The concept of Hisba in Muslim law has been used by members of certain Islamic groups to impose, through the courts, limitations on freedom of expression. In so doing they sought to circumvent the right of parliament to legislate on matters of personal freedom. This device is now restricted by the Egyptian authorities.

Dans la théorie kantienne de la sensibilité, les activités synthétiques de l’imagination jouent un rôle essentiel. Il s’agit ici d’établir l’authenticité de la distinction kantienne entre deux activités synthétiques fondamentales, d’étudier leur rapport avec la sensibilité et d’éclairer ainsi le concept kantien de la réceptivité et la distinction entre sens interne et sens externe dans la terminologie kantienne.

Le problème du schématisme transcendantal est le moment de la Critique de la raison pure où la question de la signification des catégories pousse Kant à remettre en question l’indépendance de l’imagination productive et de l’intuition à l’égard de l’entendement, position que la première rédaction de la Déduction transcendantale partageait encore avec « L’esthétique transcendantale » et la Dissertation de 1770. Ce revirement devient plus explicite et résolu dans la seconde rédaction de la Déduction transcendantale, sans que l’imagination productive, la (...) faculté des intuitions pures, se trouve pour autant réduite à une fonction de l’entendement : si « la synthèse transcendantale de l’imagination » est « un effet de l’entendement sur la sensibilité » selon cette rédaction ( KRV, B 152), c’est parce qu’elle résulte de la détermination a priori, par ce dernier, de certaines activités représentatives pré-conceptuelles dont Kant reconnaît la présence dans la sensibilité animale. (shrink)

Nous tentons ici de démontrer que le concept du temps absolu, tel qu’il intervient dans le texte des « Analogies de l’expérience », renvoie à une idée régulatrice de la raison qui joue, dans la théorie kantienne de l’expérience, un rôle parallèle à celui qu’attribue Kant à l’idée régulatrice de l’espace absolu dans les Premiers principes métaphysiques de la science de la nature. Dans ce cadre, il s’agit d’établir une distinction nette entre l’idée du temps absolu et l’intuition pure du (...) temps, ainsi que de démontrer que les principes dynamiques de l’entendement pur et, corrélativement, la possibilité de l’expérience, reposent sur cette idée. (shrink)

An important, but relatively neglected, aspect of human theory of mind is emotion inference: understanding how and why a person feels a certain why is central to reasoning about their beliefs, desires and plans. The authors review recent work that has begun to unveil the structure and determinants of emotion inference, organizing them within a unified probabilistic framework.

Maḥmūd, Zakī Najīb, 1905-; philosophers; Egypt; biography; interview.

The Druze movement originated at the beginning of the eleventh century and developed out of the Ismā'īlī faction of Shī'ī Islām. Founded by the Ismā'īlī Ḥamza ibn 'Alī, the Tawḥīd is a philosophical and spiritual path that incorporates the fundamentals of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism referred to in the Qur'ān, together with the ancient philosophies of Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, and others. It is a synthesis and a unification of the most contradictory thoughts, a synthesis that leads to the real (...) Tawḥīd or "third course".The specificity of the Tawḥīd consists in establishing a bridge between monotheism and non-dualism. To say that God is One does not merely mean... (shrink)

This study aims to explore whether a discrepancy exists between the ideal and communicated (disclosed) ethical identity of Islamic banks in Asia and, further, whether there is any association of communicated ethical identity with financial performance. To achieve the objectives, the study analyses data derived from annual reports of Islamic banks in Asia for the period 2006–2010. The results suggest that out of the seven banks studied, three of them are above average and the rest suffer from disparity between the (...) ideal and communicated ethical identities. Further, the study shows that the disclosure of a vision and mission statement; board of directors and top management; zakah, charity, and benevolent loans; and Shari’ah supervisory boards are negatively associated with performance, while the disclosure of products and services and commitment toward employees are positively associated with performance. (shrink)

Let us begin with Richard Rorty's question: how can we speak of “us,” how to invoke a universal and abstract “we”, when the people of the earth are separated from each other by so many inequalities and injustices? This is a crucial question, and one that it is a direct descendant of pragmatic inquiry. The essential aim of this kind of analysis, Dewey said, was less to “reach ultimate reality” than to “clarify human ideas in relation to the epoch's social (...) conflicts.”. (shrink)

Machery's dismissive position on parsimony requires that we examine especially carefully the data he provides as evidence for his complex triple-system account. We use the prototype-exemplar debate as an example of empirical findings which may not, in fact, support a multiple-systems account. We discuss the importance of considering complexity in scientific theory.

carrington places race and racism at the center of his densely written analysis of science fiction, fantasy, utopia, and other forms of popular culture. He moves easily between a broad range of forms, which include memoirs, television series, comic books, novels, novelizations, fandom and fanzines, and short fiction and fiction circulated on the Internet. Popular culture helps us to construct notions of identity and race, and for carrington many constituent groups, notably fans, develop its key concepts and values.Speculative fiction is (...) for carrington a framework that links these various forms of popular culture. Here, SF is a genre different from literature, as it is situated closer to, and is more deeply... (shrink)

"Cours professe a la Sorbonne en 1967"--T.P.

This essay focuses on the normative teachings of Islam. Justice, honesty, and public welfare are the pillars of Islamic business ethics. These values have two major roots: (1) belief in and devotion to Allah (God), and (2) the earthly trusteeship that grounds moral accountability. The business values of productivity, hard work, and excellence are encouraged. However, at the heart of various injunctions relating to business transactions are the imperatives of lawfulness, honesty, and fair play. Products or services must be lawful, (...) and produced in lawful ways causing no undue harm to others or to the environment. Competition, distribution, and consumption must be lawful as well. Lawful behavior is enforced by consciousness of Allah, supportive social norms, and government control. Islamic norms may not be uniformly or strictly followed, yet they provide a helpful background to practitioners andresearchers. (shrink)