Se realiza una valoración crítica de la aportación de Joan Poinsot, más conocido como Juan de Santo Tomas (1589-1655), raíz de la publicación de La naturaleza y las causas a cargo del destacado académico Juan Cruz Cruz. A pesar de que se trata de la edición de una pequeña parte de la Philosophia Naturalis, más conocida como Cursus Philosophicus, de Juan de Santo Tomás, concretamente de las “cuestiones” IX a XIII. Se establece un semblante de Juan de Santo Tomas y (...) de su obra, tratando de centrar el personaje en el contexto de su época y las posiciones que mantenía y denunciando las interpretaciones interesadas que pretenden hacer pasar por moderno un pensamiento que antepone lo religioso a la razón, en la vieja estrategia eclesiástica de hacer pasar por filosofía a la teología y viceversa. (shrink)

Se analiza el feminismo como una nueva concepción de la idea de hombre. El feminismo se presenta como un movimiento alternativo que pretende superar el sesgo antropocéntrico de la filosofía y la cultura Occidental. Para comprobar esta posición de partida, se analizada el feminismo desde dos variables, la idea de sujeto y las ideas de hombre de Max Scheler. Desde la primera perspectiva se aplica una matriz fenoménico-materialista para clasificar los distintos feminismos y analizar en qué casos podría construir un (...) sujeto universal. Desde la segunda se analiza y clasifica el feminismo como un proyecto posthumanista o transhumanista, incluido en la idea pesimista de hombre. (shrink)

Se presenta un índice de los fragmentos atribuidos a Panecio y su correspondencia con los distintos editores: Fowler (1885), Straaten (1952), Alesse (1997) y Vimercati (2004).

Lucrecio plantea una concepción de la realidad diferente a Epicuro, sobre todo porque ejerce la separación entre dos niveles ontológicos: el de la ontología especial y el de la ontología general. Lejos de la interpretación de que Lucrecio desprecia el latín sostenemos que intencionadamente utiliza términos latinos y que no utiliza la palabra átomo, para poder distanciarse de los debates de los aristotélicos y de los propios epicúreos sobre el tema.

Los jefes más destacados del partido de Trasibulo olvidan pronto su promesa sancionada en la ley de Arquino de no tomar revancha por actos acaecidos durante la dictadura de los treinta tiranos. Platón se va a enfrentar de esta forma en la Apología a uno de los enigmas más importantes y poco atendidos teóricamente del ámbito de la comunicación: el rumor. La condena y ajusticiamiento de Sócrates descansa precisamente en un rumor extendido por Atenas. Debe establecer, por tanto, una estrategia (...) que le permita recuperar la memoria de Sócrates, pero no se puede limitar a reivindicar esa memoria, sino que debe atacar una imagen que a todas luces la propia condena a muerte vendría a confirmar. Al mismo tiempo busca instalar una nueva que rehabilite la figura de su maestro y la dote de inmortalidad. Así pues, debe destruir la figura de Sócrates como sofista y como inspirador de la dictadura algunos de cuyos líderes fueron discípulos suyos. Además de las suspicacias que levantaba la cercanía de Sócrates con esas clases pudientes, únicas con tiempo para debatir, y acérrimas enemigas de la democracia radical ateniense. El resultado de la operación platónica salta a la vista toda vez que cualquier intento de separar la figura de Sócrates del personaje Sócrates resulta una empresa baldía. (shrink)

Para el común de las personas el proceso del conocimiento abarca desde el momento que el recién nacido empieza a ver manchas de luz y color carentes de significado. En poco tiempo llega a entender lo inmediato, tal como ocurre con el resto de los animales. Luego, va adquiriendo los conceptos de pasado y futuro e incorpora el lenguaje. Para que las impresiones sensoriales, que transmiten mensajes de la realidad, adquieran significado, deben ser estructuradas por redes conceptuales, que son fundamentalmente (...) lingüísticas. De ahí la importancia de analizar significados, de no renunciar a la función argumentativa del lenguaje, de no quedarnos en el nivel puramente sensorial. (shrink)

Las cartas de Platón están realizadas siguiendo un método propio y son el testimonio más antiguo al que podemos referirnos para su biografía. Además, inauguran dicho método cuya estructura será copiada y utilizada hasta la actualidad. No es exagerado considerar que Platón pergeña la primera biografía de la historia cuya fórmula ha perdurado y que hemos descifrado en la carta VII.

