Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the most prominent concepts in the literature and, in short, indicates the positive impacts of businesses on their stakeholders. Despite the growing body of literature on this concept, the measurement of CSR is still problematic. Although the literature provides several methods for measuring corporate social activities, almost all of them have some limitations. The purpose of this study is to provide an original, valid, and reliable measure of CSR reflecting the responsibilities of a (...) business to various stakeholders. Based on a proposed conceptual framework of CSR, a scale was developed through a systematic scale development process. In the study, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying factorial structure of the scale. Data was collected from 269 business professionals working in Turkey. The results of the analysis provided a four-dimensional structure of CSR, including CSR to social and nonsocial stakeholders, employees, customers, and government. (shrink)

This paper examines al-Fārābī's logical thought within its Arabico-Islamic historical background and attempts to conceptualize what this background contributes to his logic. After a brief exposition of al-Fārābī's main problems and goals, I shall attempt to reformulate the formal structure of Arabic linguistics (AL) in terms of the ontological and formal characteristics that Arabic logic is built upon. Having discussed the competence of al-Fārābī in the history of AL, I will further propose three interrelated theses about al-Fārābī's logic, in terms (...) of which I will attempt to redefine it: the logico-linguistic conception, the project of logicization, and nuclear logic. The final question that will arise is how Aristotle's logic could be built upon AL, which has a nature contrary to logic. The present paper also contributes to examining our traditional research habits in Arabic studies. (shrink)

A growing number of studies have investigated the various dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the literature. However, relatively few studies have considered its impacts on employees. The purpose of this study is to analyze how CSR affects the organizational commitment of employees based on the social identity theory (SIT). The proposed model was tested on a sample of 269 business professionals working in Turkey. The findings of the study revealed that CSR to social and non-social stakeholders, employees, and (...) customers were the significant predictors of organizational commitment. However, there was no link between CSR to government and the commitment level of employees. (shrink)

Upon abolition of the sultanate, proclamation of the Republic, and termination of the seemingly existing caliphate position, the 1921 Constitution was replaced with the 1924 Constitution, which would remain in full force until 1961. It is observed that as a result of all such consecutive developments, the no. 677 Law on Preclusion and Abolition of Lodges, Zawiyahs, Tomb Keepers and Some Titles, which had been presented to the assembly with a bill prepared by Refik Koraltan, a member of the parliament (...) from Konya province, along with his friends, accepted in November 30th, 1925 and published in the official gazette in December 13th, 1925, interrupted, in general, the religious Turkish music; and in particular, the music of Mevleviyeh and Bektashism cults -lodge/dervish music- during the production stages, which has been determined to be directly connected with the following problems to be dealt with, and which will constitute the focus of our study. Therefore, our "Music Policies in Turkish Single-party Era: Religious Music Example" titled study, as mentioned above, has been the subject of the research concentrated around especially the no. 677 Law came into force in December 13th, 1925, accepted with a bill, within the scope of transitions paving the way for the proclamation of the republic, and legitimacy of various revolutions implemented, and it is important that the effects of the political mobility experienced in our country between 1923 and 1950 during the single-party era on our society, and the extent of such effects on the music life, in particular Turkish religious music education, culture and art in our country can be observed and evaluated. (shrink)

Literature, especially poetry, has undoubtedly had a great place in the cultural history of the Arabs. Arab poet in the period of ignorance; It had many critical functions, such as making the heroism of the tribesmen epic, immortalizing the names of the deceased, and providing a kind of psychological superiority by satirizing the opposing tribes and people. Poetry continued to exist in all areas of life after Islam, as poetry spread to the cultural codes of the Arabs. As a manifestation (...) of this, poems were utilized to the maximum in Islamic disciplines that were formed in the following years. Arabic poetry has been one of the reference sources of Islamic sciences such as tafsir, hadith and qiraat, not just linguistic studies such as nahiv. The application of the process of bringing evidence from this poem, which is termed as istishhad in istilah, is also seen in the hadith annotations. While the commentators were looking for the meaning of some strange words in the hadiths in poetry, they sometimes included one or a few couplets that fully agreed with the meaning of the hadith. In this study, it has been examined how the poems of the Abbasid poet al-Mutanabbī, whose poems are frequently referred to in the hadith commentaries, are handled in these sources. It is foreseen that the results of the research will provide data to the researchers of Arabic language and rhetoric and hadith. (shrink)

