H.m. is the science of the most general laws and root forces in the development of human society. H.m. came into being in the mid-19th century. Its creators were the leaders and ideologists of the working class: Marx and Engels. In founding a new philosophical world view, dialectical materialsm, Marx and Engels applied it to cognition of society, its history and life.

t. 1. Obʺektivnai︠a︡ dialektika -- t. 2. Subʺektivnai︠a︡ dialektika -- t. 3. Dialektika prirody i estestvoznanii︠a︡ -- t. 4. Dialektika obshchestvennogo razvitii︠a︡ -- t. 5. Kritika idealisticheskikh kont︠s︡ept︠s︡iĭ dialektiki.

The purpose of this article is to consider critically the humanistic potential of Olympism. We consider the concepts ‘human’ and ‘humanism’ from an existential perspective. Existentialism argues that human beings exist in a state of freedom. Freedom, as the basis of being human, holds a human fully responsible for his or her own existence. This responsibility assumes an active mode of behaviour, predicated on human effort. It can also include the making of specific artifacts such as creating creations. According to (...) Mamardashvili, creating creations are unique cultural mechanisms that remain in the boundaries of morality, beauty, thought and so on, adding quality to human existence. The article argues that the desire to be fulfilled as a human being is the moral basis to which Olympism directs Olympic athletes. Moreover, Olympism expresses the human’s need of self-overcoming, constant self-perfection which is necessary aspect of the humanity. Thus, the humanistic potential of Olympism lies in the fact that it allows for the creative space in sport which is itself a place for human realization. Therefore, Olympism can be characterized as opera operans, creating creation. (shrink)

In this article, we provide an ethical analysis of the first porcine cardiac xenotransplant, performed in Maryland, USA in early 2022. David Bennett was offered the experimental procedure after he was deemed ineligible for human heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support, based on a history of non-compliance. It was reported that Mr Bennett’s previous instances of non-compliance were for medically non-life-threatening conditions years earlier, where the risks of non-compliance were not as high. We argue that, in Mr Bennett’s case, a (...) history of non-compliance in a different context, should not necessarily rule him ineligible for a potentially life-saving treatment now. Furthermore, using previous non-compliance to exclude individuals from donor organs may have the unintended effect of placing the burden of testing xenotransplantation on those who are already disadvantaged. We then argue that it is not enough to rely on patient consent to ethically justify xenotransplantation research. Taking a broad ethical perspective is crucial when mapping a clinical pathway for xenotransplantation. (shrink)

In their criticism of Maoism, contemporary Soviet philosophers follow the basic structure of the orthodox presentation of Marxism -- Leninism and use the whole panoply of polemical tools which the Leninist heritage offers them. Thus far, this anti--Maoism is generally maladroit and often self-contradictory.

Spis z naslovom Knjiga Lucija Cecilija izpovedovalcu Donatu o smrtih preganjalcev (De mortibus persecutorum) je ohranjen v enem samem rokopisu iz 11. stoletja, odkritem leta 1778 v samostanski knjižnici v Moisacu. Ob prvi objavi (1779) ga je Etienne Baluze pripisal krščanskemu piscu in učitelju retorike Laktanciju (ok. 250–ok. 325), najbolj znanemu po prvi celoviti obravnavi krščanske vere, spisu Božji nauk (Divinae institutiones), a kmalu so se pojavili dvomi o njegovem avtorstvu. Tako po formi kot po obravnavani temi, strahotnih koncih cesarjev (...) preganjalcev, ki jih je Bog strogo kaznoval za njihove zločine, spis v antični književnosti nima prave primere. Zato je bil deležen različnih opredelitev kot krščanski pamflet, Konstantinov panegirik, konstantinska propaganda ipd. Forma je izrazito retorična, vsebuje tudi elemente krščanskega in poganskega zgodovinopisja in hagiografije, zgleduje se po judovski in antični tradiciji, v njem so opazne sorodnosti z Drugo knjigo Makabejcev in Konstantinovim govorom Oratio ad sanctorum coetum. Po vrsti razprav in člankov za in proti Laktancijevemu avtorstvu, ko se je zdelo že, da dvomov ni več, je leta 2013 izšla knjiga Jeana Rougeja in Daniela de Deckerja z obnovljeno tezo, da je spis služil konstantinski propagandi in je nastal na pobudo cesarja, podkrepljeno s temeljito študijo drugih Laktancijevih del, in argumenti, oprtimi tudi na izsledke računalniško pripravljenih analiz. Zdi se, da vprašanje ostaja odprto. (shrink)

In November 1969, the USSR Academy of Sciences' Presidium held a discussion on the principal lines of work being engaged in by the Academy's Institute of Philosophy. A report on this matter was presented by the Institute's director, P. V. Kopnin, Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Participants in the discussion of the report were M. V. Keldysh, President of the USSR Academy, Academicians F. V. Konstantinov, M. B. Mitin, A. M. Rumiantsev and P. N. Fedoseev, and Corresponding (...) Academician Ts. A. Stepanian. (shrink)