Organizations differ tremendously in the extent to which they engage in socially responsible behavior and the extent to which this behavior is evaluated by stakeholders. This research examines the complex role of organization size as a driver of perceptions of an organization’s socially responsible behavior and its social performance. Using a unique data set of 302 organizations in the higher education industry, we find that the strength of the organization size–organizational social performance relationship is contingent on whether the organization is (...) autonomous from community stakeholders and resource pressures. Our results show that the organization size–OSP relationship is stronger when stakeholders in the organization’s community are more involved in the organization itself and decision-making processes, and that this relationship is weaker when greater financial and human resources are available to the organization. (shrink)

When companies engage in corporate philanthropy, they can donate to a number of causes supporting a variety of issues, thus establishing cause portfolios. This research examines how the focus of a cause portfolio affects company evaluations. Results from an experiment show that when a company donates a small amount of money, consumers have lower evaluations of a company when the cause portfolio is focused (i.e., supports one issue) versus diverse (i.e., supports many issues). This is because the focused (vs. diverse) (...) portfolio is perceived to have a weaker impact to society. We provide additional evidence of this effect using a data set of Fortune 500 companies’ foundations, showing that cause portfolios are more likely to result in lower stakeholder evaluations when focused (vs. diverse). Again, we find that donation amount alleviates the difference between focused and diverse portfolios. The findings hold important implications for the company’s management of cause portfolios. (shrink)

Political decision-makers in the European Union are currently discussing the introduction of a mandatory uniform labelling scheme for meat and milk that provides information on husbandry systems similar to the already existent labelling scheme in the EU egg market. The objective of this paper was to assess whether such information is relevant to consumers when buying meat and milk. The paper was based on a systematic synthesis of 53 scientific journal articles on empirical consumer studies. The review revealed that consumers (...) perceived the aspects of outdoor access, stocking density and floor type as important factors influencing animal welfare. On average, consumers not only had a positive attitude towards more animal welfare-friendly husbandry systems with outdoor access and space allowance but were also willing to pay a price premium for products from such systems. All studies on consumer segmentation identified at least one consumer segment that placed great importance on animal welfare-friendly husbandry systems. Interestingly, many studies identified one or more other segments who still had a significant preference for animal welfare-friendly products even though other product attributes were more important to them. Based on the findings, the paper presents conclusions regarding the labelling of husbandry systems for meat and milk. (shrink)

Meike Wagner and Wolf-Dieter Ernst Performing the Matrix. Mediating Cultural Performances Neo: The matrix? Morpheus: Do you want to know what it is? ...

There are a lot of university in Indonesia. This condition make them become more competitive, to gets much students. There are several ways to win the competition, one is promotion. To promote university we have to pay attention for the referrence groups used in our advertising. With the appropriate referrence groups we used, the message from our advertising can be well delivered to our customer (students, their parents, and high school students).

Teens are extremely important targets for marketers because: they influence their parents’ spending, spend a lot of money in the future, and they are trendsetters. Some reason that make a brand popular among teens’ are: “quality”, “it’s for people my age”, “advertising”, “if cool friends or peers use it”, and “if a cool celebrity uses it”. Thus, it appears that advertising, peers, and celebrity or reference group have the potential to contribute to brand choice among teens. The objective of this (...) research was to know how reference group influence teenagers’ purchase intention and purchase behavior, especially in food supplement product. Sample was collected as a purposive random sampling method. This study used a questionnaire survey to investigate the influence of reference group in teenagers’ purchase intention and purchase behavior. The questionnaire was adopted from Martin and Bush (2000). Data was analyzed by simple regression analysis. By analyzing the standardized beta coefficients and the significance levels of each reference group, the predictive ability of potential reference group influence on teenagers’ purchase intention and purchase behavior can be examined. The findings suggest that reference group have a significant influence toward food supplement purchase intention and purchase behavior in Teenagers. All reference groups have a significant influence toward food supplement purchase intention, but only experts and celebrity have a significant influence toward purchase behavior in teenagers’. The findings also suggest that reference groups doesn’t plays an important role to influence purchase intention and purchase behavior in Teenagers”. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie Jahrgang: 59 Heft: 1 Seiten: 80-109.

