Com base nas suas obras Sistema da natureza ou das leis do mundo físico e do mundo moral, de 1770, e A moral universal ou os deveres do homem fundamentados na sua natureza, de 1776, o objetivo deste artigo é tratar dos fundamentos teóricos e das consequências práticas da filosofia moral do pensador materialista e ateu e iluminista Barão de Holbach (1723-1789), a qual tem na felicidade a sua finalidade última, na educação e na política os seus meios concretos, e (...) nas leis gerais da matéria, que seriam absolutamente físicas, seu fato primordial e, ao mesmo tempo, o seu principal desafio. (shrink)

O texto defende que afetos tais como orgulho, vaidade, inveja, busca de honra e glória, são estruturantes para a argumentação hobbesiana. Sustenta-se que sem tais afetos o estado de natureza não seria um estado de guerra, mas um estado de paz e concórdia, como defendido por Locke. Ademais, sem a consideração de tais afetos, o design do Leviatã seria fundamentalmente diferente, visto que as leis naturais que devem configurá-lo, só são compreensíveis em seu conteúdo se se pressupuser a autoconservação de (...) seres orgulhosos, vaidosos, invejosos e que buscam honra e glória. Sem tal consideração, o Estado não só se mostraria ineficaz enquanto dispositivo de segurança para os humanos, como seria instável. Portanto, pressupor e conter tais traços afetivos é fundamental para a viabilidade e a estabilidade do Leviatã. Por fim, o texto desenha uma hipótese a respeito dos fundamentos a partir dos quais o ser humano apresenta tais traços afetivos, bem como a respeito do modo de conhecê-los. (shrink)

uma das teses fundamentais de Habermas no que diz respeito à relação entre direito e moral é que o direito alivia três exigências que são feitas à moral, quais sejam, exigência cognitivas, motivacionais e organizacionais. Os defensores de uma relação forte entre direito e moral, como por exemplo Dworkin, sustentam que a moral deve ser chamada para resolver os casos difíceis do direito. Ora, Habermas parece afirmar justamente o contrário, a saber, que é o direito que é chamado a suprir (...) um déficit cognitivo da moral. O texto explora as consequências dessa afirmação para a teoria discursiva do direito de Habermas, em relação a uma das teses fundamentais do positivismo jurídico, qual seja, a de que a moral não pode ser um fundamento para o direito justamente por causa de sua indeterminação cognitiva, razão pela qual os positivistas jurídicos afirmam o elemento de decisão última da autoridade do direito, sem que, para tal, o conteúdo seja o ponto determinante. O texto coteja o quanto a teoria discursiva do direito de Habermas se aproxima ou se afasta dessa tese fundamental do positivismo jurídico. (shrink)

This paper proposes an alternative view of the connection between knowledge and truth. Truth is traditionally seen as a semantic notion, i.e. a relation between what we say about the world and the world itself. Epistemologists and philosophers of science are therefore apt to resort to correspondence theories of truth in order to deal with the question whether our theories and beliefs are true. Correspondence theories try to define truth, but, in order to do so, they must choose a truth (...) bearer, i.e. something capable of being true, for instance, propositions, sentences or statements. According to the analysis here proposed, none of these truth bearers can be defined without reference to the others. The pragmatic, alternative view here presented, in its turn, is unaffected by this kind of conceptual difficulty. According to this view, one must focus on the use of truth terms – such as ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘correct’, ‘appropriate’, etc. – and the methodological role such terms play in the investigative practices and research programs to be found both in the sciences and in other, everyday investigative activities, such as forensic and journalistic investigations. (shrink)

The concept of natural kind is center stage in the debates about scientific realism. Champions of scientific realism such as Richard Boyd hold that our most developed scientific theories allow us to “cut the world at its joints” (Boyd, 1981, 1984, 1991). In the long run we can disclose natural kinds as nature made them, though as science progresses improvements in theory allow us to revise the extension of natural kind terms.

