As public research organisations are increasingly driven by their national and regional governments to engage in knowledge transfer, they have started to support the creation of companies. These research based spin-off companies (RBSOs) often keep contacts with the research institutes they originate from. In this paper we present the results of a study of four research institutes within two universities and two non-university public research organisations (PROs) in the Netherlands. We show that research organisations have distinct motivations to support (...) the creation of spin-off companies. In terms of resources RBSOs contribute, mostly in a modest way, to research activities by providing information, equipment and monetary resources. In particular, RBSOs are helpful for researchers competing for research grants that demand participation of industry. Furthermore, RBSOs may be seen as a proactive response by Dutch public research organisations to demands of economic relevance from their institutional environment. RBSOs enhance the prestige of their parent organisations and create legitimacy for public funds invested in PROs. At the same time, most RBSOs do not have a significant impact on the direction of the research conducted at the PROs. (shrink)

It has become commonplace to consider start-ups originating from the science field usually referred to as academic spin-offs as drivers of innovation, productivity, and employment. However, only little is known about the process of spin-off creation (e.g., Goethner et al., 2009) and development (e.g., Mustar et al., 2006; Vohora et al., 2004). Specifically, there has not been sufficient empirical research directly comparing equivalently matched groups of academic spin-offs and non-academic start-ups in order to draw definitive conclusions on (...) whether there are specific growth paths of firms spun off from scientific research (Ensley & Hmieleski, 2005). We aim to fill this gap in the literature and provide unique empirical evidence on the economic and innovative performance of academic spin-offs within the first three business years. (shrink)

The paper questions some of the premises in studying academic spin-offs in developed countries, claiming that when taken as characteristics of ‘academic spin-offs per se,’ they are of little help in understanding the phenomenon in the Eastern European countries during the transitional and post-transitional periods after 1989. It argues for the necessity of adopting a path-dependent approach, which takes into consideration the institutional and organisational specificities of local economies and research systems and their evolution, which strongly influence the (...) patterns of spin-off activity. The paper provides new findings and original arguments in support of Balazs’ seminal theses (Balazs 1995, 1996) about the emergence of academic spin-offs during the early transition. It reveals key economic and policy mechanisms bearing on academic entrepreneurship in Eastern Europe, such as the tensions between economic and political nomenclatures of former Communist Parties, where the dismantling or preservation of the power of political nomenclature resulted in different patterns of development—rapid reforms in the ‘first wave’ of EU accession countries or the establishment of rent-seeking and assets-stripping economies in countries like Bulgaria and Romania, making the transition period especially difficult. In the latter, a specific economic environment emerged, unknown in Western Europe and in the ‘champions’ of transition—such as suppression of the authentic entrepreneurship in a number of economic sectors, disintegration of corporate structures, etc. Thus, the paper reveals the common ground behind the two conflicting tendencies in post-socialist academic spin-offs, partially outlined in other research (Simeonova 1995; Pavlova 2000): as an authentic form of academic entrepreneurship grasping the opportunities opened up by the economic crisis and compensating failures in science and technology policy on the one hand, and as specific rent-seeking strategy draining valuable public assets on the other (the latter, in turn, boosting the negative attitudes in local scientific communities). The paper provides new findings about the evolution of the academic spin-offs in Bulgaria along the two polar trends and their positive and negative repercussions on parent research institutions. The results were achieved in the PROKNOW Project, EC 6th Framework Program. (shrink)

A partir del siglo XX se ha dado un cambio de paradigma en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje con el apoyo de las nuevas tecnologías se añade a la creación de empresa la denominación de Spin Off que permite explotar la investigación y el conocimiento –práctico de los estudiantes. Su creación se basa en el proceso de constitución deSociedades por Acciones Simplificadas (SAS) y un modelo paralelista de doble entrada (conocimiento/práctica) para el desarrollo académico de Contabilidad financieraavanzada. Los estudiantes responden (...) a esta iniciativa con empoderamiento de lasobligaciones asignadas tanto a nivel operativo, de aplicación contable y fiscal. (shrink)

