We will present several results on two types of continuous models of -calculus, namely graph models and extensional models. By introducing a variant of Engeler's model construction, we are able to generalize the results of [7] and to give invariants that determine a large family of graph models up to applicative isomorphism. This covers all graph models considered in the litterature so far. We indicate briefly how these invariants may be modified in order to determine extensional models as well.Furthermore, we (...) use our construction to exhibit graph models that are not equationally equivalent. We indicate once again how the construction passes on to extensional models. (shrink)

Our goal in this paper is to analyze the interpretation of arbitrary unsolvable λ-terms in a given model of λ-calculus. We focus on graph models and (a special type of) stable models. We introduce the syntactical notion of a decoration and the semantical notion of a critical sequence. We conjecture that any unsolvable term β-reduces to a term admitting a decoration. The main result of this paper concerns the interconnection between those two notions: given a graph model or stable model (...) D, we show that any unsolvable term admitting a decoration and having a non-empty interpretation in D generates a critical sequence in the model. In the last section, we examine three classical graph models, namely the model B(ω) of Plotkin and Scott, Engeler's model D A and Park's model D P . We show that B(ω) and D A do not contain critical sequences whereas D P does. (shrink)

Our goal in this paper is to analyze the interpretation of arbitrary unsolvable $\lambda$-terms in a given model of $\lambda$-calculus. We focus on graph models and (a special type of) stable models. We introduce the syntactical notion of a decoration and the semantical notion of a critical sequence. We conjecture that any unsolvable term $\beta$-reduces to a term admitting a decoration. The main result of this paper concerns the interconnection between those two notions: given a graph model or stable model (...) $\mathfrak{D}$, we show that any unsolvable term admitting a decoration and having a non-empty interpretation in $\mathfrak{D}$ generates a critical sequence in the model. In the last section, we examine three classical graph models, namely the model $\mathfrak{B}(\omega)$ of Plotkin and Scott, Engeler's model $\mathfrak{D}_A$ and Park's model $\mathfrak{D}_P$. We show that $\mathfrak{B}(\omega)$ and $\mathfrak{D}_A$ do not contain critical sequences whereas $\mathfrak{D}_P$ does. (shrink)

Rainer Forst develops a critical theory capable of deciphering the deficits and potentials inherent in contemporary political reality. This calls for a perspective which is immanent to social and political practices and at the same time transcends them. Forst regards society as a whole as an ‘order of justification’ comprising complexes of different norms referring to institutions and corresponding practices of justification. The task of a ‘critique of relations of justification’, therefore, is to analyse such legitimations with regard to (...) their validity and genesis and to explore the social and political asymmetries leading to inequalities in the ‘justification power’ which enables persons or groups to contest given justifications and to create new ones. Starting from the concept of justification as a basic social practice, Forst develops a theory of political and social justice, human rights and democracy, as well as of power and of critique itself. In so doing, he engages in a critique of a number of contemporary approaches in political philosophy and critical theory. Finally, he also addresses the question of the utopian horizon of social criticism. (shrink)

Introduction: the foundation of justice -- Practical reason and justifying reasons: on the foundation of morality -- Moral autonomy and the autonomy of morality : toward a theory of normativity after Kant -- Ethics and morality -- The justification of justice: Rawls's political liberalism and Habermas's discourse theory in dialogue -- Political liberty: integrating five conceptions of autonomy -- A critical theory of multicultural toleration -- The rule of reasons: three models of deliberative democracy -- Social justice, justification, and power (...) -- The basic right to justification: toward a constructivist conception of human rights -- Constructions of transnational justice: comparing John Rawls's the law of peoples and Otfried Höffe's democracy in an age of globalisation -- Justice, morality, and power in the global context -- Toward a critical theory of transnational justice. (shrink)