Para Kant, humanidade signi!ca o universal sentimento de participação e a faculdade de comunicação íntima e universal, sendo o que distingue o homem do animal. Dessa formulação, surge o conceito de sociabilidade legal, pelo qual um povo constitui uma coletividade duradoura, capaz de conciliar liberdade, igualdade e coação. Rohden sustentou que esse conceito, apesar de se relacionar com o contexto estético, não se restringiria a este, implicando uma compreensão ampliada do conceito de humanidade. A partir de tal hipótese, poder-se-ia entender (...) também a sociabilidade legal como um pré-requisito para uma constituição política, no sentido de uma capacidade e disposição para se deixar guiar por princípios do direito. Nesse sentido, o direito constituir-se-ia na forma da sociabilidade legal e na possibilidade de expressá-la concretamente. O objetivo deste texto é examinar em que sentido essa interpretação do conceito de sociabilidade legal sugerida por Rohden pode ou não corresponder ao texto kantiano. (shrink)

O COMPARECIMENTO ELEITORAL FACULTATIVO E O RETROCESSO DEMOCRÁTICO.

Para Kant, humanidade signi!ca o universal sentimento de participação e a faculdade de comunicação íntima e universal, sendo o que distingue o homem do animal. Dessa formulação, surge o conceito de sociabilidade legal, pelo qual um povo constitui uma coletividade duradoura, capaz de conciliar liberdade, igualdade e coação. Rohden sustentou que esse conceito, apesar de se relacionar com o contexto estético, não se restringiria a este, implicando uma compreensão ampliada do conceito de humanidade. A partir de tal hipótese, poder-se-ia entender (...) também a sociabilidade legal como um pré-requisito para uma constituição política, no sentido de uma capacidade e disposição para se deixar guiar por princípios do direito. Nesse sentido, o direito constituir-se-ia na forma da sociabilidade legal e na possibilidade de expressá-la concretamente. O objetivo deste texto é examinar em que sentido essa interpretação do conceito de sociabilidade legal sugerida por Rohden pode ou não corresponder ao texto kantiano. (shrink)

O estudo desenvolvido procura demonstrar como a Educação do Campo, cujo processo de elaboração teórico-prática, vem sendo protagonizado pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais em todo o Brasil, pode contribuir decisivamente para a construção de uma nova hegemonia. Assim, iniciando o texto com uma conceituação teórica dessa perspectiva pedagógica, passando posteriormente por uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e o pensamento do pensador italiano Antônio Gramsci, procurar-se-á problematizar os principais desafios postos à materialização da Educação do Campo a partir da realidade (...) do estado do Ceará.El estudio desarrollado procura demostrar como la educación del campo, cuyo proceso de elaboración teórico-práctica, viene siendo protagonizada por el movimiento de los trabajadores rurales en todo el Brasil, puede contribuir decisivamente para la conceptualización teórica de una nueva hegemonía. Así, iniciando el texto con una conceptualización teórica de esa perspectiva pedagógica pasando posteriormente por una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema y el pensamiento del pensador italiano Antonio Gramsci, se procura problematizar los principales desafíos puestos en la materialización de la educación del campo a partir de la realidad del estado de Ceará. (shrink)

Resenha: KARASCH, Mary C. Before Brasília: frontier life in Central Brazil. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016.

Mayaro, Oropouche, and O'Nyong‐Nyong share many traits with more prominent arboviruses, like dengue and yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. These include severe clinical symptoms, multiple animal hosts, and widespread vector species living in close proximity to human habitats, all of which constitute significant risk factors for more frequent outbreaks in the future, greatly increasing the potential of these hidden enemies to follow Zika and become the next wave of global arboviral threats. Critically, the current dearth of knowledge on these arboviruses (...) might impede the success of future control efforts, including the potential application of Wolbachia pipientis. This bacterium inherently possesses broad anti‐pathogen properties and a means of genetic drive that allows it to eliminate or replace target vector populations. We conclude that control of obscure arboviruses with Wolbachia might be possible, but successful implementation will be critically dependent on the ability to transinfect key vector species. (shrink)

In this article, we aim, on one hand, to analyze Haroldo de Campos› theoretical reflections on translation as transcreation based on the transcreative practice presented by the poet. On the other hand, we will present the peculiarities of Nietzsche›s text while establishing a connection between thought and life, form and content, writing and blood, aiming to verify to what extent Nietzsche›s texts do not refer their readers to a parallel and autonomous creation, even if reciprocal, meeting the perspective proposed by (...) Haroldo de Campos regarding translation and regarding the search for creating new languages to express new contents. (shrink)

