In caring for pediatric patients, a multifaceted approach in decision-making is utilized. The role of the medical team in complementary and alternative medicine is controversial. In cases of conventional treatment refusal by parents in pursuit of complementary and alternative medicine, there must be balanced decision-making, autonomy, and the best interest of the child. This report highlights two illustrative cases of patients with brain tumor, whereby parents refused postoperative conventional therapy involving chemoradiotherapy, in pursuit of complementary and alternative medicine alone. Parental (...) decision-making in complementary and alternative medicine, in lieu of medical recommendations, poses an ethical and legal dilemma that may impede care of the pediatric patient and compromise outcome of oncological care. (shrink)

A key question for cognitive theories of reasoning is whether logical reasoning is inherently a sentential linguistic process or a process requiring spatial manipulation and search. We addressed this question in an event-related fMRI study of syllogistic reasoning, using sentences with and without semantic content. Our findings indicate involvement of two dissociable networks in deductive reasoning. During content-based reasoning a left hemisphere temporal system was recruited. By contrast, a formally identical reasoning task, which lacked semantic content, activated a parietal system. (...) The two systems share common components in bilateral basal ganglia nuclei, right cerebellum, bilateral fusiform gyri, and left prefrontal cortex. We conclude that syllogistic reasoning is implemented in two distinct systems whose engagement is primarily a function of the presence or absence of semantic content. Furthermore, when a logical argument results in a belief–logic conflict, the nature of the reasoning process is changed by recruitment of the right prefrontal cortex. (shrink)

Im Kontext der Diskussion um Interkulturelle Bildung wird in einer Zusammenhangsanalyse systematisch untersucht, ob und wie sich die Waldorfpadagogik / Anthroposophie Rudolf Steiners grundsatzlich fur das Unterrichten und Erziehen in kultureller Vielfalt eignet. Auf dieser Basis wird das Verhaltnis von Kultur und Erziehung neu bestimmt und ein transkulturelles Bildungskonzept entfaltet, das Orientierungen fur die Gestaltung padagogischer Praxis in multikulturellen Kontexten bietet.".

In der Reihe werden herausragende monographische Untersuchungen und Sammelbände zu allen Aspekten der Philosophie Kants veröffentlicht, ebenso zum systematischen Verhältnis seiner Philosophie zu anderen philosophischen Ansätzen in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Veröffentlicht werden Studien, die einen innovativen Charakter haben und ausdrückliche Desiderate der Forschung erfüllen. Die Publikationen repräsentieren den aktuellsten Stand der Forschung.

Kuhns These von dem außerlogischen Charakter wissenschaftlicher Revolutionen gilt bezüglich des Übergangs zur Quanten- und Relativitätstheorie nur für die "Philosophie", nicht für die "Physik" dieser Theorien. Zwischen der Physik und der Philosophie der Relativitätstheorie besteht außerdem eine auf Einstein zurückgehende Inkongruenz, welche den Grund für das sonst unverständliche Anhalten der Diskussion um das Uhren-"Paradoxon" darstellt.

In the case of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen problem und Bell's proof it is shown how, contrary to Kuhn and Lakatos, a "purely metaphysical" thesis became falsifiable and falsified by an "crucial" experiment in the strict sense so that the followers of an older paradigma changed their opinion on rational grounds and not by an "experience of conversion" or by "dying out".

Summary The instrumentalistic conception of science underlying the thesis of the „finalization of science is shown to be at the roots of Lyssenkoism.

A "cause" is, physically seen, something that makes an increase of entropy possible; the "effect" is this increase.

W. Stegmüller sees the decisive difficulty of the Laplacean interpretation of Carnaps probability in the lack of the required equiprobable possibilities. It is argued that the required equiprobabilities in physics are given by statistical mechanics and can easily be transferred from physics to general statistical problems.