In this article we explore the emergence of a cluster of social movement organisations that have critically taken issue with nanotechnology in Germany, the UK and internationally. By applying concepts borrowed from Social Movement Research we demonstrate that this cluster is a ‘spin-off’ from the preceding movement against agrofood biotechnology, however, never succeeds in mobilizing a comparable ‘antinanotechnology movement’. We argue that the turn toward participatory and deliberative practices that is characteristic of nanotechnology policy and, to a major extent, (...) is based on the perceived threat of a ‘public backlash’ against nanotechnology, while being of little political impact, reinforces the activity of these critical organisations through the provision of political opportunities. We further argue that the stagnation of these organisations can be explained by low policy impact and low public responsiveness respectively and conclude that their trajectories hinge to a major extent on policy impact and the responsiveness of the mass-public. We end by making a concluding remark about the limits to the project of democratizing social contention through public engagement. (shrink)

Las empresas spin-off son una de las herramientas puestas a disposición de las universidades para comercializar y transferir el conocimiento científico generado en su seno, sustrato fundamental del proceso innovador que demanda el capital de las economías desarrolladas. Análogamente, constituyen un nuevo objeto de noticiabilidad en los medios de comunicación, que prestan ocasionalmente sus espacios informativos a dar cobertura mediática de la actividad desarrollada por tan singular tipología de empresas. El objeto de esta investigación estriba en analizar y comparar (...) la cobertura mediática recibida por las spin-off de dos de las universidades más prolíficas en la creación de estos entes económicos privados en el estado español, la Universidad de Granada y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Se pretende, por esta vía, penetrar en la representación mediáticamente construida de tales outputs de la práctica tecnocientífica y, por extensión, del mismo modelo de transferencia del conocimiento actualmente implementado por las instituciones científicas financiadas con dinero público. (shrink)

The paper provides a briefintroduction to the biotechnology revolutionand its impact upon biological researchrelevant to military uses. It describes thestatus of biological weapons today, and currentefforts to strengthen the Biological WeaponsConvention with a legally binding complianceprotocol. Specific modifications ofmicro-organisms that may be of military use arediscussed. Three examples of dual-use researchactivities are then used to highlight issuesand dilemmas in ethical decision making.

Contradictions of the Welfare State is the first collection of Offe's essays to appear in a single volume in English, and it contains a selection of his most important recent work on the breakdown of the post-war settlement.

Should the Western democracies, contrary to their prevailing self-image as "planned" and "managed," be seen as highly disorganized systems of social power and political authority? If so, what are the symptoms, consequences of, and possible remedies for these disorganizing tendencies?In these ten essays, Claus Offe seeks to answer such questions. Moving beyond the boundaries of both Marxism and established forms of political sociology, he focuses on the growth of serious divisions within the work force, the importance of the "informal" sector, (...) the severe difficulties faced by trade unions in coping with the present economic crisis, the vulnerability of neocorporatist mechanisms, and the failures of state policymaking based on either majority rule or bureaucratic administration.In examining these and other fundamental problems of advanced capitalist democracies, Offe also contests some widely held assumptions of contemporary social science. He calls into question the neutrality of liberal democratic mechanisms of participation and representation, the centrality of the category of work and the division between labor and capital, and the feasibility and desirability of full employment.Claus Offe is the author of numerous books and essays, including Contradictions of the Welfare State. He is currently Professor of Political Science and Sociology in the Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, West Germany. John Keane is Senior Lecturer in Political Theory and Sociology at the Polytechnic of Central London. Disorganized Capitalism is included in the series, Studies in Contemporary German Social Thought, edited by Thomas McCarthy. (shrink)

Modernity and the State, a dozen essays written over thelast decade, develops his earlier lines of interest and extends them to the new societies emergingin Central-Eastern Europe.Offe frames the essays by suggesting that the key question ...