A explicação bioquímica da dominância permite a reinterpretação do fenômeno e da relação entre a genética da transmissão e a genética molecular. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir sobre as explicações de dominância e recessividade a partir da proposta de Mendel, e como a genética molecular contemporânea contribuiu nesse sentido. Para tanto, considerar-se-á alguns autores que, no século XX, procuraram explicar o fenômeno bem como aspectos referentes à articulação entre genética da transmissão e genética molecular na interpretação da dominância. O (...) artigo tratará de explicações para a dominância em dois níveis, o fenotípico (original de Mendel) e o molecular, visando mostrar que, sob o enfoque epistemológico, elas não tratam do mesmo fenômeno, isto é, são conhecimentos distintos e que historicamente se mesclaram. (shrink)

“There`s only beauty if there is an interlocutor. The beauty of the lagoon is always someone” (Mãe, 2017, p.40). Valter Hugo Mãe expresses our desire in the making of this paper to share our experience of meeting refugee children, as part of an ongoing research project dedicated to exploring the conditions in which they live in Baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the influences they bring with them from their birth countries. In the process of conducting this research, we (...) were surprised by a group of children who belong to the Warao ethnic group, and who have been welcomed by the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, which is part of Baixada Fluminense. The Warao are indigenous peoples from the North of Venezuela and their name means “canoe,” given their close relationship with water. A group of displaced Warao children and their families arrived in Nova Iguaçu after having “camped” out in the surroundings of Novo Rio bus station for a few weeks, followed by a sojourn in a public shelter, where the differences between them and the existing members of the institution led to conflict. Through a religious institution’s initiative, the families then found shelter in a small farm in the city of Japeri. They stayed there for six months, but once again were threatened by the prospect of eviction, after which they were finally welcomed in the city of Nova Iguaçu. The families–five interconnected units–expressed the wish to remain together and a social service institution found them a closed school building, which was modified to accommodate the group. When the Covid pandemic struck, the research and study group GEPELID began following the daily routine of these children at the shelter school and at the Marambaia welfare center. In their meetings with the Warao, the researchers were struck by their references to the Buriti tree as the “tree of life,” and the depths of its implications for their identity. In exploring this concept, the research group’s experience of radical cultural difference revealed the extent to which research in the human sciences is always a meeting with the other, and the relation between researcher and subjects an occasion for dialogue. (shrink)

Este artigo investiga a concepção de Thomas Kuhn acerca do desenvolvimento científico como base para uma teoria social da investigação. Nesse sentido, o autor procura explicar o papel desempenhado pelas comunidades científicas na constituição da prática científica. Esta consiste na investigação dirigida por padrões compartilhados, tais como valores e modelos, que também dirigem e dão forma ao comportamento individual dos cientistas. Desse ponto de vista, o comportamento na investigação das comunidades científicas precede e é mais fundamental do que o dos (...) indivíduos. Na verdade, a investigação de um cientista em particular dá-se sempre, e apenas, dentro do quadro intelectual fornecido pela comunidade científica. /// This paper aims to depict Thomas Kuhn's view of scientific development as the basis for a social theory of scientific investigation. The role played by scientific communities in the constitution of scientific practice is accounted for. Scientific practice consists in inquiry governed by shared standards such as values and models, which also govern and shape the behavior of individual scientists. From this point of view the investigative behavior of scientific communities is prior to and more fundamental than individual scientific behavior. An individual scientists inquiry takes place only within the intellectual setting provided by the scientific community. (shrink)

This paper proposes an alternative view of the connection between knowledge and truth. Truth is traditionally seen as a semantic notion, i.e. a relation between what we say about the world and the world itself. Epistemologists and philosophers of science are therefore apt to resort to correspondence theories of truth in order to deal with the question whether our theories and beliefs are true. Correspondence theories try to define truth, but, in order to do so, they must choose a truth (...) bearer, i.e. something capable of being true, for instance, propositions, sentences or statements. According to the analysis here proposed, none of these truth bearers can be defined without reference to the others. The pragmatic, alternative view here presented, in its turn, is unaffected by this kind of conceptual difficulty. According to this view, one must focus on the use of truth terms – such as ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘correct’, ‘appropriate’, etc. – and the methodological role such terms play in the investigative practices and research programs to be found both in the sciences and in other, everyday investigative activities, such as forensic and journalistic investigations. (shrink)

