Selecting a large and diverse sample of 5–6-year-old preschool children, we aimed to extend previous findings on variability in children’s home math environment and its association with children’s mathematical skills. We operationalized mathematics in a broader way than in previous studies, by considering not only children’s numerical skills but also their patterning skills as integral components of early mathematical development. We investigated the effects of children’s gender and socioeconomic status on their home math environment, examined the associations between children’s home (...) math environment and their mathematical skills, and verified whether these associations were moderated by children’s gender and/or SES. Parents of 353 children completed a home math environment questionnaire and all children completed measures of their numerical and patterning skills. Results indicated no effect of children’s gender on their home math environment. There was no effect of SES on the performed home math activities, but small SES differences existed in parents’ math-related expectations and their attitudes. We found no evidence for associations between children’s home math environment and their mathematical skills. Furthermore, there were no moderating effects of gender or SES on these associations. One explanation for these findings might relate to the characteristics of the general preschool system in the country of the present study. Future studies should consider the effect of the preschool learning environment because it might explain differences between studies and countries with regard to the home math environment and its association with mathematical skills. (shrink)

Euthanasia and assisted suicide have been legally possible in the Netherlands since 2001, provided that statutory due care criteria are met, including: voluntary and well-considered request; unbearable suffering without prospect of improvement; informing the patient; lack of a reasonable alternative; independent second physician’s opinion. ‘Unbearable suffering’ must have a medical basis, either somatic or psychiatric, but there is no requirement of limited life expectancy. All EAS cases must be reported and are scrutinised by regional review committees. The purpose of this (...) study was to investigate whether any particular difficulties arise when the EAS due care criteria are applied to patients with an intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder. The 416 case summaries available on the RTE website were searched for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Direct content analysis was used on these nine cases. Assessment of decisional capacity was mentioned in eight cases, but few details given; in two cases, there had been uncertainty or disagreement about capacity. Two patients had progressive somatic conditions. For most, suffering was due to an inability to cope with changing circumstances or increasing dependency; in several cases, suffering was described in terms of characteristics of living with an autism spectrum disorder, rather than an acquired medical condition. Some physicians struggled to understand the patient’s perspective. Treatment refusal was a common theme, leading physicians to conclude that EAS was the only remaining option. There was a lack of detail on social circumstances and how patients were informed about their prognosis. Autonomy and decisional capacity are highly complex for patients with intellectual disabilities and difficult to assess; capacity tests in these cases did not appear sufficiently stringent. Assessment of suffering is particularly difficult for patients who have experienced life-long disability. The sometimes brief time frames and limited number of physician-patient meetings may not be sufficient to make a decision as serious as EAS. The Dutch EAS due care criteria are not easily applied to people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism spectrum disorder, and do not appear to act as adequate safeguards. (shrink)

Using a sample of 296 university students, this study examined the reliability and factorial validity of the Death Transcendence Scale using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Reliability analyses found that with the exclusion of one item from the Nature subscale, all five DTS subscales showed satisfactory reliability. A CFA completed to test the goodness of fit of a correlated five-factor model produced mostly positive support for the test, though there were some indications of poor fit. Initial revisions to the model did not (...) result in substantive improvement of overall fit in a second CFA. In response to the perception of item content manifesting some degree of overlap and redundancy, the authors elected to shorten all subscales by only retaining items with high corrected item-to-subscale total correlations. A CFA of the 15-item test produced notably stronger fit statistics for the overall model but found evidence that the subscales are not ubiquitously intercorrelated. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the meaning and implications of the study and directions for future research. (shrink)

