The Ganser syndrome, or talking past the point, (originally identifying symptoms of inmates on remand when questioned by prison doctors), is explored as a form of insubordination against the stigmatizing effects of overdetermined diagnostic categories. The strategies of approximation that characterize the syndrome are likened to comedy routines/vaudeville styles and to their employment of punning, clownery, and ambiguity to challenge the more privileged cultural values of clarity, literalness, and precision. The seeming craftiness of Ganserians is related to the aesthetic tactics (...) of the trickster figure and to the physical buffoonery of hysterics. Stylistically, this paper synthesizes the languages of critical theory, Gracie Allen routines, personal narrative, jokes, and poetic reflections on the notion of being approximate. (shrink)

This article uses Public Use Microsample data drawn from the 1990 census to explore the relationship between military presence, defined as the percentage of the local labor force in the active-duty armed forces, and women's employment and earnings across local labor market areas in the United States. Comparisons of local rates of unemployment and mean women's earnings are made between those LMAs in which the military plays a disproportionate role in the local labor market and those in which military presence (...) is low. Results suggest that women who live in labor market areas with a substantial military presence have, on average, lower annual earnings and higher rates of unemployment than their counterparts who live in nonmilitary LMAs. The argument is made that through the interaction of several socially situated conditions—including gender, family, labor markets, human capital, and place—the military emerges as a source of inequality in labor market outcomes for women working on or around military installations. (shrink)

This article outlines a theory of what affects the degree and nature of women's participation in the armed forces throughout history and across nations. Examining national security situations, military technology, military accession policies, demographic patterns, cultural values regarding gender, and structural patterns of gender roles, the article proposes a systematic theory of the conditions under which women's military roles expand and contract. The theory is then applied to analyze women's likely future role in armed forces. The military's need for personnel (...) has been the driving force behind expansion of women's military roles through history and across nations, but cultural values supporting gender equality also contribute and seem likely to have increased influence in the future. (shrink)

What would be the right way of starting (and developing) a discussion on the subject “What is time?”? Most probably in a number of ways as (paraphrasing Aristotle, 1003a) time has many meanings. Perhaps it would be sensible then not to start at all, think it over once again and limit the theme in an appropriate way. In the following we ask what time is, and follow namely this appeal — we think again and restrict the subject.

The dispute between Sunni and Shia does not only revolve around the problems of theological leadership, ways of worship, but also points to the authenticity of the Quran. Among the Sunnis, the authenticity of the Quran has been conserved since the revelation times. As for the Shiites, some scholars of this school state that there has been a distortion (tahrif) of the Quran. They also allege that several verses and chapters in the Quran have been changed even they were deleted, (...) especially those concerning the leadership. This study aimed to find out the differences in the Sunni-Shia views on the Quran’s authenticity, genealogically, its process, and its legal status. Based on qualitative research methods, this study used a comparative approach to analyze the details of the differences between these theological views. The result indicates that according to the Sunnis, the Quran will always be preserved as words of God. Meanwhile, in the Shiites, there are two different views about the authenticity of the Quran. The first states that the Quran was distorted during the first three caliphate era. The second states that the Quran is forever in its originality. Among Indonesian Shiites, there is no discourse on the distortion of the Quran. (shrink)

Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), play a major role in how cells communicate with their environment. FGFR signaling is crucial for normal development, and its misregulation in humans has been linked to developmental abnormalities and cancer. The precise molecular mechanisms by which FGFRs transduce extracellular signals to effect specific biologic responses is an area of intense research. Genetic analyses in model organisms have played a central role in our evolving understanding of (...) these signal transduction cascades. Genetic studies in the nematode C. elegans have contributed to our knowledge of FGFR signaling by identifying genes involved in FGFR signal transduction and linking their gene products together into signaling modules. This review will describe FGFR-mediated signal transduction in C. elegans and focus on how these studies have contributed to our understanding of how FGFRs orchestrate the assembly of intracellular signaling pathways. BioEssays 23:1120–1130, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)

Islamic religious educations; Islamic ethics; conduct of life.

Contributed essays on Vedanta philosophy and Sanskrit literature.