Este artigo procura discutir o monismo de Claude Bernard na filosofia da mente e da psicologia. Ele se recusa a aderir tanto ao materialismo quanto ao espiritualismo. Sua doutrina de que a psicologia deriva diretamente da fisiologia das funções do cérebro se destina a promover um tipo de psicologia experimental compatível com a idéia de que os fenômenos vitais devem ser explicados como fenômenos físicos e químicos que ocorrem dentro do organismo, mas regidos por leis biológicas.This paper seeks to discuss (...) Claude Bernard's monism in the philosophy of mind and psychology. Bernard refuses to join both the materialist and the spiritualist camps. His doctrine that psychology stems directly from the physiology of brain functions is intended to promote a type of experimental psychology compatible with his idea that vital phenomena are to be explained as physical and chemical phenomena occurring in the organism, and governed by biological laws. (shrink)

Since Hume, the problem of induction is viewed as the problem of skeptical doubts concerning our empirical generalizations. In this paper, I argue that this problem is neither a question for epistemology nor a consequence of a skeptical (pyhrronian) view on the matter. Rather I argue that from the point of view of alethic skepticism, Hume´s problem appears to be an issue concerning the pragmatics of investigation, and I try to report some of its most basic aspects. The result is (...) a new image of induction that resembles with Nelson Goodman´s solution, but I avoid any dogmatic commitment to his ideas. (shrink)

O presente artigo analisa o sistema moral de David Hume a partir das suas pretensões e dos meios que propõe para as realizar. Nesse sentido, o autor parte da tese de que Hume pretendia estabelecer um fundamento para a moral a partir de bases puramente empíricas. Objectivo do artigo, portanto, é traçar as consequências da aplicação das críticas dirigidas por Hume às ciências empíricas em geral, as quais parecem implicar uma dificuldade insuperável no que concerne à realização das suas pretensões (...) no campo moral. Enfim, o artigo aponta para uma insuficiência da estratégia humeana de fundamentação, a qual não consegue dar conta do que ele próprio pretendia. /// In this paper the author analyzes the foundations of the moral system of David Hume, his claims and the strategies proposed by him to attain that goal. The thesis is that Hume claims to establish an empirical foundation for morals and that his skeptical criticism of the empirical sciences has consequences regarding his strategies pertaining to the ethical domain. This skeptical criticism results in great difficulties for his grounding of morals. The author argues that the strategy of Hume has many flaws and that he is incapable of advancing his attempt to ground morais empirically. (shrink)

This paper aims at dealing with the problem of normativity as regards naturalized epistemologies. According to Quine's view in "Epistemology Naturalized" normativity is to be ruled out from epistemology altogether. However, some other naturalists and Quine himself in later works revise that doctrine. Particularly, Richard Boyd and Alvin Goldman's stances are reviewed here, in addition to Quine's later view according to which normativity concerns "applied" epistemology. Finally, a further solution is proposed, which stems from an analysis of the pragmatics of (...) investigation. According to this view normativity is a feature of our investigations; it is not related to epistemology as a discipline. (shrink)

This paper aims to discuss Quine’s last analysis of propositional attitudes as involving intentionality and as regards human action and the very subject matter of social sciences. As to this problem, Quine acquiesces in both Davidson’s anomalous monism and Dennett’s intentional stance. An alternative analysis is here presented, which is based on Howard Rachlin’s teleological behaviorism. Some problems regarding this approach are also considered. Intentionality and rationality are still to be saved, but they are construed according to a lawful perspective (...) to human behavior and social contexts of action. (shrink)