Teleology can be defined as goal seeking behaviour with production of negentropy, i.e. with generation of an state improbable under the given conditions. Contrary to an opinion often hold, the production of negentropy does not mean an decrease of entropy. That permits a physical and non-teleological explanation for the origin of the negentropy of the univers in its present state.

Populism is on the rise, especially in Western Europe. While it is often assumed that populist actors have a tendency for fallacious reasoning, this has not been systematically investigated. We analyze the use of informal fallacies by right-wing populist politicians and their representation in the media during election campaigns. We conduct a quantitative content analysis of press releases of right-wing populist parties and news articles in print media during the most recent elections in the United Kingdom and Switzerland in 2015. (...) The results show that fallacies are used in more than a third of all analyzed texts and overwhelmingly co-occur with populist key messages. Moreover, fallacies occur more often in populist parties’ press releases than in news articles and are more common in Switzerland compared to the United Kingdom. This study confirms the argument that populist actors use fallacies in combination with populist claims. (shrink)

Lullus (um 1235-1315) versuchte durch eine Kombinatorik der obersten allgemeinsten Begriffe alle übrigen Wahrheiten abzuleiten und in ihrem Zusammenhang anschaulich darzustellen. Die Logik hat die Aufgabe der "Entdeckung des Wahren und Falschen" und kann diese nur nach Maßgabe einer ihr vorgeordneten Reflexion auf die allen Wissenschaften zugrundeliegenden Grundbegriffe erfüllen. - Die Einleitung zeichnet Lulls Leben, seine philosophischen Grundthesen und die Wirkungsgeschichte des katalanischen Denkers nach. Der Text ist mit Ausnahme des Quästionenregisters vollständig wiedergegeben; die Editionsgeschichte wird durch Hinweise zur Textkonstitution (...) erläutert. (shrink)

Lullus (um 1235-1315) versuchte durch eine Kombinatorik der obersten allgemeinsten Begriffe alle übrigen Wahrheiten abzuleiten und in ihrem Zusammenhang anschaulich darzustellen. Die Logik hat die Aufgabe der "Entdeckung des Wahren und Falschen" und kann diese nur nach Maßgabe einer ihr vorgeordneten Reflexion auf die allen Wissenschaften zugrundeliegenden Grundbegriffe erfüllen. - Die Einleitung zeichnet Lulls Leben, seine philosophischen Grundthesen und die Wirkungsgeschichte des katalanischen Denkers nach. Der Text ist mit Ausnahme des Quästionenregisters vollständig wiedergegeben; die Editionsgeschichte wird durch Hinweise zur Textkonstitution (...) erläutert. (shrink)

Recently, a few of scientific journals raise serious questions about scientific ethics and moral judgment of some of the Iranian government’s senior executives in their papers. Plagiarism, under any circumstances is not justified, and we do not intend to justify it in this note. However, we find it useful in understanding why otherwise respected, responsible individuals may engage in plagiarism by terse review of the history Iranian academia.

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (...) (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana. (shrink)

The 1990 Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) is a provision of U.S. copyright law that seeks to protect the noneconomic rights of artists, called "moral rights." These rights are due to the "presumed intimate bond between artists and their works."1 In the United States it protects rights of artistic attribution and integrity: the artwork cannot be claimed as the work of another, and it cannot be distorted. In some cases VARA protects artworks from destruction. But what is the nature of (...) this intimate bond? The underlying principle behind the legal construct of artistic moral rights is that the artwork is an extension of its creator such that any harm to the work is a violation of the personhood of the artist.2 Another .. (shrink)

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (...) (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana. (shrink)

D. Compaeetti, Leggi antiche delta città di Gortyna, Firenze, 1885 F. Bücheler and E. Zitelmann, Rheinisches Museum N. F. Bd. 40 J. and T. Baunack, Die Inschrift von Gortyn, Stuttgart, 1886H. Lewy, Stadtrecht von Gortyn, Berlin, 1885Museo Italiano di Antickità classiche, edited by D. Comparetti, Florence, 1885 sqq. Vols. i, ii.