Je weiter die Verwissenschaftlichung unserer Lebenswelt fortschreitet, desto dringender stellt sich die Frage nach dem Status und dem sinnvollen Umgang mit Wissenschaft. Buchstaben-Folgen rekonstruiert das Projekt abendländischer Wissenschaft vor dem Hintergrund der Differenz von Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit. Die Reflexion auf das komplizierte Verhältnis zwischen gesprochener Sprache und Schrift sowie auf die entsprechenden - medial unterschiedlichen - Darstellungsformen von Wissen ermöglicht ein angemesseneres Verständnis der ambivalenten Rolle von Wissenschaft in unserer Kultur. Eine in ihrem Status und ihrer Reichweite mißverstandene Wissenschaft kann (...) leicht zur Ideologie werden. Das Buch führt zwei Debatten zusammen, die bisher noch kaum verknüpft worden sind: die interdisziplinäre Debatte der 80er und 90er Jahre um die kulturellen Auswirkungen von Schrift und Schriftlichkeit einerseits und die von Heidegger wesentlich angestoßene und bis heute anhaltende philosophische Diskussion um Status und Reichweite wissenschaftlicher Weltdarstellungen andererseits. In einer doppelten - medienhistorischen und medien-phänomenologischen - Perspektive erläutert der Autor, welche praktischen Entstehungsbedingungen und welchen Status wissenschaftliche Aussagen als >verdauerte sprachliche Handlungen haben, was bestimmte Mißverständnisse von Wissenschaft sind und wie diese Mißverständnisse gerade durch die schriftliche Form der Wissensdarstellung evoziert werden. Der erste Teil des Buches zeigt im Anschluß an Arbeiten von Jan Assmann, Christian Stetter und anderen, wie die Erfindung und Verbreitung der Alphabetschrift in Griechenland die Ausprägung eines formalen Sprachumgangs, die Entstehung von formaler Logik und logisch-enzyklopädischer Wissenschaft als episteme zugleich ermöglicht und herausgefordert hat. Im zweiten Teil des Buches werden zentrale Texte Heideggers im Kontext schriftphilosophischer Überlegungen neu gedeutet. Heideggers kritische Diagnose, daß die Geburtsstunde der okzidentalen Wissenschaft zugleich die Geburtsstunde der abendländischen Wissenschaftsmetaphysik ist, wird verständlich, wenn man sie mit der unreflektierten konstitutiven Schriftlichkeit des Wissenschaftsprojektes in Zusammenhang bringt. Seinsvergessenheit wird im Kern als Schriftvergessenheit verstehbar. Die Darstellung bewegt sich in einem spannungsreichen Verhältnis zu den schriftphilosophischen Thesen von Jacques Derrida und dessen Projekt einer Grammatologie. Die explizite Auseinandersetzung mit Derridas extrem erweitertem Schriftbegriff und mit dessen Kritik am vermeintlichen Präsentismus Heideggers bilden das abschließende Kapitel von Buchstaben-Folgen. Rainer Totzke, geb. 1966. 1988-1955 Studium der Journalistik und Kulturwissenschaften an der Universität Leipzig; 1995-2000 Promotionskolleg Ambivalenzen der Okzidentali-sierung. (shrink)

Si la " critique philosophique de l'art " peut constituer l'axe central d'une approche de la pensée de Walter Benjamin, c'est d'abord parce que l'art représente l'élément par lequel l'homme accède à sa propre temporalité. Le passé individuel, l'origine commune, le projet militant se cristallisent dans le geste artistique. La mémoire elle-même est une forme d'art, non moins que l'anticipation d'un avenir désirable. Investi du pouvoir de définir ainsi l'humanité de l'homme, l'art devient éminemment critiquable : Benjamin n'a jamais cru (...) que pratiquer la " critique " dispensât d'être philosophe. La critique, au contraire, n'a d'autre lieu que la philosophie, sous sa forme la plus épurée. On touche ici du doigt le fascinant pouvoir intégrateur de la pensée benjaminienne, capable de conjuguer l'autobiographique et le politique, la précision analytique et l'élan éthique, la déconstruction et la métaphysique. Quand Benjamin a été si souvent morcelé en personnalités contradictoires, sous la plume parfois d'un seul et même commentateur, c'est une image très cohérente, très homogène, qui nous semble ressortir des diverses contributions de ce recueil. (shrink)

Das Buch beschAftigt sich mit psychologischen Theorien und mit empirischer Forschung in der Psychologie. Am Beispiel der Theorie der kognitiven Dissonanz von Festinger beschreibt und analysiert der Autor den Aufbau einer psychologischen Theorie, ihre Entwicklung im Zuge empirischer Forschungsprozesse und die wesentlichen Kennzeichen einer theorieorientierten experimentalpsychologischen Forschung. Diesen Betrachtungen liegt die strukturalistische Theorienkonzeption nach Sneed und StegmA1/4ller zugrunde - ein relativ neuer wissenschaftsphilosophischer Ansatz, der ursprA1/4nglich als non-statement view bezeichnet wurde. In diesem Rahmen werden insbesondere die Beziehungen zwischen Theorie und (...) Experiment sowie die Probleme der ValiditAt empirischer Untersuchungen neu analysiert. (shrink)