Though dividing one’s attention between two input streams typically impairs performance, detecting a behaviorally relevant stimulus can sometimes enhance the encoding of unrelated information presented at the same time. Previous research has shown that selection of this kind boosts visual cortical activity and memory for concurrent items. An important unanswered question is whether such effects are reflected in processing quality and functional connectivity in visual regions and in the hippocampus. In this fMRI study, participants were asked to memorize a stream (...) of naturalistic images and press a button only when they heard a predefined target tone. Images could be presented with a target tone, with a distractor tone, or without a tone. Auditory target detection increased activity throughout the ventral visual cortex but lowered it in the hippocampus. Enhancements in functional connectivity between the ventral visual cortex and the hippocampus were also observed following auditory targets. Multi-voxel pattern classification of image category was more accurate on target tone trials than on distractor and no tone trials in the fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. This effect was stronger in visual cortical clusters whose activity was more correlated with the hippocampus on target tone than on distractor tone trials. In agreement with accounts suggesting that subcortical noradrenergic influences play a role in the attentional boost effect, auditory target detection also caused an increase in locus coeruleus activity and phasic pupil responses. These findings outline a network of cortical and subcortical regions that are involved in the selection and processing of information presented at behaviorally relevant moments. (shrink)

In this article, it was aimed to determine the knowledge status of physicians about the forms used in obtaining informed consent and according to these determinations; It is aimed to provide information and suggestions to physicians that will contribute to obtaining consent in accordance with medical law and ethics. Material and Method: A questionnaire was created to determine the knowledge status of the physicians about the titles that should be included in the informed consent form (such as the diagnosis of (...) the patient, the harms, risks, benefits of the intervention, healing process, probability of success), and who should receive informed consent. This questionnaire was delivered to physicians online. The data obtained through the questionnaire were analyzed using the SPSS program. Descriptive statistical analyzes were used in the evaluation of personal information. In the evaluation of the data, frequencies and percentage distributions were taken. The analyzed data were evaluated in terms of compliance with legal regulations and medical ethics. Results: 139 physicians working in a private hospital participated in the survey voluntarily. Approximately 90% of the participants think that the complications that occur as a result of the diagnosis and intervention, approximately 85% of the benefits of the intervention and the problems of the recovery period, about 75% of the consequences of not performing the intervention, about 55% of the probability of success should be included in the form of informed consent.. More than 85% of the participating physicians expressed their opinion to agree with the article about the necessity of obtaining consent by the physician. Discussion and Conclusion: It can be accepted as a positive situation that physicians express their opinions in accordance with medical law about the information that should be included in the informed consent form. However, considering the legal values protected by informed consent, it was suggested to take measures to reduce the rates of disagreement and indecision by emphasizing the views of physicians on disagreement and indecision. (shrink)

This article focuses on Max Horkheimer’s criticism of Husserl’s phenomenology in basic philosophical matters such as method, theory, logic, truth, metaphysics, etc. Horkheimer objects to Husserl’s conception of philosophy as a mathesis universalis and of science as relativistic research. However, he finds Husserl’s criticism of scientific rationalism the most important step for the legitimacy of philosophy. According to him, Husserl’s method is intended to be a science of apriority. But his understanding of apriority is static, is radically abstract, and overlooks (...) the dialectical relation. Therefore, his method is ahistorical and undialectical. Horkheimer does not interpret Husserl’s idealism in the sense of classical idealism. However, he believes that the positivistic and Cartesian implications in Husserl’s philosophy made his method less fruitful in concrete situations. Consequently, he calls Husserl’s phenomenology abstract positivism, traditional theory and a bourgeois ideology. Horkheimer’s critique focuses on Husserl’s early period of phenomenology. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungIn der Nachkriegszeit war die bevorzugte Methode zur Nutzbarmachung von Flüssen die sogenannte integrierte Flussgebietsplanung (integrated river basin planning – IRBP), die eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Flussgebiets für eine Mehrzweckentwicklung erforderte. Während das Flusseinzugsgebiet in den Definitionen des IRBP-Konzepts als selbstverständliche natürliche Einheit der Planung angesehen wird, problematisiert dieser Artikel die Flusseinzugsgebietsidee und enthüllt die Politik hinter dem, was als natürlich (oder wissenschaftlich) gilt, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf den Erfahrungen der Türkei mit IRBP. Er untersucht geopolitische und nationale Motivationen und (...) Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit politics of scale im Euphrat-Tigris-Becken. Indem es sich dem IRBP als einem Prozess der Skalenbildung nähert, stützt es sich auf Diskussionen über Skalenpolitik in der Literatur zur politischen Ökologie, und ergänzt diese Diskussionen um eine historische Tiefendimension hinzu. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der politischen und ökologischen Geschichte der Südosttürkei, die zum Schauplatz des ersten und umfangreichsten IRBP-Projekts der Türkei wurde, dem Südostanatolien-Projekt (GAP).Der Artikel dehnt die chronologischen Grenzen des GAP auf die Jahrzehnte vor den 1970er Jahren aus, als das Projekt initiiert wurde. Die historischen Daten des Artikels basieren größtenteils auf den Sitzungsakten der Großen Nationalversammlung der Türkei, den Archiven einer Tageszeitung und den Expertenberichten zum GAP. Die Analyse hebt die Skalenpolitik als mächtigen Bestandteil der Politik der technologischen Entwicklung hervor und zeigt, wie wichtig die historische Analyse ist, um die Politik der Flusseinzugsgebiete in verschiedene Ebenen aufzuschlüsseln, darunter Geopolitik, territoriale Streitigkeiten und internationale Konflikte. (shrink)