The paper starts by exploring the negative contingencies that are associated with the core institution of capitalist societies, the labour contract: unemployment, poverty, and denial of autonomy. It argues that these are the three conditions that basic income schemes can help prevent. Next, the three major normative arguments are discussed that are raised by opponents of basic income proposals: the idle should not be rewarded, the prosperous don’t need it, and there are so many things waiting to be done in (...) the world. After demonstrating that proponents of basic income stand in no way empty-handed when facing these objections, a third part considers basic income in functional terms: would its introduction help to resolve problems of social and economic order that are unlikely to be resolved in more conventional ways? (shrink)

Reference to the common good has increased in recent political discourse, not only on the right but also on the left. This development partly reflects genuine limitations in the liberal model of politics, and thus should not be dismissed as mere rhetoric. However, appeals to the common good face four difficulties: its social referent; its temporal horizon; its substantive content; and its authoritative identification. The article concludes with a modest suggestion for understanding the common good in complex societies.

In a loose analogy to the history of the autonomous movement, the article pleads for the elaboration of a post-autonomous concept of literature in literary studies – which must also include a revision of the scholars’ criteria of aesthetic evaluation. »Post-autonomous« should be understood here as the reflected expression of some of the paradoxes of the autonomous itself.

Im vierten Band der Ausgewählten Schriften von Claus Offe sind demokratietheoretische Aufsätze aus fünf Dekaden zusammengestellt, die sich mit dem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen den organisierten Konfliktgruppen kapitalistischer Gesellschaften und den Institutionen der liberalen Demokratie befassen. Dabei geht es um die strategischen Akteure und ihre Interessen und Identitäten, die auf der "Eingabeseite" demokratischer Politik deren Tagesordnung wie ihre Verhandlungs- und Entscheidungsergebnisse bestimmen. Ebenso geht es um das politische Beteiligungsverhalten von Bürgern und die Symptome einer prekären Legitimität, die sich trotz des vermeintlichen Universalismus (...) von Gleichheit politischer Rechte und Mehrheitsprinzip unverkennbar abzeichnen. In einem abschließenden Teil des Bandes erörtert der Verfasser verzerrende Formen der Bildung und Messung des "Volkswillens" sowie Möglichkeiten, ihn durch deliberative Verfahren und Institutionen zu rationalisieren. (shrink)

In this article I explore some ancient issues of political theory in the light of some contemporary social and cultural issues. After developing a check list of the virtues and vulnerabilities of constitutional democracy (Section I), I go on to discuss some types and symptoms of difference, conflict, fragmentation and heterogeneity (Section II). I then proceed to a critical review of a particular set of strategies and institutional solutions—political group rights—that are often thought promising devices for strengthening the virtues and (...) overcoming the vulnerabilities of the constitutional democratic form of regime (Section III). Much of the contemporary philosophical and political discussion of these issues is enchanted by the post‐modern spirit of “multiculturalism,”“diversity” and “identity.” It tends to neglect issues of citizenship and social justice. It also tends to fixate on North American examples, neglecting some of the less benign West European and, in particular, Central East European varieties of identity politics. The discussion here, while mostly raising questions rather than claiming to provide definitive answers, nevertheless tries to overcome some of these biases. (shrink)

The nine essays in this volume explore such topics as the characteristics and shortcomings of state socialist societies and of democratic capitalism, the role of ethnic politics in East European transitions, issues of retribution and ...

Resentment is not so much based upon the diversity of cultural and other identities but often rooted in grievances, complaints, and memories of historical conflicts that groups hold against other groups. Using examples from Central and Eastern Europe, this article argues that the viability of liberal democratic welfare states in Europe depends upon a minimum of toleration, trust, and solidarity among citizens. It is these cultural underpinnings of democracy which are threatened by historically rooted and (often strategically activated) feelings of (...) resentment. (shrink)

Im zweiten Band der Ausgewählten Schriften von Claus Offe sind theoretische Arbeiten zu Wohlfahrtsstaat und Sozialpolitik versammelt. Sie handeln von den drei großen Säulen sozialstaatlicher Politik: soziale Hilfen oder „welfar“, gesetzliche Sozialversicherung und Versorgung von der Bevölkerung mit Diensten und finanziellen Ressourcen. Deren aktuelle Herausforderungen werden durch das Geschehen am Arbeitsmarkt, fiskalische Krisen und demografische Trends bestimmt, nicht zuletzt auch durch die „moralische Ökonomie“ der Gewährleistung sozialer Sicherheit. Wie weit tragen unter gegebenen Bedingungen die normativen Ressourcen der Solidarität, die für (...) die politische Bewältigung von Armut, Arbeitslosigkeit und Prekarität benötigt werden? Im zweiten Teil des Bandes geht es um Begründungen für die aktuelle Idee eines bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens und seiner Varianten. (shrink)

