Objectives: Habitually instigated exercise is thought to increase health behavior maintenance. Previous research has explored several aspects of habit formation. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research investigating affective determinants, especially post-exercise affective states. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate a) if behavior frequency will enhance automaticity, b) if positive affect will enhance automaticity, and c) if positive affect will moderate the relationship between behavior frequency and automaticity. Methods: 226 participants (64% females, mean age 24 years) who attended (...) weekly sports and gym classes at two universities were followed for 13 weeks. Class attendance was documented on a weekly basis (behavior frequency) during the semester. Before, during and immediately after each class, participants filled in the Feeling Scale (affective valence). Furthermore, at the beginning of each class, they answered a question about their automaticity in arriving at the decision to attend the class (instigation habit). We used a two-level modeling approach to predict subsequent automaticity by the different constructs at the previous attendance. Results: The cumulative frequency of prior class attendance did not significantly enhance the automaticity of the decision to re-attend the class. There were significant effects of valence on automaticity on the between-subject level, i.e., a one-point higher mean valence score was associated with a 0.62 point increase in automaticity (p=.001). No moderation effects of affect on the association between behavior frequency and automaticity were observed. Conclusions: Behavior repetition, albeit not significant, and positive affective states at the end of an exercise class may be beneficial in building exercise instigation habits. Practitioners and researchers alike may thus want to emphasize the importance of behavior repetition and affective response for health behavior maintenance. (shrink)

Recent discussions on corporate citizenship highlight the new political role of corporations in society by arguing that corporations increasingly act as quasi-governmental actors and take on what hitherto had originally been governmental tasks. By examining political and sociological citizenship theories, the authors show that such a corporate engagement can be explained by a changing conception of corporate citizens from corporate bourgeois to corporate citoyen. As an intermediate actor in society, the corporate citoyen assumes co-responsibilities for social and civic affairs and (...) actively collaborates with fellow citizens beyond governmental regulation. This change raises the question of how such corporate civic engagement can be aligned with public policy regulations and how corporate activities can be integrated into the democratic regime. To clarify the mode of CC contributions to society, the authors will apply the tenet of subsidiarity as a governing principle which allows for specifying corporations’ tasks as intermediate actors in society. By referring to the renewed European Union strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility, the authors show how such a subsidiary corporate-governmental task-sharing can be organized. (shrink)

How will the Holocaust be remembered as its survivors disappear? In this article Janina Bauman reflects upon her own work on the Holocaust in the context of the Holocaust's broader reception. She offers her own views about the genre with reference to contemporary documents and testimonials, secondary work, scholarly work, fiction and film. These observations and stories all circulate around her own 1986 landmark text, Winter in the Morning.

Offers philosophical and psychological reflections on cruelty and tenderness. The Cudgel and the Caress explores the enduring significance of tenderness and cruelty in a range of works across philosophy, psychoanalysis, and literature. Divided into two parts, the book initially focuses on tenderness, with David Farrell Krell delivering original readings of Homer’s Iliad, Sophocles’s Antigone, and writings by Hölderlin, Hegel, Freud, and Derrida that deal with the importance of tenderness and the tragic consequences of its absence. Part One concludes with (...) an extended reading of Robert Musil’s Man Without Qualities, in which Krell analyzes the tender relationship between Ulrich and Agathe. In Part Two, Krell begins by examining Otto Rank’s Birth Trauma, which reflects on the tenderness of gestation in the womb and the cruel necessity of birth. He then turns to an examination of cruelty in general, focusing on Derrida’s challenge to contemporary psychoanalysis, his opposition between Kant and Nietzsche, and his analysis (and indictment) of the death penalty. Groundbreaking and insightful, the book provides a rare philosophical treatment of subjects vital to the world we live in. David Farrell Krell is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at DePaul University and Brauer Distinguished Visiting Professor of German Studies at Brown University. (shrink)

