PurposeTo explore the changes of cerebral blood flow and fractional anisotropy in stroke patients with motor dysfunction after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment, and to better understand the role of rTMS on motor rehabilitation of subcortical stroke patients from the perfusion and structural level.Materials and MethodsIn total, 23 first-episode acute ischemic stroke patients and sixteen healthy controls were included. The patients were divided into the rTMS and sham group. The rehabilitation assessments and examination of perfusion and structural MRI were performed (...) before and after rTMS therapy for each patient. Voxel-based analysis was used to detect the difference in CBF and FA among all three groups. The Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the CBF/FA value and the motor scales.ResultsAfter rTMS, significantly increased CBF was found in the ipsilesional supplementary motor area, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, pons, medulla oblongata, contralesional midbrain, superior cerebellar peduncle, and middle cerebellar peduncle compared to that during the prestimulation and in the sham group, these fasciculi comprise the cortex-pontine-cerebellum-cortex loop. Besides, altered CBF in the ipsilesional precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and pons was positively associated with the improved Fugl-Meyer assessment scores. Significantly decreased FA was found in the contralesional precentral gyrus, increased FA was found in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, contralesional supplementary motor area, and bilateral cerebellum, these fasciculi comprise the corticospinal tract. The change of FMA score was positively correlated with altered FA value in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus and negatively correlated with altered FA value in the contralesional precentral gyrus.ConclusionOur results suggested that rTMS could facilitate the motor recovery of stroke patients. High frequency could promote the improvement of functional activity of ipsilesional CPC loop and the recovery of the microstructure of CST. (shrink)

Der Autor schildert Lebenslauf und Karriere von Jürgen Habermas sowie die Menschen und Ereignisse, die ihn geprägt haben, und erläutert sachkundig seine Veröffentlichungen.

Erstmalig in der abendländischen Denkgeschichte wird hier, nach der traditionellen, griechisch-mittelalterlichen Seinsphilosophie (Es-Philosophie) und der neuzeitlichen Ich-Philosophie, eine Wir-Philosophie vorgelegt, die vom Sprachgeschehen 'wir' und einer Analyse seiner Implikationen ausgeht und aufweist, dass das Im-Wir-sein allem menschlichen Denken und Handeln immer schon vorgegeben ist und es das menschliche Dasein insgesamt und als solches apriori und alternativlos bestimmt. Diese Wir-Bestimmtheit wird im Einzelnen thematisiert. Es werden wirgemäße Denkweisen eingeübt und wirgemäße Handlungsorientierungen aufgezeigt.

Dieser Band bietet einen aktuellen, analytisch orientierten Querschnitt durch ein zentrales Thema der Philosophie. In den Originalbeitragen werden erkenntnistheoretische, sprachphilosophische, formallogische, historische, wissenschaftstheoretische und metaphysische Aspekte des Themas untersucht. Der Band ist als Grundlage fur Seminare und Ubungen ab dem zweiten Studienjahr konzipiert.

A speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in behavioural decisions is known to occur in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. Accurate decisions often take longer for a given condition, while fast decisions can be inaccurate in some tasks. Speed-accuracy tactics are known to vary consistently among individuals, and show a degree of flexibility during colour discrimination tasks in bees. Such individual flexibility in speed-accuracy tactics is likely to be advantageous for animals exposed to fluctuating environments, such as changes in predation (...) threat. We therefore test whether individual speed-accuracy tactics are fixed or flexible under different levels of predation threat in a model invertebrate, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris. The flexibility of speed-accuracy tactics in a foraging context was tested in the laboratory using a ‘meadow’ of artificial flowers harbouring ‘robotic’ crab spider predators. We found that while the ranking of bees along the speed and accuracy continuums was consistent across two levels of predation threat, there was some flexibility in the tactics used by individual bees – most bees became less accurate at colour discrimination when exposed to predation threat when flower types were rewarding. The relationship between decision speed and accuracy was influenced by predator detectability and the risk associated with making incorrect choices during the colour discrimination task. Predator crypsis resulted in a breakdown in the relationship between speed and accuracy, especially when making an incorrect floral choice incurred a distasteful quinine punishment. No single speed-accuracy tactic was found to be optimal in terms of foraging efficiency under either predation threat situation. However, bees that made faster decisions achieved higher nectar collection rates in predator free situations, while accurate bees achieved higher foraging rates under predation threat. Our findings show that while individual bees remain relatively consistent in terms of whether they place greater emphasis on speed or accuracy under predation threat, they can respond flexibly to the additional time costs of detecting predators. (shrink)

In the edited book “Bourdieu and Chinese Education”, a group of scholars in China, Australia, Canada, and the USA engage in a dialogue with Bourdieu and raise persistent questions not only about issues of equity, competition, and change in Chinese education, but also about the value, venture, and violence in using established Western intellectual frameworks for analysing Chinese education. In response to these questions, this special issue analyses and discusses Chinese rural education, teacher education, language education, health and physical education, (...) and transnational education; and proposes a series of new conceptualisations, for example, regression- and network-based field analysis, Bourdieu-Chinese philosophy encounter, field of mediation, localised pedagogical capital, and new Chinese habituses (e.g., contemptuous habitus, diasporic cosmopolitan habitus, habitus (re)structuring). Such collective effort responds to the strident, and sometimes misleading, castigation of Bourdieu for determinism; and also disputes the non-reflexive, celebratory tone that consecrates the French sociologist and his canonical theorem, and hence reproduces the symbolic violence in the doxic academia. In this vein, the special issue is respectful for, but not restricted to, Bourdieu’s sociology, showing no timidity in questioning and contesting the framework of the famed thinker when research problems and findings demand so. (shrink)

Bourdieu carved out a distinctive analytical niche for his reflexive sociology. His epistemological tool of field analysis, sometimes coupled with statistical correspondence analysis, is particular...

A comprehensive biography which covers Adorno's life, work and times: from childhood, through to his student years, his years in emigration, his return to post-war Germany, his time in Frankfurt, his role as a public intellectual, and his ...

Maḥmūd, Zakī Najīb, 1905-; philosophers; Egypt; biography; interview.

A translation of the essay ‘On Promethean Shame’ by Günther Anders with a comprehensive introduction and analysis of his work.

Man (Islam); Islamic philosophy; Islamic ethics.

Fur Wittgenstein haben als 'grundlegend' gedachte mathematische Bemuhungen, wie sie sich in den logizistischen Systemen Freges und Russells, der Mengentheorie und der nach Konsistenzbeweisen fur solche Systeme suchenden Beweistheorie Hilberts zeigen, keineswegs einen nennenswerten grundlegenden Charakter, sondern es handelt sich bei ihnen um normale Stucke Mathematik wie andere auch. Im Teil III der Bemerkungen uber die Grundlagen der Mathematik entwickelt er seine Kritik an jenen Grundlegungsanspruchen in vielfaltigster Weise, und dieser Kommentar zeichnet seine Gedankengange in all ihren Verastelungen nach. Dabei (...) wird nicht nur der veroffentlichte Text berucksichtigt, sondern auch samtliche relevanten Nachlasspassagen, aus denen er hervorgegangen ist und ohne die er teilweise gar nicht verstanden werden kann. Der Kommentar ist sowohl kritisch als auch konstruktiv: Mangel werden als solche benannt und Erganzungen und Verbesserungen vorgeschlagen, wenn es moglich erscheint. Das Ergebnis sind Wittgensteinsche Gedankengange, die ungleich uberzeugender und vernunftiger sind, als dies bislang in der Literatur uber Wittgensteins Philosophie der Mathematik sichtbar war. (shrink)