This book provides a comprehensive and multi-facetted analysis of the current state of social-responsibility education in various European countries. It explores the different approaches toward CSR education across Europe by identifying each country's current practices and university courses, and by revealing the effect of these methods on future generations of leaders. Using a quantitative research methodology, the book presents comparisons of the current nature and implications of CSR education in a sample of 10 business schools from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, (...) Latvia, Poland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. (shrink)

Nazariyat, Journal for the History of Islamic Philosophy and Sciences, issued twice a year in English and Turkish (Nazariyat İslam Felsefe ve Bilim Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi), is a refereed international journal. It publishes original studies, critical editions of classical texts and book reviews on Islamic philosophy, kalām, theoretical aspects of Sufism and the history of sciences. The goal of Nazariyat is to contribute to the discovery, examination and reinterpretation of the theoretical traditions in the history of Islamic thought, by giving (...) special attention to the post-classical period of it. **ISSN: 2148-8088 E-ISBN: 2547-9415**. (shrink)

Mathematical chemistry is often thought to be a 20th-century subdiscipline of chemistry, but in this paper we discuss several early chemical ideas and some landmarks of chemistry as instances of the mathematical way of thinking; many of them before 1900. By the mathematical way of thinking, we follow Weyl's description of it in terms of functional thinking, i.e. setting up variables, symbolizing them, and seeking for functions relating them. The cases we discuss are Plato's triangles, Geoffroy's affinity table, Lavoisier's classification (...) of substances and their relationships, Mendeleev's periodic table, Cayley's enumeration of alkanes, Sylvester's association of algebra and chemistry, and Wiener's relationship between molecular structure and boiling points. These examples show that mathematical chemistry has much more than a century of history. (shrink)

Cyanolichens are symbiotic organisms involving cyanobacteria and fungi (bipartite) or with the addition of an algal partner (tripartite). Cyanolichens are known for their heightened susceptibility to environmental pollution. We focus here on the impacts on cyanolichens due to rising air pollution; we are especially interested in the role of sulfur dioxide on cyanolichen biology. Cyanolichens due to air pollution including sulfur dioxide exposure, show symptomatic changes including degradation of chlorophyll, lipid membrane peroxidation, decrease in ATP production, changes in respiration rate, (...) and alteration of endogenous auxins and ethylene production, although symptoms are known to vary with species and genotype. Sulfur dioxide has been shown to be damaging to photosynthesis but is relatively benign on nitrogen fixation which proposes as a hypothesis that the algal partner may be more in harm’s way than the cyanobiont. In fact, the Nostoc cyanobiont of sulfur dioxide-susceptible Lobaria pulmonaria carries a magnified set of sulfur (alkane sulfonate) metabolism genes capable of alkane sulfonate transport and assimilation, which were only unraveled by genome sequencing, a technology unavailable in the 1950–2000 epoch, where most physiology- based studies were performed. There is worldwide a growing corpus of evidence that sulfur has an important role to play in biological symbioses including rhizobia-legumes, mycorrhizae-roots and cyanobacteria-host plants. Furthermore, the fungal and algal partners of L. pulmonaria appear not to have the sulfonate transporter genes again providing the roles of ambient-sulfur (alkanesulfonate metabolism etc.) mediated functions primarily to the cyanobacterial partner. In conclusion, we have addressed here the role of the atmospheric pollutant sulfur dioxide to tripartite cyanolichen viability and suggest that the weaker link is likely to be the photosynthetic algal (chlorophyte) partner and not the nitrogen-fixing cyanobiont. (shrink)