Se realiza un análisis de la Historia presentando un enfoque materialista y fenomenológico. Se exponen algunas características epistemológicas y el planteamiento de que la Historia consiste no una visión sobre el pasado como una reconstrucción a partir de relatos y reliquias, formándose la verdad o los hechos a partir de las identidades sintéticas.

Se pretende definir el ámbito de una disciplina que, contra lo que pueda parecer, no se funda hasta el siglo XIX. Para llevar a cabo la tarea se hace necesario aclarar qué se entiende por filosofía (¿hablamos de filosofía mundana o académica?; ¿la filosofía es de tradición occidental o podemos hablar también de tradiciones orientales?; ¿en qué medida?; ¿cuáles son sus métodos?) pero también por historia (res gestae o historiam rerum gestarum). Lo cual influirá asimismo en las alternativas posibles sobre (...) la concepción de historia de la filosofía. Aquí se defenderá como filosófica esta misma —no reductible a perspectivas sociológicas, biográfico-psicológicas, etc.— y constructivista como posición superadora de una historia de los filósofos frente a una historia de los sistemas. (shrink)

Trabajar con la figura de Sócrates plantea una doble paradoja: por una parte, como ha sido señalado por Antonio Tovar, se puede pretender construir la biografía y a la vez la historia de un personaje que vive en una época en la que estos dos géneros no existen; por otra, si nos atenemos a la opinión más extendida, la propia filosofía se encuentra sólo en embrión y es imposible, por tanto, intentar recogerla realizando una historia de la filosofía.

Se establece la problemática respecto a la autenticidad de la obra de Platón y se opta por el criterio de que la polémica carece de sentido, pues su interés reside en que ellos han sido conocidos a lo largo de la historia de la filosofía como tales y que, en todo caso, de no ser escritos por Platón lo fueron por sus discípulos, cuestión que es suficiente en una época en la que no existe tan claramente la idea de autoría. (...) Se hace un recorrido por los métodos utilizados para ordenar los diálogos y un repaso de las clasificaciones más importantes. Finalmente se propone un método en dos direcciones: una considerada más filológica, consistente en fijar las obras se conocieron en cada momento histórico y otra, más filosófica, es la de establecer un marco teórico que reorganice los diálogos suponiendo que debe existir una lógica interna entre unos diálogos y otros, lo que supone un test para la teoría interpretativa de Platón que se proponga. (shrink)

Bullying of people with Special Educational Needs with or without disabilities is a reality, being one of the most affected groups. This study presents the data obtained in a European Erasmus+ project in which 96 young people and adults with SEN/D from four countries participated: Ireland, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. Firstly, a questionnaire was passed to see the general knowledge of these people in relation to bullying. Then a training program was carried out and finally the questionnaire was passed again (...) to see if the data improved. From the data it appears that people with SEN/D lack skills, knowledge, and resources to deal with bullying. After the completion of the training program the data obtained from the questionnaire improved in many respects. Sometimes people with SEN/D are not aware that they are suffering from this type of situation due to lack of knowledge, so it is necessary to continue implementing training programs to help improve this situation. (shrink)

Es necesario enfocar escépticamente las pocas referencias a Pitágoras y los pitagóricos contenidas en los diálogos de Platón, pues resulta difícil tomar la medida efectiva de una influencia pitagórica sobre el ateniense. De hecho, las únicas referencias explícitas a Pitágoras (Rep. X 600a-b) y a los pitagóricos (Rep. VII 530c-531a) no nos dicen mucho y, respecto a los personajes tradicionalmente considerados pitagóricos, nuestra información es poco fiable, incierta y a veces contradictoria. Tal prudencia es particularmente útil en el caso de (...) Timeo y del personaje homónimo de este diálogo, cuyo pitagorismo, aunque ampliamente aceptado por los comentaristas, parece muy discutible. Así sólo la aplicación de un método histórico prudente y lúcido puede evitar esta deriva que identifica como pitagórico toda referencia a la transmigración del alma y las matemáticas en sentido amplio. (shrink)