This study reports the findings of a 2.5 year intervention project to reduce psychosocial risks and increase employee well-being in 15 emergency departments in the Netherlands. The project uses the psychosocial risk management approach “PRIMA” which includes cycles of risk assessment, designing and implementing changes, evaluating changes and adapting the approach if necessary. In addition, principles of participative action research were used to empower the departments in designing and implementing their own actions during the project. Next to determining overall effects, (...) the study aims to assess potential moderators including the level of intervening, process variables and partaking in a Psychosocial Safety Climate intervention offered during the second half of the project. The results of linear mixed-model analyses showed that all job factors improved with the exception of autonomy, which did increase halfway the project but not when considering the entire timeframe. In addition, work engagement decreased and symptoms of burnout remained stable. Emergency departments that implemented more fitting actions, communicated better and involved their employees more in the process, had more favorable changes in job factors and more stable well-being. More activity and a multilevel approach regarding stress management did not lead to greater improvements. The Psychosocial Safety Climate intervention was effective in improving Psychosocial Safety Climate, but a longer follow-up period seems required to evaluate its effect on job factors and well-being. Overall, the project resulted in positive changes in most job factors, and its findings emphasize the importance of process variables in stress management interventions. Longer follow-up and higher quality multilevel interventions seem essential to also improve well-being. (shrink)

Cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are enzymes involved in transducing a vast number of signals in metazoans. The importance of the Tec family of kinases was immediately recognized when, in 1993, mutations in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) were reported to cause the human disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).(1,2) Since then, additional kinases belonging to this family have been isolated, and the availability of full genome sequences allows identification of all members in selected species enabling phylogenetic considerations. Tec kinases are (...) endowed with Pleckstrin homology (PH) and Tec homology (TH) domains and are involved in diverse biological processes related to the control of survival and differentiation fate. Membrane translocation resulting in the activation of Tec kinases with subsequent Ca2+ release seems to be a general feature. However, nuclear translocation may also be of importance. The purpose of this essay is to characterize members of the Tec family and discuss their involvement in signaling. The three-dimensional structure, expression pattern and evolutionary aspects will also be considered. BioEssays 23:436–446, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

In this article I defend the thesis of a strong similarity between the modern critique of Christian revelation and the main arguments of contemporary pluralist theologians. As a relevant spokesperson of modern thought I take Karl Jaspers. After having presented his most important writings on religion and belief, I discuss three general features of modern thought, namely, subjectivism, ethical humanism and universalism. I argue that these characteristics not only figure in Jaspers’ critique of Christianity, but that they are also fundamental (...) to the pluralist theology of religions. Then I focus on characteristics of modern thought regarding religion in particular. First I analyse the specific kind of ‘natural theology’ in Jaspers’ philosophy and in pluralism, and I continue with the question of christology. In both cases I discern a parallel intuition. With a view to Jaspers’ most crucial objection to the Christian revelation, I maintain that he ultimately rejects both the reality and the possibility of God revealing Godself in the history of humankind. And I immediately ask whether the philosophical presuppositions of pluralism do not tend towards the same radical rejection. In my conclusion, I raise questions about the approach represented by Jaspers and so-called pluralist theologians. In addition to being irreducibly ambiguous, it does not seem to constitute the guarantee of tolerance that both Jaspers and pluralists declare it to be. (shrink)

In this article I defend the thesis of a strong similarity between the modern critique of Christian revelation and the main arguments of contemporary pluralist theologians. As a relevant spokesperson of modern thought I take Karl Jaspers. After having presented his most important writings on religion and belief, I discuss three general features of modern thought, namely, subjectivism, ethical humanism and universalism. I argue that these characteristics not only figure in Jaspers’ critique of Christianity, but that they are also fundamental (...) to the pluralist theology of religions. Then I focus on characteristics of modern thought regarding religion in particular. First I analyse the specific kind of ‘natural theology’ in Jaspers’ philosophy and in pluralism, and I continue with the question of christology. In both cases I discern a parallel intuition. With a view to Jaspers’ most crucial objection to the Christian revelation, I maintain that he ultimately rejects both the reality and the possibility of God revealing Godself in the history of humankind. And I immediately ask whether the philosophical presuppositions of pluralism do not tend towards the same radical rejection. In my conclusion, I raise questions about the approach represented by Jaspers and so-called pluralist theologians. In addition to being irreducibly ambiguous, it does not seem to constitute the guarantee of tolerance that both Jaspers and pluralists declare it to be. (shrink)