I. ¿Filosofía? ¿Ciencia?--II. ¿Reprensión? ¿Crítica?

In the call from papers from childhood & philosophy we hear an invitation to philosophize. But what does such an invitation mean? In what ways does an invitation or invitation to philosophize encourage us to suspension our accepted meanings and empower us to sustain this challenge? These are the questions of two teachers who have, first, accepted the prior invitation to philosophize with children, and have now accepted the invitation to think and write together about that experience. This essay was (...) prompted by two questions posed by the children with whom we philosophize: In writing it, we have experienced other ways of thinking and living educational practice, and, through our encounters with our students, find ourselves challenged to live in more inventive and therefore more childlike ways within the framework of the public school, here understood in the sense of scholé. In order to reflect on the two questions, we set off from the concept of consummation, and we engage in dialogue with both a pedagogy of the question, and the concept of equality of intelligence, in order to open a pathway of thought that addresses them. (shrink)

Translated by Luiz Henrique de A. Dutra, UFSC. This is a translation of 'The Puzzle of "Scientific Method"', published in Revue Internationale de Philosophie (Issue on Quine), vol. 51 (1997), pp. 495–505. We thank the author and the editors for their kind permission to publish the present translation.

Este relato pretende partilhar e refletir sobre o que pode significar o início da mudança e os limites das novas aprendizagens, bem como os seus momentos de crise na prática, a serviço de um futuro decolonial. O projeto Trilha Jovem nasce da intersecção de duas questões socioeconômicas articuladas: a busca pela inserção social e profissional de jovens, especialmente aqueles oriundos de famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade e risco; e projetos na área de sustentabilidade. Criamos oportunidades de aprendizado ancoradas a projetos (...) realizados com temas sustentáveis. Nesse cenário, é possível desenvolver pequenos e grandes movimentos sociais juvenis, baseados em programas e redes de aprendizagem. Desta maneira, buscamos desenvolver temas de projeto que reflitam práticas de empatia e cuidado, abrangendo contextos sociais negligenciados pela sociedade de modo a incentivar e/ou estimular um olhar significativo ao meio ambiente. (shrink)

Este artigo procura interpretar as noções de movimento, com-portamento e ação em relação umas com as outras. Primeiro, argumenta-se que o movimento é um evento nomologicamente descrito por meio de uma teoria mecânica, e seus conceitos e modelos. Igualmente, o com-portamento é o tipo de evento humano funcionalmente des-crito por meio de modelos probabilísticos que relacionam o que fazem diferentes indivíduos em circunstâncias nas quais uma descrição mecâni-ca não é explicativa de forma relevante. Assim compreendido, o compor-tamento é essencialmente um (...) fenômeno social. Finalmente, a ação é o tipo de acontecimento humano que não pode ser explicado nomologi-camente. O conceito de ação defendido deste modo é, fundamentalmen-te, residual em relação aos conceitos de comportamento e movimento.This paper aims at construing the notions of motion, behavior and action in connection with each other. First, it is argued that motion is an event lawfully described by means of some mechanical theory, and its concepts and models. Likewise, behavior is the kind of human event functionally described by means of probabilistic models that connect what different individuals do in circumstances where a me-chanical description is not relevantly explicative. Viewed this way, behav-ior is an essentially social phenomenon. Finally, action is the kind of hu-man occurrence that cannot be lawfully explained. The concept of action thus argued for is fundamentally residual in relation to the concepts of behavior and motion. (shrink)

The identity of the historical Jesus has been object of a constant study and investigation. Throughout history new discoveries and statements have been made, some to cooperate and assist with the Christian faith, which profess Jesus as Lord and Savior; others, however, in order to extricate the Christ of faith presented by the Gospels, from the historical Jesus. This issue is so old that takes theologians and scholars to deeply dig in search for information, having as one of the references, (...) the Apostle Paul, author of many letters compiled to the New Testament. The apostle is notorious, being recognized, among other things, through his writings, as one of the most outstanding works on the interpretation of Jesus' life; but they are scarce about mentioning the Historical Jesus. This fact is explained by some theologians by the foreknowledge that Pauline recipients had about Jesus. So Paul is not interested in explore this question, since there were already other works making references on the subject, as the gospels, and their goals are different, although some elements are highlighted in Paul, as the passion, crucifixion and resurrection of Christ. This article briefly discusses the problem of the Historical Jesus and highlights the elements that make reference to this matter, through the Apostle Paul, highlighting the second letter to the Corinthians. (shrink)

Nota sobre Psicologia Experimental e Natureza Humana: Ensaios de Filosofia da Psicologia, de Hugh Lacey. (Flonanopolis NEL–UFSC, 2001).