School psychologists often break confidentiality if confronted with risky adolescent behavior. Members of the National Association of School Psychologists ( N = 78) responded to a survey containing a vignette describing an adolescent engaging in risky behaviors and rated the degree to which it is ethical to break confidentiality for behaviors of varying frequency, intensity, and duration. Respondents generally found it ethical to break confidentiality when risky adolescent behaviors became more dangerous or potentially harmful, although there was considerable variability between (...) respondents. Significant gender effects were found between male and female respondents for alcohol use, and a significant Form Type (i.e., male or female vignette) Frequency/Duration interaction was observed for antisocial behaviors. School psychologists could benefit from further training in ethical decision making because these ethical dilemmas are not always clear-cut. (shrink)

Conviene subrayar en la época de la ciencia, cuando las prácticas más aberrantes y las especulaciones más desaforadas compiten por arrogarse el título de ciencias, que la filosofía no es una ciencia, ni necesita serlo para ejercer sus funciones críticas. No obstante, mantiene una relación íntima y constante con las ciencias desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días (relación histórica), utiliza el mismo instrumento metodológico, la razón crítica (relación metódica) y recorre el mismo ámbito de la experiencia cognoscitiva humana (relación sistemática). (...) En ese sentido, la filosofía no se arredra ante el discurso postmoderno de la deslegitimación —Lyotard, Baudrillard, Vattimo, etc.—. Aunque las soluciones filosóficas son legitimadoras, no se reducen a mera ideología, ni tecnocrática ni progresista. (shrink)

This article compares two groundings of ethics: the ethical postulates of Immanuel Kant with the existential thinking of S. Kierkegaard. To achieve this goal, first, it proposes highlighting the fundamental ideas of Kantian ethics; then, secondly, highlighting Kierkegaard’s ethical stance; and finally, contrasting both approaches to identify differences and similarities. Conclusively, we can say that the pure Kantian ethical formality of duty for duty’s sake necessarily dispenses with existential and concrete content; it is an ethics that is grounded in itself, (...) that refers to itself, to the rational nature of the human being and its universality. In contrast, Kierkegaardian ethics is a Christian ethics, it is the ethics of love for one’s neighbour and, above all, for God; it is a relational and existential ethics of the single individual. (shrink)

Previous research has examined the relationship between CSR and innovation and has suggested that the former might positively affect the latter; however, the impact of CSR on innovation success needs further attention. This study aims to develop a deeper understanding of how environmental and social CSR are related to innovation performance and whether the implementation of organizational practices might moderate this relationship. The results are based on an unbalanced panel of 14,313 observations of 3713 firms covering 2011–2015. Using random-effects probit (...) models and the estimation of average marginal effects (AMEs), this paper contributes to the literature on CSR by explaining how CSR dimensions affect innovation success differently and by addressing how this effect is influenced by organizational innovation. The results show that while environmental CSR orientation proves beneficial for the generation of process innovation, social CSR orientation contributes to the generation of both kinds of technological innovations only when internal organizational practices are implemented. This study provides valuable insights for managers aiming to implement a CSR perspective in their strategies to support the pursuit of innovation. (shrink)

La gamificación o ludificación, entendida como la aplicación de la filosofía del juego en contextos no lúdicos, está experimentando en los últimos años un desarrollo espectacular en áreas de diversa naturaleza. Si bien está más que comúnmente aceptado que las funciones principales de los museos consisten en preservar y dar a conocer sus colecciones, resulta fundamental que logren conectar de manera satisfactoria con los usuarios empleando para ello medios y estrategias innovadoras y accesibles. En las siguientes páginas ponemos de manifiesto (...) cómo la gamificación no es sino un recurso idóneo para motivar, fidelizar e influir en el comportamiento de los usuarios. (shrink)

While rooted in careful study of Mead’s original writings and transcribed lectures and the historical context in which that work was carried out, the papers in this volume have brought Mead’s work to bear on contemporary issues in metaphysics, epistemology, cognitive science, and social and political philosophy.