This paper builds on the work of Tuffrey-Wijne et al. and explores the issue of vulnerability and persons with disabilities in relation to Euthnasia and Assisted Dying. The commentary draws on both the literature and on case examples from Canada. Specifically, it considers the issue of EAS as an alternative to, or substituted for, appropriate disability supports. Secondly, it considers the issue of the devaluation of disabled lives in general and within health care practice and ethics. It concludes that current (...) safeguards are inadequate and that as EAS regimes become more permissive the risk to disabled persons will increase. (shrink)

Excerpt from The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, and Lord High-Chancellor of England, Vol. 3 of 3: Methodized, and Made English, From the Originals; With Occasional Notes, to Explain What Is Obscure; And Shew How Far the Several Plans of the Author, for the Advancement of All the Parts of Knowledge, Have Been Executed to the Present Time Ibe Nores occafionally added, we bope, will more fully open tbe De fign and Scope of tbe (...) P: ece', jo as to render it generally intelligible, and lead to its fart/oer Advancement. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

I begin with the story told by Herman Melville in his short novel, Billy Budd.The year is 1797. Britain is engaged in a long and bitter war against France, and the British war effort has been threatened by two naval mutinies: the Nore Mutiny and the mutiny at Spithead. The scene is His Majesty’s Ship, the Indomitable, and the central character is Billy Budd, sailor. Billy Budd is a young man of exceptional beauty, both physical and moral, whose only (...) flaw is a stammer. He is loved by all his fellow sailors except the master-at-arms, John Claggart. The incarnation of evil, Claggart recognises in Billy the incarnation of goodness, and is consumed by a jealousy which leads him to accuse Billy (falsely) of inciting the crew to mutiny. Alone with Claggart and the ship’s Captain, Edward Vere, Billy hears the lying charge against him. He is enraged, but his stammer prevents him from responding in words. He strikes Claggart, and the blow is fatal. Billy Budd, sailor, has killed the master-at-arms of one of His Majesty’s ships on active service, and the penalty for this is death. (shrink)

Leto II discusses not just the meaning of life for individuals as for ancient Earth philosophers from the Buddha and Socrates to Albert Camus and Susan Wolf, but the meaning of life for humanity itself. In God Emperor of Dune, Leto II talks with the Duncans, Moneo, and Hwi Noree not just about the meaning of life for individuals, but for humanity as a whole, across vast reaches of time. So for the Buddha, the meaning of life is to end (...) suffering. But for Socrates the meaning of life is to examine life. Frank Herbert was trying – in his own imperfect way – to imagine a multicultural future for humanity, one not dominated by Western cultures To wander back onto the Golden Path, Herbert's imperfect efforts, as well as Leto's example in God Emperor of Dune, show that learning from all of humanity is a key to the meaning of life. (shrink)

Dat in het rituele gedrag symbolen geen lege vormen zijn die buiten alle werkelijkheid zouden staan, is een uitdaging aan de moderniteit die in natuurwetenschappelijkheid haar hoogste kenniseisen vervuld ziet. In dit artikel nemen we een oud dispuut over de transsubstantiatie of wezensverandering in het ritueel of sacrament van de christelijke avondmaalsviering of eucharistieviering als uitgangspunt. Dit dispuut gaat over de werkelijkheidswaarde van brood en wijn als het lichaam en bloed van Christus. Als we het symbool in zijn oorspronkelijke betekenis (...) van het verbindende nemen en de notie ‘werkelijkheid’ niet uitsluitend aan de criteria van de natuurwetenschappelijkheid onderwerpen, dan kunnen we inzien hoe rituelen, juist omdat ze symboliseren, werkelijkheid op het oog hebben. (shrink)