conduites alimentaires surviennent le plus souvent à l’adolescence sur un fond d’organisation peu stable d’un moi en devenir, les symptômes focalisant sur l’alimentaire un déplacement de besoins affectifs, difficiles à assumer. Ils se constituent à partir d’une interaction complexe à la fois sur le plan individuel et sur le plan relationnel-familial. L’article présente une étude descriptive du fonctionnement intrapsychique individuel et des vécus familiaux du point de vue du père, de la mère et de la fille (diagnostiquée (...) anorexique), à partir d’entretiens et de l’application du Rorschach. Les données recueillies montrent des liens familiaux marqués par des sentiments d’intrusion et de profonde solitude. Le couple parental a montré peu de soutien mutuel et des difficultés chroniques. Père, mère et fille ont montré une fragilité psychique importante avec un moi peu protégé par une enveloppe solide et/ou souple. Les moments de crise de la vie familiale (les maladies, l’adolescence, le vieillissement) étaient perçus comme des tragédies. (shrink)