Thus far, the academic focus has been limited to understand how hybrid organizations balance goal plurality. However, the question how hybrids engage (or fail to engage) local communities in this process and the potential challenges involved has remained unaddressed. Relying on an inductive multiple case study of six Canadian community forest enterprises (CFEs), we describe dilemmas that arise between community engagement and CFEs’ other goals that form their social mission, as well as a distinct set of compromise tactics to address (...) them. We further identify a tension that arises from two distinct dimensions inherent to community engagement that are inherently interwoven yet contradicting. We add to research on paradox by showing that tensions not merely arise between outcome-focused goals that stem from organizational hybridity, but demonstrate that individual goal prescriptions in itself entail elements that cause tension, and warrant paradoxical management to ensure hybrids’ success in fulfilling their overall mission. (shrink)

Despite the trend of secularization, pilgrimages to sacred sites flourish. Most of the pilgrims are women and the reasons for their visits often have to do with the dynamics of women's lives. Some of the pilgrims to sites dedicated to St Mary are Muslims. This is interesting in the present political context in which lines are being redrawn between Christians and Muslims and their respective religious identities. Why would Muslims go to Marian shrines and how do they negotiate their relationship (...) to the figure of the Virgin Mary and thereby define their gender and religious position? This article describes the experiences of Muslim pilgrims at Marian sites in Germany, Portugal and Turkey, and analyses these in terms of gender and religious identity. (shrink)

Dr Lloyd maintains that a teacher's commitment is not only compatible with but a necessary condition for successfully teaching religious understanding within the system of public education. As I am in sympathy with this thesis, I do not wish to argue against it but to add some further interpretation of it. Lloyd's thesis deals with a certain process of communication, specified in two directions: first as to its subject , and secondly as to its context . His thesis contains two (...) points: the kind of communciation he has in mind is at least possible and the necessary condition for its success is the commitment of the teacher. (shrink)

Happiness is an increasingly prominent topic of interest across academia. However, relatively little attention has been paid to how it is created, especially not in a multidimensional sense. By ‘created’ we do not mean its influencing factors, for which there is extensive research, but how it actually forms in the person. The work that has been done in this arena tends to focus on physiological dynamics, which are certainly part of the puzzle. But they are not the whole picture, with (...) psychological, phenomenological, and socio cultural processes also playing their part. As a result, this paper offers a multidimensional overview of scholarship on the ‘architecture’ of happiness, providing a stimulus for further work into this important topic. (shrink)

The use and development of technic always presuposes- as every human interaction does- at least implicitely as set of leading concepts conceming the essense and destiny of human life and the good order of society. This study analyses and explains out of a christian perspective the concepts of technic, technical damages, technical risks, developes principals for the treatment of such risks and finally tries to evaluate the nuclear energy technic.