This work analyzes and characterizes the spread of the COVID-19 disease in Mexico, using complex networks and optimization approaches. Specifically, we present two methodologies based on the principle of the rupture for the GC and Newton's law of motion to quantify the robustness and identify the Mexican municipalities whose population causes a fast spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Specifically, the first methodology is based on several characteristics of the original version of the Vertex Separator Problem, and the second is based (...) on a new mathematical model. By solving VSP, we can find nodes that cause the rupture of the giant component. On the other hand, solving the NLM can find more influential nodes for the entire system’s development. Specifically, we present an analysis using a coupled social network model with information about the main characteristics of the contagion and deaths caused by COVID-19 in Mexico for 19 months. This work aims to show through the approach of complex networks how the spread of the disease behaves, and, thus, researchers from other areas can delve into the characteristics that cause this behavior. (shrink)

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En la tradición teológica de la religión judía que demostró poseer Pablo de Tarso, el Dios de Israel tiene el poder de crear y el poder de volver a crear; es decir, realizar una nueva creación. Pablo experimentó cómo en Jesús, Dios ha revelado la salvación, el perdón de los pecados por amor a toda la humanidad; y cada vez que un ser humano recibe este don por parte de Dios, se genera un nuevo ser. La comprensión e interpretación del (...) mensaje teológico de Pablo sobre el tema de la nueva creación se basa en el discurso tomado en la carta de Pablo a los Gálatas y en las proposiciones escritas a los Corintios. Esta hermenéutica se complementa con la comprensión de otro discurso sobre el tema de la creación expuesto en la carta a los Romanos. In the theological tradition of the Jewish religion that Paul of Tarsus proved to have, the God of Israel has the power to create and the power to re-create; that is, making a new creation. Paul experienced that in Jesus, God has revealed salvation, forgiveness of sins for the sake of all mankind, and every time which a human being receives this gift from God, a new being is created. The theological understanding and interpretation of Paul's message on the subject of the new creation is based on the speech made in his letter to the Galatians and in one of his propositions in Corinthians. This hermeneutics is complemented from the understanding of another speech about the creation exposed in the Letter to the Romans. (shrink)

Freedom as a natural right, the importance of consent, defending the idea that government should be in the hands of the most virtuous and reflective citizens, denouncing patronage, the need to link individual and political freedom ? These are some of the characteristics of La Boétie's doctrine that I believe place him within the tradition that Quentin Skinner calls the neo-Roman conception of civil liberty. Of course, La Boétie did not write a positive defence of the rule of law, as (...) Livy did in his History of Rome and as the English republicans do, but the Discourse can easily be read as a legal plea condemning absolute monarchy and any kind of arbitrary regime. (shrink)

In a well-known article, Hodnett pointed out that Virgil emphasizes the peacefulness and quiet of the sea, its immensity and limitlessness, in contrast to the view articulated by the Roman poets of the Republic, which presents the sea as deceptive and fearsome. Among the many terms used in theAeneidto denote the sea,aequorstands out precisely because it is the term most frequently used by Virgil in place of the wordmare.