Fifty years after his death, Walter Benjamin remains one of the great cultural critics of this century. Despite his renown, however, Benjamin's philosophical ideas remain elusive/m-/often considered a disaggregated set of thoughts not meant to cohere. This book provides a more systematic perspective on Benjamin, laying claim to his status as a philosopher and situating his work in the context of its time. Exploring Benjamin's theory of language, spoken and nonspoken, Rainer Rochlitz shows how Benjamin reconceptualized traditional ideas of (...) language, art, and history. Offering an expansive assessment of a unique twentieth-century thinker, this volume provides an indispensable guide for readers of Benjamin's recently released collected works. (shrink)

English summary: Gilduin (1155) was, from 1113, the first abbot of the community of the Canons Regular of St Augustine, soon to become an abbey, under the auspices of St Victor of Marseille, on the left bank of the river Seine. After the death of his confrere Hugh, who was of German descent and the leading figure of the Victorines, on 11 February 1141, abbot Gilduin took care that the writings of Hugh were collected and compiled in a representative complete (...) edition. This 'Gilduin-edition' - as it is called in Medieval scholarship - comprises four volumes, the first of which is reconstructed herewith and presented in print. This volume follows the 2008 edition of Hugh's theological summa, De sacramentis christiane fidei. Then as now we are dealing with a critical albeit historical text. This new volume contains nine works, among which the first ever complete edition of Hugh's Cronica surely stands out. German description: Gilduin (+ 1155) war ab 1113 der erste Abt der einige Jahre zuvor gegrundeten und bald zur Abtei erhobenen Gemeinschaft von Augustinerchorherren unter dem Patronat des hl. Victor von Marseille, auf dem linken Ufer der Seine. Nach dem Tode seines Mitbruders Hugo, des aus Deutschland stammenden fuhrenden Kopfes der Viktoriner, am 11. Februar 1141 hat Abt Gilduin dafur gesorgt, daa die Schriften Hugos gesammelt und in einer reprasentativen Gesamtausgabe zusammengestellt werden. Diese in der internationalen mediavistischen Forschung so genannte,Gilduin-Ausgabe' der Werke Hugos von Saint-Victor umfaat vier Bande, deren erster hiermit rekonstruiert und im Druck vorgelegt wird. Dieser Band folgt somit auf unsere im Jahre 2008 besorgte Ausgabe der theologischen Summe Hugos, De sacramentis christiane fidei. Damals wie heute handelt es sich um einen kritischen, wenngleich historischen Text. Dieser neue Band umfaat neun Werke, unter denen insbesondere die uberhaupt erste vollstandige Ausgabe von Hugos Cronica hervorzuheben ist. (shrink)

Daniel Bell and Wang Pei’s recent monograph, Just Hierarchy, seeks to defend hierarchical relationships against more egalitarian alternatives. This paper addresses their argument, offered in one chapter of the book, in favour of a hierarchical relationship between human and nonhuman animals. This relationship, Bell and Pei argue, should conform to what they call “subordination without cruelty:” it is permissible to subordinate and exploit animals for human ends, provided that we do not treat them cruelly. We focus on three aspects of (...) their view: their argument for a hierarchical view; their understanding of cruelty; and their account of the heightened duties they claim we owe to nonhuman animals who are intelligent, domesticated, and/or “cute.” We argue that the reasons that Bell and Pei offer fail to support their conclusions, and that, even if one accepts a hierarchical view, the conclusions that Bell and Pei draw about the permissibility of practices such as killing animals for food do not follow. We conclude by emphasizing philosophers’ responsibility to thoroughly test their arguments and to engage with existing debates, especially when the practices they seek to justify involve harms of great magnitude. (shrink)