Este artigo procura avaliar a contribuição de Claude Bernard para o desenvolvimento da psicologia experimental. Em oposição aos filósofos mentalistas tradicionais, Bernard concebeu a psicologia como um capítulo especial da fisiologia, que trata das funções do cérebro. A doutrina de Bernard sobre a natureza da psicologia é aqui considerada em relação com a obra de I. P. Pavlov, que exerceu grande influência no campo da psicologia experimental, e com o tipo de psicologia empírica desenvolvida por Théodule Ribot, na França, imediatamente (...) após a época de Bernard. (shrink)

This article seeks to present the function that civil society fulfills in Hegel and Habermas. In this paper, civil society is characterized summarily, tending to the view of determining its functions. In Hegel, civil society is related to the production of wealth and fulfils an organizing and ed..

As festas estabelecidas por Deus no Antigo Testamento possuem ricos significados, cujos elementos marcaram sua presença ao longo de toda a história bíblica, tendo como ápice a vida de Cristo. Sucot é uma das principais festas, a qual, através de um olhar atento para o evangelho de João é possível revelar muito de seu sentido.

The society is in a constant transformation caused by changes in people´s mentality that, as time goes by, feel the necessity and will learn how to question, from the most simple things of life to the most complex ones, which were formerly imposed and accepted by all. With time, something that became an object of investigation is faith. Through reason, several questions are asked with the intention to solve the mysteries of faith. It is certainly true that such questions produce (...) evolution and maturing in the construction of the thinking process, however, to which point is this faith beneficial or has a tendency to lead to a skepticism? The subject of this work is faith and reason, aiming to explore where it is reconcilable that the two may walk together, without reason interfering negatively. As an objective, explore the benefits that reason brings to faith, and which are the negative impacts that it can produce, besides defining what is faith and reason, demonstrating how through time reason started to make part of the society. As a conclusion, we try to show that reason and faith are two realities that are not opposed to each other, but both must walk together in the search of the truth. The absolutization of the reason can lead to a skepticism that ignores basic elements of the faith. In counterpart, the speech of faith without the consideration of reason can produce fundamentalist religious practices. (shrink)

This paper aims at discussing the usage by Davidson as to events of Quine's criterion of ontological commitment. According to Davidson, we are ontologically committed to the existence of events as individuals as we employ literally terms such as ‘Caesar’s death’, for instance. Davidson extends this analysis to actions as well, since actions are human events. One of the consequences of this view is that psychology deals with individual events in a non-lawful way. An alternative view is here proposed, based (...) on a complementary criterion, namely ontological density, according to which from the point of view of a given theory, we can always distinguish between events (or phenomena) and individuals (entities) among the overall occurrences described by the theory. Some consequences of this alternative view of psychology as a science dealing lawfully with general human events are also explored here. (shrink)

The text aims to explore legal and moral aspects of torture. Under the legal aspect the text compares three definitions of torture: UN definition, Brazilian definition, and Spanish definition. In this regard, neither the UN formulation nor the Brazilian formulation are ideal, because the Brazilian legal definition restricts the element of action by the part of the perpetrator of torture, and the UN convention restricts the effect on the victim, given that pain or suffering should be severe. The hypothesis is (...) that a better proposal could be linked to the Spanish Penal Code, which in its art. 174 defines torture as the submission of someone “to conditions or procedures that, due to their nature, duration or other circumstances, involve physical or mental suffering, the suppression or decrease of their faculties of knowledge, discernment or decision, or that otherwise undermine their moral integrity”. Concerning the moral meaning of the repulse to torture it is intended to defend the paradigmatic character of the human right to not be tortured in at least two respects. The first aspect refers to its universalizing vocation in the full sense, since it can be extended to all sentient beings. In this regard, the prohibition of torture goes beyond the dominium of personality to advance in the direction of a domain of suffering not determined by the mask of personality. The second aspect is that the prohibition stands for an absolute right with no exceptions, precisely because of its deeper moral content.Keywords:radical evil, torture, perpetrator. (shrink)