This article suggests that the best available normative framework for guiding conduct in war rests on categories that do not echo the terms of an individual rights-based morality, but acknowledge the impossibility of rendering warfare fully morally justified. Avoiding the undue moralization of conduct in war is an imperative for a normative framework that strives to actually give behavioral guidance to combatants, most of whom will inevitably be ignorant of the moral status of the individuals they encounter on the battlefield (...) and will often be uncertain or mistaken about the justice of their own cause. We identify the requirement of military necessity, applied on the basis of what we refer to as the “St. Petersburg assumption”, as the main principle according to which a combatant should act, regardless of which side or in which battlefield encounter she finds herself. This pragmatic normative framework enjoys moral traction for three reasons: first, in the circumstances of war it protects human life to a certain extent; second, it makes no false claims about the moral justification of individual conduct in combat operations; and, third, it fulfills morally important functions of law. However, the criterion of military necessity interpreted on the basis of the St. Petersburg assumption does not directly replicate fundamental moral prescriptions about the preservation of individual rights. (shrink)

In response to stakeholder pressure, companies increasingly make ambitious forward-looking sustainability commitments. They then draw on corporate policies with varying degrees of alignment to disseminate and enforce corresponding behavioral rules among their suppliers and business partners. This goal-based turn in private sustainability governance has important implications for its likely environmental and social outcomes. Drawing on paradox theory, this article uses a case study of zero-deforestation commitments in the Indonesian palm oil sector to argue that goal-based private sustainability governance’s characteristics set (...) the stage for two types of paradoxes to emerge: performing paradoxes between environmental, social, and economic sustainability goals, and organizing paradoxes between cooperation and competition approaches. Companies’ responses to these paradoxes, in turn, can explain the lack of full goal attainment and differential rates of progress between actors. These results draw our attention to the complexities hidden behind governance through goal setting in the corporate space, and raise important questions about the viability of similar strategies such as science-based targets and net-zero goals. (shrink)

David Farrell Krell reflects on nine writers and philosophers, including Heidegger, Derrida, Blanchot, and Holderlin, in a personal exploration of the meaning of sensual love, language, tragedy, and death. The moon provides a unifying image that guides Krell's development of a new poetics in which literature and philosophy become one. Krell pursues important philosophical motifs such as time, rhythm, and desire, through texts by Nietzsche, Trakl, Empedocles, Kafka, and Garcia Marquez. He surveys instances in which poets or (...) novelists explicitly address philosophical questions, and philosophers confront literary texts--Heidegger's and Derrida's appropriations of Georg Trakl's poetry, Blanchot's obsession with Kafka's tortuous love affairs, and Garcia Marquez's use of Nietzsche's idea of the Eternal Return--all linked by the tragic hero Empedocles. In his search to understand the insatiable desire for completeness that patterns so much art and philosophy, Krell investigates the identification of the lunar voice with woman in various roles--lover, friend, sister, shadow, and narrative voice. (shrink)

How do civilians react to being harmed in war? Existing studies argue that civilian casualties are strategically costly because civilian populations punish a belligerent who kills civilians and support the latter's opponent. Relying on eighty-seven semi-structured interviews with victims of coalition attacks in Afghanistan, this article shows that moral principles inform civilians’ attitudes toward their own harming. Their attitudes may therefore vary with the perceived circumstances of an attack. Civilians’ perception of harm as unintended and necessary, in accordance with the (...) moral principles of distinction and necessity, was associated with narratives that cast an attack as relatively more legitimate and with a partial or full release of the coalition from blame. The principle of proportionality, which requires that civilian casualties are caused in pursuit of a legitimate war aim, informed their abstract attitudes toward civilian casualties in Afghanistan. Two rules of international law, which accord with the moral principles of distinction and necessity, were reflected in the civilians’ attitudes. The legal rule of proportionality, which diverges from the namesake moral principle, failed to resonate with the civilians. The article explores whether compliance with the legal rules of distinction and necessity can contribute to mitigating the strategic costs of civilian casualties. (shrink)

The article interprets the title figure of Sophocles’ Antigone as growing younger, more delicate, and more fragile with each successive scene of the play. It is as though she were living in the Age of Cronos as recounted in Plato’s Statesman. The article expands on the thesis developed in chapters 9-11 of my book The Tragic Absolute: German Idealism and the Languishing of God.