This paper briefly examines the concept of the ancient mode of production as expressed in Karl Marx’s Formations. It looks at how twentieth-century Marxist historiography picks up this concept in its characterisation of the Greco-Roman city-state. It explores the feasibility of the use of the concept in relation to the advancement of knowledge of the city-state, especially through the development of archaeology. It examines how social classes are structured and relations of exploitation are presented. And it analyses the need for (...) politics in the organisation of this socio-economic form in terms of how it is joined up with the social relations of production. (shrink)

En aquest article s¿analitzen els continguts i perspectives que es varen desenvolupar en el decurs del Diàleg Interacció del Fòrum Universal de les Cultures 2004. En concret, aquells que giraren entorn la problemàtica del desenvolupament cultural i de la seva relació/dependència respecte al desenvolupament econòmic en els àmbits locals, dins el marc d¿un món globalitzat. La proposta del Diàleg tenia com a objectiu analitzar les vinculacions entre ambdós àmbits per tal de potenciar noves polítiques locals (que haurien de concretar-se en (...) l¿¿Agenda 21 de la Cultura¿) que potenciessin l¿àmbit cultural, desubstantivat i banalitzat en favor de l¿àmbit econòmic. L¿anàlisi de les diferents categories i perspectives que es varen posar a debat, nogensmenys, ens aboca a un tractament realitzat i desenvolupat des dels paràmetres de l¿àmbit econòmic i, per tant, de caire més aviat descripitiu que prescriptiu. Les possibilitats de potenciar l¿àmbit cultural tot romanent dins una lògica economicista queden així reduïdes a la mera constatació de l¿existència de múltiples pràctiques que queden subsumides en el mercat, i amb les que hom s¿hi relaciona com a mercaderies. (shrink)

Study of several works on geography written in verse and published in the XIX and XX centuries. devoted to teaching of this science. The versed draft helped to transinit and meinorize the arid geographical knowledge referred to physiographic names. populations, etc. It is studied the "Geografía Política de España y Portugal" at 1818, which frequently was supported by Greek and Roman mythologies; the two works of the Cuban physician. Michael Gordillo,"Compendio de Geografía de España escrito en verso" (1878) and "Compendio (...) de Geografía Física de Cuba en verso" (1879) edited several times, where, for each region or city, its cultivation and products were added.: and the "Prontuario Poético de Geografía de Cuba" (1936) by the Cubaii Antonio Pérez López, which includes a wide vocabulary, with similar metaphors moral teaching and philosophical reflection. (shrink)

Raimo Tuomela, late Professor Emeritus at the Centre for Philosophy of Social Sciences (TINT), University of Helsinki, is widely regarded as one of the most important philosophers of our time. He published extensively on various topics within social philosophy; particularly, on social action, cooperation, group belief, group responsibility, group reasoning, social practices, and institutions. To celebrate his legacy, this volume engages with and delves deeply into his philosophy of sociality. By gathering original essays from a world-class line-up of social ontologists, (...) social action theorists, and social philosophers, this collection provides the first comprehensive and critical treatment of Tuomela's outstanding contribution to social ontology and collective intentionality. (shrink)

The general concept of a trope – that of a non-shareable character-grounder – admits of a distinction between modifier tropes and module tropes. Roughly, a module trope is self-exemplifying whereas a modifier trope is not. This distinction has wide-ranging implications. Modifier tropes are uniquely eligible to be powers and fundamental determinables, whereas module tropes are uniquely eligible to play a direct role in perception and causation. Moreover, each type of trope theory faces unique challenges concerning character- grounding. Modifier trope theory (...) faces challenges concerning the inscrutability of predication and the incompatibility with bundle theory, whereas module trope theory faces challenges concerning character overdetermination and a collapse into austere nominalism. These differences indicate that the modifier/module distinction divides the advantages of general trope theory and thus presents the trope theorist with a pivotal choice. (shrink)

In this paper I explore Michael Loux’s important distinction between “tropes” and “tropers”. First, I argue that the distinction throws into relief an ambiguity and discrepancy in the literature, revealing two fundamentally different versions of trope theory. Second, I argue that the distinction brings into focus unique challenges facing each of the resulting trope theories, thus calling into question an alleged advantage of trope theory—that by uniquely occupying the middle ground between its rivals, trope theory is able to recover and (...) preserve the insights of these views. Ultimately, the distinction suggests that trope theory is a divided house. (shrink)