Jamal Al-Banna, the 20 th century reformist and thinker, in his book _Nahwu al-Fiqh al-Jadid,_ outlines ideas about new Islamic jurisprudence, especially about the collection of _hadith_, which he considers to be fabricated _hadith_ because it contained the sayings or interpretations of the companions, not the sayings of the Prophet. Al-Banna offers an alternative to the hadith and sunnah, in line with the Qur'an, not according to the companions’ narration. This study utilized a qualitative research design, with data collected through (...) library and desk research. The primary source was Al-Banna’s _Nahwu al-Fiqh al-Jadid_, the hadiths and the sunnah, while the secondary material comprised books and critical commentaries of religious scriptures. The study found out that Al-Banna vouches for a new Islamic jurisprudence that believes in the Qur'an but rejects the _tafsir_ (exegesis of the Quran) because, they were a kind of deviation from the Quran. Al-Banna’s new Fiqh paid attention to the sunnah, and rejected many fabricated _hadith_s originating from companions’ words, not the Prophet Muhammad's words. He recommends to initiate a new perspective on the sunnah, using the Qur'an paradigm, not the _hadith_ narrators' paradigm. There are implications of these revelations as _Hadith_ experts criticized Al-Banna’s ideas as they thought his narration of the companions was not justified and that caused much controversy. However, Jamal Al-Banna's new version of Islamic jurisprudence has a vision and mission to advance the ummah based on the criteria of the Qur'an and Sunnah, only the words of the Prophet, both of which must be able to answer current problems and must be able to interact with contemporary dynamics. (shrink)

As teams of people increasingly incorporate robot members, it is essential to consider how a robot's actions may influence the team's social dynamics and interactions. In this work, we investigated the effects of verbal support from a robot on human team members' interactions related to psychological safety and inclusion. We conducted a between-subjects experiment where the robot team member either gave verbal support or did not give verbal support to the human team members of a human-robot team comprised of 2 (...) human ingroup members, 1 human outgroup member, and 1 robot. We found that targeted support from the robot had a positive effect on outgroup members, who increased their verbal participation after receiving targeted support from the robot. When comparing groups that did and did not have verbal support from the robot, we found that outgroup members received fewer verbal backchannels from ingroup members if their group had robot verbal support. These results suggest that verbal support from a robot may have some direct benefits to outgroup members but may also reduce the obligation ingroup members feel to support the verbal contributions of outgroup members. (shrink)

Maudoodi, Syed Abul ʻAla, 1903-1979; philisophy.

يجدر بنا قبل أن نُمهد للموضوع توضيح نقطة منهجية، فالمدخل النظري الذي يعقب المَولج مباشرة يُعتبر مفتاح الدّراسة لأهميته البالغة في تبيئة الموضوع، وعلى الأساس ذاته سيكون المولج مجرد توطئة سريعة للموضوع. كان التّفكير السّياسي عبر تاريخه العريق يحتل الصّدارة والخطورة معا، نتيجة علاقته بحياة الأفراد والجماعات، وارتباطه من جهة أخرى بالسّلطة وأنظمة الحكم. واتسّم التّفكير السّياسي بالنزوع الطوباوي حين انتشر الفساد وعمّ الطغيان والاضطهاد، فتشكلت عبر الأزمنة المعرفية كثير من المدن الفاضلة كنماذج متنوعة ومتعددة، يهدف أصحابها إلى رسم صورة (...) عن ما ينبغي أن يكون من معكوس ما هو كائن، فكانت أشهرها جمهورية أفلاطون التي حافظت على خصوصياتها الفكرية، وأضحت موضوعا للبحث والدّراسة في كل عصر ومصر،وبناء على ما سلف ذكره حاول ابن رشد تقديم مشروع مدينة فاضلة بالأندلس متواريا خلف عُباب النّص الأفلاطوني، ومقام الشّرح والتلخيص. لقد اخترت ابن رشد كموضوع للدّراسة بغية إثارة الإشكاليات المرتبطة بالتساؤلات التالية: هل كتاب الضروري في السياسة مجرد شرح وتلخيص فقط ؟؟ أم خطاب يحمل إبداعا وجدّة ؟؟ ولما اختار ابن رشد أفلاطون بالذّات ؟؟ وهلا فعلا كان ابن رشد يحمل مشروعا سياسيا ؟؟ وهل نكبته التَّاريخية نكبة سياسية؟؟. (shrink)

Wathāʾiq madīnat al-Qaṣr bi-l-wāḥāt al-Dakhla: Maṣdarān li-taʾrīkh Miṣr fī l-ʿaṣr al-ʿuthmānī. Silsilat Dirāsāt Wathāʾiqiyya. By Rudolph Peters. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿĀmma li-Dār al-Kutub wa-l-Wathāʾiq al-Qawmiyya, 2011. Pp. 610.

jild-i 1. [Without special title] -- jild-i 2. Maʻrifatʹshināsī va khudāshināsī -- jild-i 3. Insānʹshināsī.