The transcription factor NF‐κB (p65/p50) plays a central role in the coordination of cellular responses by activating the transcription of numerous target genes. The precise role of the dynamics of NF‐κB signalling in regulating gene expression is still an open question. Here, we show that besides external stimulation intracellular parameters can influence the dynamics of NF‐κB. By applying mathematical modelling and bifurcation analyses, we show that NF‐κB is capable of exhibiting different types of dynamics in response to the same stimulus. (...) We identified the total NF‐κB concentration and the IκBα transcription rate constant as two critical parameters that modulate the dynamics and the fold change of NF‐κB. Both parameters might vary as a result of cell‐to‐cell variability. The regulation of the IκBα transcription rate constant, e.g. by co‐factors, provides the possibility of regulating the NF‐κB dynamics by crosstalk. (shrink)

A new layer of complexity, constituted of networks of information token recurrence, has been identified in socio-technical systems such as the Wikipedia online community and the Zooniverse citizen science platform. The identification of this complexity reveals that our current understanding of the actual structure of those systems, and consequently the structure of the entire World Wide Web, is incomplete, which raises novel questions for data science research but also from the perspective of social epistemology. Here we establish the principled foundations (...) and practical advantages of analyzing information diffusion within and across Web systems with Transcendental Information Cascades, and outline resulting directions for future study in the area of socio-technical systems. We also suggest that Transcendental Information Cascades may be applicable to any kind of time-evolving system that can be observed using digital technologies, and that the structures found in such systems comprise properties common to all naturally occurring complex systems. (shrink)

This volume of essays studies the problem of transition in economics from a historical perspective. It uses historical ideas and theories in a modern context to examine economic thought. It aims to show that social and historical context are important when considering economic transitions.

Robots as social companions in close proximity to humans have a strong potential of becoming more and more prevalent in the coming years, especially in the realms of elder day care, child rearing, and education. As human beings, we have the fascinating ability to emotionally bond with various counterparts, not exclusively with other human beings, but also with animals, plants, and sometimes even objects. Therefore, we need to answer the fundamental ethical questions that concern human-robot-interactions per se, and we need (...) to address how we conceive of »good lives«, as more and more of the aspects of our daily lives will be interwoven with social robots. (shrink)

Since their arrival in Europe in the Middle Ages the Gypsies have suffered from discrimination on the grounds of racial prejudice. In the 20th century the NAZI doctrine lead to Porrajmos - the Gypsy Holocaust. In the post-war communist countries, Gypsies were forced to give up their traditional ways of life and become productive. Persecution of Gypsies - those who stayed in the post-communist countries and those who migrated to the West - continued in Europe after the big changes of (...) 1989 and up to the present time. (shrink)

Motivated by the significant amount of successful collaborative problem solving activity on the Web, we ask: Can the accumulated information propagation behavior on the Web be conceived as a giant machine, and reasoned about accordingly? In this paper we elaborate a thesis about the computational capability embodied in information sharing activities that happen on the Web, which we term socio-technical computation, reflecting not only explicitly conditional activities but also the organic potential residing in information on the Web.

Insight is a cognitive feature that is usually regarded as being generated by the neocortex and being present only in humans and possibly some closely related primates. In this essay we show that especially corvids display behavioral skills within the domains of object permanence, episodic memory, theory of mind, and tool use/causal reasoning that are insightful. These similarities between humans and corvids at the behavioral level are probably the result of a convergent evolution. Similarly, the telencephalic structures involved in higher (...) cognitive functions in both species show a high degree of similarity, although the forebrain of birds has no cortex-like lamination. The neural substrate for insight-related cognitive functions in mammals and birds is thus not necessarily based on a laminated cortical structure but can be generated by differently organized forebrains. Hence, neither is insight restricted to mammals, as predicted from a “scala naturae”, nor is the laminated cortex a prerequisite for the highest cognitive functions. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Nothing Wants to Die An Eye for an Eye, a Tooth for a Tooth Solution 1: Keep Your Powder Dry Solution 2: Pretend It Wasn't You Solution 3: Give, and Ye Shall Receive Solution 4: Take Only What You Need Solution 5: Cheat Death The Keepers of the Game as a Moral Authority Notes.