This paper is a historical, legal and philosophical analysis of the concept of human dignity in German and Kenyan constitutional law. We base our analysis on decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, in particular its take on life imprisonment and its 2006 decision concerning the shooting of hijacked airplanes, and on a close reading of the Constitution of Kenya. We also present a dialogue between us in which we offer some critical remarks on the concept of human dignity (...) in the two constitutions, each one of us from his own philosophical perspective. (shrink)

Interactive social cognition theory and approaches of developmental psychology widely agree that central aspects of emotional and social experience arise in the unfolding of processes of embodied social interaction. Bi-directional dynamical couplings of bodily displays such as facial expressions, gestures, and vocalizations have repeatedly been described in terms of coordination, synchrony, mimesis, or attunement. In this paper, I propose conceptualizing such dynamics rather as processes of affective resonance. Starting from the immediate phenomenal experience of being immersed in interaction, I develop (...) the philosophical notion of affective resonance to refer to a dynamic entanglement of moving and being-moved in relation. The concept of affective resonance makes visible that the interaction dynamic itself creates an affective experience rather than transmitting internal feeling states between pre-existent individuals. This leads to a philosophical framework in which relationality and ontogeny are primary over separate individuals, and in which the naturalistic distinction of a fundamental physical level versus an emerging level of social processes has to be given up. (shrink)

In this collection of essays, the first translation into English of the ground-breaking 'Normativität und Macht' (Suhrkamp 2015), Rainer Forst presents a new approach to critical theory. Each essay reflects on the basic principles that guide our normative thinking. Forst's argument goes beyond 'ideal' and 'realist' theories and shows how closely the concepts of normativity and power are interrelated, and how power rests on the capacity to influence, determine, and possibly restrict the space of justifications for others. By combining (...) insights from the disciplines of philosophy, history, and the social sciences, Forst revaluates theories of justice, as well as of power, and provides the tools for a critical theory of relations of justification. Translated from German. (shrink)

Data analytics and data-driven approaches in Machine Learning are now among the most hailed computing technologies in many industrial domains. One major application is predictive analytics, which is used to predict sensitive attributes, future behavior, or cost, risk and utility functions associated with target groups or individuals based on large sets of behavioral and usage data. This paper stresses the severe ethical and data protection implications of predictive analytics if it is used to predict sensitive information about single individuals or (...) treat individuals differently based on the data many unrelated individuals provided. To tackle these concerns in an applied ethics, first, the paper introduces the concept of “predictive privacy” to formulate an ethical principle protecting individuals and groups against differential treatment based on Machine Learning and Big Data analytics. Secondly, it analyses the typical data processing cycle of predictive systems to provide a step-by-step discussion of ethical implications, locating occurrences of predictive privacy violations. Thirdly, the paper sheds light on what is qualitatively new in the way predictive analytics challenges ethical principles such as human dignity and the (liberal) notion of individual privacy. These new challenges arise when predictive systems transform statistical inferences, which provide knowledge about the cohort of training data donors, into individual predictions, thereby crossing what I call the “prediction gap”. Finally, the paper summarizes that data protection in the age of predictive analytics is a collective matter as we face situations where an individual’s (or group’s) privacy is violated using dataotherindividuals provide about themselves, possibly even anonymously. (shrink)

Die Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg hat ihre Neu grundung seit 1990 unter das Motto "Aufbruch und Erneuerung" gestellt. Eine Besinnung auf erneuerungsfahige und erneuerungs bedurftige Elemente ihrer Vorgeschichte kann es sich nicht leisten, die epochalen Vorzeichen der Aufklarung zu vernachlassigen, un ter denen ihre ruhmreiche Vorgangerin, die Friedrichs-Universi tat, 1694 gegrundet wurde. * Die Zeit der Aufklarung ist indessen noch langst nicht vorbei. Die Aufklarungsbedurftigkeit der Menschen ist keine Angelegen heit von Epochen oder von Episoden. Sie gehort vielmehr zur con ditio humana. (...) Seit dem revolutionaren Gestaltwandel, den die Na turwissenschaften seit dem 17. Jahrhundert durchgemacht haben, sind immer mehr Menschen von der Frage beunruhigt worden, in wiefern die Wissenschaften uberhaupt zur Aufklarung beitragen konnen. Immerhin war die staatliche Forderung der wissenschaft lichen Lehre und Forschung im organisatorischen Rahmen von Universitaten seit der Wende zum 18. Jahrhundert Teil einer op timistischen Antwort auf diese Frage. Der politisch institutionalisierte Optimismus der Erwartung, daB die Aufklarung durch Wissenschaft moglich sei, hat wahrend der vergangenen drei Jahrhunderte mancherlei Bewahrungspro ben durchgemacht. Das Zutrauen, von dem der Optimismus des Programms einer Aufklarung durch Wissenschaft getragen wird, bedarf daher schon langst einer Uberprtifung seiner Berechtigung, wenn weder die Wissenschaft noch die Aufklarung durch Uberfor derung oder durch Unterforderung lei den soIl. (shrink)