ZusammenfassungEs wird gezeigt, dass »Person« primär kein anthropologischer, sondern ein ontologischer Begriff ist, der die ursprüngliche Weise desjenigen Seins von Gegenwart bezeichnet, welche der unhintergehbare Grund der Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit allen Werdens ist. So gedacht, ist Personsein »Verantwortlichsein in Beziehungen«. In dieser weiten Fassung ist der Begriff der »Person« in seiner herkömmlichen Breite anwendbar, nämlich sowohl auf das Sein des Menschen als auch auf das Sein Gottes wie schließlich auch auf die Relate des göttlichen Lebens. Damit bewährt sich der Begriff (...) »Person« als Grundbegriff der christlichen Dogmatik und Ethik.SummaryThis article attempts to show that “person” is not primarily an anthropological but an ontological concept which denotes the basic mode of the being of presence which is the ground of the possibility and actuality of every becoming. As such it is a logically and ontologically primitive concept. Conceived in such a way “person” is to be interpreted as “being responsible in relationships”. In this broad conception the concept of “person” can be applied in its original wide sense, comprising human being, the being of God as well as the terms of the relationship of the divine life. In this way the concept is shown to be a foundational concept of both Christian dogmatics and ethics. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Das gegenwärtige Pontifikat betreibt den Ökumenismus pragmatisch und mit ethischem Schwerpunkt. Gleichwohl bleibt die Klärung der Frage nach den fundamentaltheologischen und dogmatischen Fundamenten von Kirchenordnung und Kirchenrecht für die begründete Erklärung von sichtbarer Einheit unabdingbar. Differenzen bestehen hier nicht nur zwischen reformatorischer und römisch-katholischer Theologie, sondern auch innerhalb der letzteren. Sie reichen – das zeigt die systematische Analyse von drei jüngeren römisch-katholischen Veröffentlichungen zum Thema – von unterschiedlichen Vorstellungen über die methodische Fortsetzung des Bemühens um Erreichung eines „differenzierten Konsensen“ (...) über Einzelfragen bis zu einer grundsätzlichen Infragestellung der „Konsenspapierökumene“ zugunsten einer Klärung des „Grunddissens“ zwischen katholischer und evangelischer Christentumsauffassung und Denkform im ganzen. Keine der Positionen hat ein angemessenes Verständnis von Ansatz und Pointe reformatorischer Theologie erreicht. Dringend ist also, dass evangelische Theologie deutlicher als bisher zeigt: Das reformatorische Verständnis von Offenbarung und Glaube hat präzise Konsequenzen für das reformatorische Verständnis der sichtbaren Kirche. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDas gegenwärtige Pontifikat betreibt den Ökumenismus pragmatisch und mit ethischem Schwerpunkt. Gleichwohl bleibt die Klärung der Frage nach den fundamentaltheologischen (offenbarungstheoretischen) und dogmatischen (ekklesiologischen) Fundamenten von Kirchenordnung und Kirchenrecht für die begründete Erklärung von sichtbarer Einheit unabdingbar. Differenzen bestehen hier nicht nur zwischen reformatorischer und römisch-katholischer Theologie, sondern auch innerhalb der letzteren. Sie reichen – das zeigt die systematische Analyse von drei jüngeren römisch-katholischen Veröffentlichungen zum Thema – von unterschiedlichen Vorstellungen über die methodische Fortsetzung des Bemühens um Erreichung eines „differenzierten (...) Konsensen“ über Einzelfragen bis zu einer (jetzt auch römisch-katholischen!) grundsätzlichen Infragestellung der „Konsenspapierökumene“ zugunsten einer Klärung des „Grunddissens“ zwischen katholischer und evangelischer Christentumsauffassung und Denkform im ganzen. Keine der Positionen hat ein angemessenes Verständnis von Ansatz und Pointe reformatorischer Theologie erreicht. Dringend ist also, dass evangelische Theologie deutlicher als bisher zeigt: Das reformatorische Verständnis von Offenbarung und Glaube hat präzise Konsequenzen für das reformatorische Verständnis der sichtbaren Kirche (von Kirchenordnung und Kirchenrecht). (shrink)