What is the nature of the compulsion to life writing? How does the elongated project of writing a life change as it shifts moments and locales, and why do others respond so directly as readers of stories that are so specific and particular? Janina Bauman is known in English-speaking cultures for two books, Winter in the Morning and A Dream of Belonging. The first covers her girlhood in the Warsaw ghetto, and escape; the second, more fictionalized, deals with the (...) period leading up to exile from Poland after 1968. Janina Bauman spent 20 years of her life working in Polish film. This article reflects on the process of coming to autobiography, and making sense of the writing process and the reception process. (shrink)

Matthias Braun’s1 concise reflections on the ethical challenges posed by digital twins in medicine are briefly supplemented below by a thought that, in my view, seems to run through the text like a thread, but whose ethical implications are not explicitly stated. Braun states in the final paragraph that ‘digital twins do not fundamentally threaten the embodied person’, at least not as long as the person in question has ‘control over her simulated representation’. I agree with this, but would like (...) to point out that it is not just the embodied person who has control. Regardless of whether the person embodied by the digital twin has permanent control over it, which enables them to revoke their agreed representation at any time, the company that developed or uses the digital twin also has control over it. The control of the company or companies and other involved parties lies in the fact that data and information are …. (shrink)

BackgroundOrganizations worldwide increasingly adopt inclusive talent management, and this approach appears to rhyme particularly well with the Nordic welfare model. Questions about its value remain understudied, however. The inclusive approach is rooted in positive psychology and focuses on recognizing each employee's individual talents and assessing whether they fit the long-term needs of the organization, since a fit is assumed to be associated with employees' wellbeing. In the present study, we test this assumption focusing specifically on a key talent management practice, (...) talent identification, and the social dimension of employee wellbeing.MethodData were collected through an employee survey conducted within the Finnish units of four international manufacturing organizations and analyzed using logistic regression.ResultsWe found that the recognition of individual talents for long-term deployment by the organization is positively associated with social wellbeing in terms of supervisor support and social climate in the work unit, as perceived by the employees.ConclusionOur results tentatively suggest that inclusive talent management creates value through the identification of employees' individual talents as this practice can be associated with their enhanced wellbeing. (shrink)

The discussion around artificial empathy and its ethics is not a new one. This concept can be found in classic science fiction media such as Star Trek and Blade Runner and is also pondered on in more recent interactive media such as the video game Detroit: Become Human. In most depictions, emotions and empathy are presented as the key to being human. Misselhorn's new publication shows that these futuristic stories are becoming more and more relevant today. We must ask ourselves (...) whether we are socially responsible enough to deal with the consequences of artificial empathy/awareness. If we create artificial life, we should be prepared to treat them accordingly as living beings with respect and no longer categorize them as objects. The author does not rule out the idea that machines might one day become more human than humans themselves and that we humans might even lose our own specific cognitive, emotional and social abilities. (shrink)