L'oeuvre d'Habermas témoigne de la façon dont le philosophe, dans son rôle d'intellectuel, peut agir de l'intérieur sur la cité, en se mêlant aux débats publics et en s'efforçant de les arracher aux abîmes de la déraison. Ces contributions, dont celle d'Habermas lui-même, reflètent le va-et-vient entre autoréflexion propre à la raison philosophique et sa projection théorique et pratique dans l'espace public politique.

It is surprising how far one can get by thinking things through. (Alec Fisher [2004], The logic of real arguments, p. 1)In the first part of the article, the central role of theory in emotion psych...

Evidence on the coherence between emotion and facial expression in adults from laboratory experiments is reviewed. High coherence has been found in several studies between amusement and smiling; low to moderate coherence between other positive emotions and smiling. The available evidence for surprise and disgust suggests that these emotions are accompanied by their “traditional” facial expressions, and even components of these expressions, only in a minority of cases. Evidence concerning sadness, anger, and fear is very limited. For sadness, one study (...) suggests that high emotion–expression coherence may exist in specific situations, whereas for anger and fear, the evidence points to low coherence. Insufficient emotion intensity and inhibition of facial expressions seem unable to account for the observed dissociations between emotion and facial expression. (shrink)

Based on the belief that computational modeling (thinking in terms of representation and computations) can help to clarify controversial issues in emotion theory, this article examines emotional experience from the perspective of the Computational Belief–Desire Theory of Emotion (CBDTE), a computational explication of the belief–desire theory of emotion. It is argued that CBDTE provides plausible answers to central explanatory challenges posed by emotional experience, including: the phenomenal quality,intensity and object-directedness of emotional experience, the function of emotional experience and its relation (...) to cognition and motivation, and the relation between emotional experience and emotion. In addition, CBDTE avoids most objections that have been raised against cognitive theories of emotion. A remaining objection, that beliefs are not necessary for the emotions covered by CBDTE, is rejected as empirically unsupported. (shrink)

Colour has long been a source of fascination to both scientists and philosophers. In one sense, colours are in the mind of the beholder, in another sense they belong to the external world. Colours appear to lie on the boundary where we have divided the world into 'objective' and 'subjective' events. They represent, more than any other attribute of our visual experience, a place where both physical and mental properties are interwoven in an intimate and enigmatic way. -/- The last (...) few decades have brought fascinating changes in the way that we think about 'colour' and the role 'colour' plays in our perceptual architecture. In Colour Perception: Mind and the physical world, leading scholars from cognitive psychology, philosophy, neurophysiology, and computational vision provide an overview of the contemporary developments in our understanding of colours and of the relationship between the 'mental' and the 'physical'. With each chapter followed by critical commentaries, the volume presents a lively and accessible picture of the intellectual traditions which have shaped research into colour perception. -/- Written in a non-technical style and accessible to an interdisciplinary audience, the book will provide an invaluable resource for researchers in colour perception and the cognitive sciences. (shrink)

When defending his doctoral dissertation, Umberto Eco was accused of narrative fallacy because he presented his research as if it were a detective novel. He should have presented only his conclusions. However, this criticism inspired Eco to claim that “[e]very scientific book should be... the report of a quest for some Holy Grail” (Eco, 2011, p. 7). A quest presupposes engagement on both sides of the knowledge exchange. Building upon our own research, we have produced a model-theoretic scheme for management (...) studies in support of the practicability of Eco’s claim. The idea is to re-create the engagement when establishing problem-solving competence in managerial learning: We start with an analysis of real-life cases of successful managerial problem solving (“best practices”). Next, we attempt to find the common denominator of those successful solutions. Lastly, we instantiate the principles found in the previous step in new problem situations, and thus provide new uses for them. (shrink)