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGTroeltschs Konzept des »Neuprotestantismus« wird als Exemplar der für das Christentum aller Zeiten wesentlichen Besinnung auf seine im geschichtlichen Werden erreichte Gegenwartslage betrachtet. Dabei kommen die Stärken des Konzepts, aber auch seine Unklarheiten und systematischen Schwächen in den Blick. Die Stärke des Konzepts ist die Betonung des Bruches des gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kontextes, in dem das protestantische Christentum an der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert existiert, gegenüber den sozialen Kontexten seiner Entstehung und ersten Entfaltung im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert. Die Unklarheiten (...) des Konzepts betreffen die Frage nach den entscheidenden Wirkfaktoren und Urhebern dieses Bruches. Diese Unklarheiten ergeben sich aus den Schwächen des Konzepts. Diese liegen auf der Ebene der die Geschichtserkenntnis und die Geschichtsschreibung leitenden Kategorien, die keine angemessene Wahrnehmung derjenigen Kontinuitäts- und Identitätsmomente ermöglichen, die von jeder Diskontinuitätswahrnehmung und -behauptung faktisch immer schon vorausgesetzt werden. Dieser Mangel erweist Troeltschs Anspruch, nur die Christentumstheorie Schleiermachers fortzuschreiben, als unhaltbar. Vielmehr bleibt Troeltschs Position hinter der Schleiermacherschen zurück, weil ihr diejenigen epistemologischen und ontologischen Einsichten fehlen, welche Schleiermacher besaß und welche es für Schleiermacher möglich machten, alle Phänomene der Christentumsgeschichte und die zwischen ihnen waltende Diskontinuität im Horizont des Wesens des Christentums und seiner Identität-in-der-Geschichte aufzufassen. Dadurch ist Schleiermacher in der Lage, das Christentum, auch in seiner protestantischen Ausprägung, als einen in den jeweiligen geschichtlichen Verhältnissen widerstandsfähigen und bildungskräftigen Faktor zu denken. Demgegenüber führt der Ausfall der Erkenntnis und Anerkennung des Wesens des Protestantismus und seiner Identität-in-der-Geschichte bei Troeltsch dazu, dass hier der Protestantismus überwiegend nur noch als Produkt der Verhältnisse in den Blick kommt. Nicht die Position Schleiermachers, wohl aber diejenige Troeltschs gehört daher in den Prozess der Selbstsäkularisierung des Protestantismus.SUMMARYTroeltsch's concept of “neo-Protestantism” is regarded as an example of reflection – essential to Christianity of all times – on the present situation of Christianity which is achieved through a process of historical becoming. Such a form of reflection is characteristic of Christianity throughout its history. Thereby the strengths of the concept come into view, but also its opacities and systematic weaknesses. The strength of the concept is the emphasis on the breach in the entire social context in which Protestant Christianity existed at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century, compared to the social contexts of its origins and the first stage of this disruption in the 16th and 17th century. The ambiguities of the concept relate to the question of the decisive influences and originating factors of this breach. These uncertainties arise from the weaknesses of the concept. These lie at the level of historical knowledge and of leading categories of historiography which do not make it possible to perceive continuity and moments of identity which are, in fact, always presupposed in the perception of discontinuity in history. This proves that Troeltsch's claim to carry forward Schleiermacher's theory of Christianity must be seen as untenable. Because of its missing epistemological and ontological foundations Troeltsch's view remains inferior to that of Schleiermacher. On the basis of such epistemological and ontological foundations Schleiermacher was able to interpret the phenomena of the history of Christianity and its discontinuities in the horizon of the essence of Christianity and its identity in history. Therefore Schleiermacher is able to conceive of Christianity also in Protestant form as an active factor in its respective historical circumstances which is able to function both creatively and critically in relation to external factors. In contrast, Troeltsch can only conceive of Protestantism as the product of external circumstances. It is the position of Troeltsch, not that of Schleiermacher, which is part of the process of self-secularization in Protestantism. (shrink)

Humans preferentially remember information processed for their survival relevance, a memorial benefit known as the survival processing effect. Memory is also biased towards information associated with the prospect of reward. Given the adaptiveness of these effects, they may depend on similar mechanisms. We tested whether motivation drives both effects, with reward incentives that are known to boost extrinsic motivation and survival processing perhaps stimulating intrinsic motivation. Accordingly, we manipulated survival processing and reward incentive independently during an incidental-encoding task in which (...) participants chose between pairs of words concerning their relevance for a scenario, and examined the effects on encoding event-related potentials activity and later performance on a surprise recall test. We hypothesized that if survival processing fosters intrinsic motivation, it should reduce the beneficial effects of extrinsic motivation. In contrast to this prediction, we found that reward incentive and survival processing independently improved memory and that the P300, a measure of lower-level cognitive resource allocation, was increased by reward incentive independent of survival processing. Further, survival processing and reward incentive independently increased the frontal slow wave, a measure of higher-level elaboration. These findings suggest that while survival processing and reward incentive may both increase encoding elaboration, the memory-enhancing effect of survival processing does not depend on increased intrinsic motivation. Additionally, we replicated a recent finding whereby the survival processing effect generalizes to a choice-based encoding task and further showed that the beneficial effect of choice on memory likely does not interact with either survival processing or reward. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 22 Heft: 1 Seiten: 197-204.

Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 22 Heft: 1 Seiten: 1-8.

Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 22 Heft: 1 Seiten: 75-92.