Machine ethics and robot rights are quickly becoming hot topics in artificial intelligence and robotics communities. We will argue that attempts to attribute moral agency and assign rights to all intelligent machines are misguided, whether applied to infrahuman or superhuman AIs, as are proposals to limit the negative effects of AIs by constraining their behavior. As an alternative, we propose a new science of safety engineering for intelligent artificial agents based on maximizing for what humans value. In particular, we challenge (...) the scientific community to develop intelligent systems that have human-friendly values that they provably retain, even under recursive self-improvement. (shrink)

Hacemos una lectura del “Tratado sobre los principios de la teología” de Guillermo de Occam, y echamos un vistazo a la Escolástica tardía que esta obra representa tan bien, revisando diferentes referencias bibliográficas, que me han permitido conocer y analizar diferentes conceptos y enfoques acerca de este singular tema. De hecho, se trata de una obra mayor, de gran calibre, pero de autor incierto, generalmente atribuida a Occam, aunque la autoría real está en disputa. Lo cierto es que se trata (...) de un momento culminante de una época de la historia del pensamiento occidental; una en la que su autor, con briosa arquitectura, levanta un edificio que perenniza el pensar occamista, comentándolo, glosándolo y dándole forma enciclopédica, minuciosa, como la que uno esperaría encontrar en un diccionario o un manual del Nominalismo naciente. (shrink)

Defends a version of the Davidsonian Demonstrative Theory of quotation against proponents of the Fregean Identity Theory.

This paper defends a version of Davidson’s demonstrative theory of quotation and against against the Fregean identity theory (IT henceforth) as articulated and defended by Corey Washington (1992). On the Fregean view, when an expression is referred to by means of quotation the quoted material itself is a linguistic referring expression. Quotation-marks are not needed; when they are used, they serve to make clearer the shift in syntactic and semantic properties effected on the quoted material by its occupying that linguistic (...) context: whatever its usual syntactic function, the quoted material functions as a singular term; whatever its usual semantic function, in that linguistic environment the quoted material refers to itself. On DT, in contrast, quotation-marks themselves are the linguistic bearers of reference, functioning like a demonstrative; the quoted material merely plays the role of a demonstratum. In the version I argue for the referent is obtained through some contextually suggested relation; in the default case the relation will be: … instantiates the linguistic type __, but there are other possibilities. In this way, the view can deal with the fact that we do not merely refer with quotations to expression-types, but also to other entities related in some way to the relevant token we use: features exhibited by the token distinct from those constituting its linguistic type, features exhibited by other tokens of the same type but not by the one actually used (as when, by using a graphic token, we refer to its phonetic type), or even other related tokens. (shrink)

There is a long-standing discussion concerning the nature of moral discourse. Multiple views range from realism—according to which moral discourse is closer to scientific discourse than to fictional discourse—to anti-realism—according to which moral discourse is rather closer to fictional discourse. In this paper, I want to motivate a novel anti-realist account. On this view, there are no moral properties or truths, neither mind-independent nor mind-dependent ones (i.e., anti-realism). However, moral cognition results from the use of higher order cognitive abilities with (...) enough resources to grant moral discourse with all the features of a realist talk (i.e., cognitive quasi-realism). I defend this view based on empirical evidence on human moral development and by showing that the resulting account can meet the demands of robust moral realism. The paper concludes by placing the proposed view within the metaethical landscape by comparing it against other forms of anti-realism, most significantly against expressivism. (shrink)

The paper discusses the criticism of externalist theories of content which, on the basis of "Twin Earth" considerations, claims that such theories cannot make intentional properties supervenient on basic, intrinsic properties of the organism -- while supervenience is a necessary condition for the causal efficacy of any macro-property. The paper accepts the supervenience requirement, understood as arising from a requirement that macro- properties should be explained by micro- properties. It points out, however, that as a consequence of this, the modality (...) in the concept of supervenience should be understood as "nomic", not conceptual. Then the paper attempts to show that the usual thought- experiments do not establish that such variety of supervenience does not hold for psychological properties -- at least with regard to a particular, teleo- functional way of interpreting them. (shrink)