This article is an attempt to introducing ancient fridges as sustainable method to store ice in hot-arid Climates. Architectural heritages are considered as fundamental issue in the life of contemporaryworld.Hence, researches around this category despite of historical interest attractscientific scopesto providesustainable society through tourism industry and green architecture. In this paper among different Iranian heritage buildings, ancient fridges, or Pachal (in Persian), has been analyzed. Because of great importance of water and especially cold water in hot-arid climates, Hundreds of Pachals (...) have built in central plateau of Iran. The interpretive technique has been applied to assessment ancient fridges. In addition, observation as a part of the authors` field work, and Historical documentsconcerning the traditional buildings built techniques and the architectural heritage of the Iraniantraditional fridges, are another part of this research. This article is atry to indicate that vernacular architecture of “Pachals” are very responsible monuments to fit the hard-life situation of hot-arid climates in ancient world. (shrink)

Jan Kavan was one of the most active émigrés who fled Czechoslovakia after the 1968 Soviet-led invasion that crushed the Prague Spring. As his mother was British, Kavan settled in London. A devout socialist, he founded the Palach Press Agency and established a smuggling network for circulating banned literature to and from Czechoslovakia. Kavan was also active in the European Nuclear Disarmament movement. On his return to Czechoslovakia in 1990, Kavan held several important posts, including that (...) of foreign minister of the Czech Republic and president of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Based largely on archival documents, this essay sheds light on some of the more controversial aspects of Kavan’s personality, life, and work. (shrink)