Im dritten Band der Gesammelten Werke von Claus Offe sind alle wichtigen Arbeiten zum Zusammenhang von Institutionen, Normen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Aspekten versammelt. Damit werden die aktuellen Diskussionen zu sozialen Bewegungen, bürgerschaftlichem Engagement und gesellschaftlichem Fortschritt historisch und systematisch fundiert.

Im ersten Band der „Ausgewählten Schriften von Claus Offe“ sind wichtige Arbeiten zu Arbeitsmarkt und Arbeitsgesellschaft sowie deren Zusammenhang mit der kapitalistischen Wirtschaftsordnung zusammengestellt. Die Studien sind überwiegend in der zweiten Hälfte der 1970er und in den 1980er Jahren entstanden, aber wohl auch heute von mehr als antiquarischem Interesse, weil die Kerninstitutionen kapitalistischer Gesellschaften mit ihren Machtstrukturen, Verteilungsergebnissen und ihrer Konfliktdynamik zu wesentlichen Teilen unverändert geblieben sind. Unverändert oder sogar verstärkt sind wir mit Problemen der Arbeitsmarkt-Spaltung, der Prekarität, des Niedriglohnsektors, (...) der durch Stagnation, technischen Wandel und/oder „Globalisierung“ bedingten Beschäftigungsrisiken, des Übergangs von der „industriellen“ in die „Dienstleistungsgesellschaft“, dem Verhältnis von Erwerbsarbeit und anderen Arten nutzenstiftender Tätigkeit sowie mit Motiven und politischen Möglichkeiten konfrontiert, Lage und Dauer der Arbeitszeit neu zu gestalten. (shrink)

Im fünften Band der Ausgewählten Schriften von Claus Offe geht es um soziologische Aspekte politischer Herrschaft in Gesellschaften mit kapitalistischer Wirtschaftsordnung. Dabei steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, wie die Ausübung staatlicher Gewalt durch das Handeln von Gesetzgebern und Regierungen beide Gleichgewichtsbedingungen zugleich erfüllen kann: die der Legitimität politischer Herrschaft und die der Erhaltung und Förderung einer profitgesteuerten Ökonomie. Genauer: Ob und ggf. aus welchen systematischen Gründen Staaten an dieser ihrer zweifachen Funktionsbestimmung scheitern und dann Symptome unzulänglicher Reformpolitik, misslingenden Krisenmanagements, sogar (...) von manifester Unregierbarkeit und „Staatsversagen“ aufweisen. Diese Fragen drängen sich heute gleichermaßen auf der nationalstaatlichen wie auf der EU-Ebene auf und finden mit gängigen Verweisen auf „Governance“ und „Nachhaltigkeit“ nur unzulängliche Antworten. Der Inhalt · ​​Staat, Kapitalismus, Legitimation · Regieren mit prekärer Staatskapazität · Die europäische Integration und ihre Krisen Der Autor Dr. Claus Offe ist emeritierter Professor für Politische Soziologie an der Humboldt-Universität sowie an der Hertie School of Governance in Berlin. (shrink)

A frayed theoretical discussion has been taking place in most Common Market countries since the mid-1970s, and it has been followed by large-scale empirical research. These studies demonstrate the unforeseen importance of socio-political formations which cannot be comprehended by frameworks based on constitutional law and its understanding of a sound political order. On the contrary, standard constitutional accounts often treat these formations as relics of pre-modern regimes. In fact, however, corporatist arrangements envision socio-political controls not anticipated by the constitutional state. (...) There is an unofficial interaction between associations and interest groups on the one hand, and the government and parties on the other. This has important ramifications for political theory and especially for the conceptualization of democracy. (shrink)