Ważnym elementem współczesnej dyskusji pomiędzy realizmem i antyrealizmem naukowym jest próba nadania realistycznej interpretacji historycznemu faktowi zmiany teorii w nauce. Fakt ten według L. Laudana podważa nie tylko najważniejszy argument na rzecz realizmu naukowego, ale i najważniejsze tezy tego stanowiska. Argumentem kwestionowanym przez Laudana jest twierdzenie H. Putnama, że ogromny sukces nauki w przewidywaniu zjawisk i rozwijaniu nowych technologii świadczy przynajmniej o aproksymacyjnej prawdziwości teorii naukowych. Laudan wykazuje jednak fakty z historii nauki, gdy odnoszące sukces teorie okazywały się z biegiem (...) czasu fałszywe. Powiązany z tym argument przeciwko realizmowi, zwany pesymistyczną indukcją (PI), głosi, iż skoro przeszłe teorie, które odniosły sukces, okazywały się fałszywe z perspektywy nowszych, to także obecne odnoszące sukces teorie mogą okazać się w przyszłości fałszywe. Podważa to tezę odnośnie związku sukcesu teorii z jej aproksymacyjną prawdziwością. Ważnym wyzwaniem dla realizmu naukowego staje się zatem uzgodnienie jego tez z faktem zmiany teorii w nauce. Najbardziej znaczących rozwiązań tego problemu dostarcza realizm strukturalny zaproponowany przez J. Worralla i semirealizm A. Chakrawarttiego. Oba stanowiska przyjmują tę samą strategię obrony realizmu, zwaną divide et impera, uznającą, że nie całe teorie, lecz tylko ich fragmenty bezpośrednio związane z sukcesem spełniają tezy realizmu. Realizm naukowy w tych sformułowaniach zostaje w znacznym stopniu ograniczony i osłabiony. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie tych rozwiązań i pokazanie z jednej strony realistycznych odpowiedzi na argument PI, jakich dostarczają te stanowiska, z drugiej ograniczeń, jakie z nich wynikają dla realizmu naukowego. Osłabiona wersja realizmu, jaką one proponują, również nie jest wolna od istotnych trudności, na jakie musi odpowiedzieć zarówno realizm strukturalny, jak i semirealizm. Identyfikacja tych trudności może stanowić wskazówkę dla dalszego rozwoju stanowiska realistycznego. (shrink)

The third chapter of Brentano's dissertation "On the Manifold Meaning of Being According to Aristotle" (1862) analyzes "Being in the sense of the True." Because Heidegger has always related the Question of Being to the Question of Truth, and because he calls Brentano's work the "chief help and guide" of his first venture into philosophy, the question arises: does Brentano's account of "Being in the sense of the True" have significant bearing on Heidegger's response to the principal matter of his (...) thought, i.e., Aletheia as the Unconcealment of Beings in Presence? This article traces the parallels and divergencies in Brentano's and Heidegger's accounts of the relation between Being and Truth. (shrink)

For a long time the representatives of the social sciences had been passionately interested in whether certain identities in the moral aspect of different cultures, which are so numerous and different, can be found.

Profesor Krzysztof A. Meissner proponuje obraz transcendencji wynikającej z poznawania świata przez fizykę, która oznacza świat uniwersalnych i niezmiennych praw przyrody. Czy tego rodzaju wypowiedzi są uprawnione na gruncie fizyki, czy też należy uznać je za określony pogląd filozoficzny? Czy istnienie praw przyrody wskazuje na istnienie jakieś transcendencji? Publikacja jest zapisem dyskusji wokół książki: Krzysztof A. Meissner, Fizyk w jaskini światów (rozmawia Jerzy Sosnowski), (Biblioteka Więzi, tom 389, Warszawa 2023), która to dyskusja odbyła się 25 marca 2023 w Instytucie Filozofii (...) UKSW w Warszawie w ramach spotkania Katedry Filozofii Przyrody. ------------------------- Zgłoszono: 08/09/2023. Zrecenzowano: 03/11/2023. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 15/11/2023. (shrink)

W pracy została przedstawiona propozycja wyjaśnienia różnorodnych aspektów, w jakich przejawia się znaczenie językowe w poznaniu i komunikacji z perspektywy poznawczej genezy języka. Język został ujęty jako element systemu reprezentacji poznawczych, w którym zachodzą określone procesy przetwarzania informacji. Procesy informacyjne w układzie poznawczym człowieka leżą u podstaw związku języka z poznaniem świata i działaniem użytkownika języka w świecie. Są też one źródłem znaczenia językowego i jego różnorakich funkcji informacyjnych. Przeprowadzona analiza pokazuje, że nie można mówić o jednej funkcji informacyjnej znaczenia. (...) To, co uznajemy za znaczenie, nie jest jedną funkcjąjęzyka, taką samą we wszystkich wymienionych procesach, lecz wiązką różnych funkcji informacyjnych jakie pełni język, od znaczenia konwencjonalnego po kontekstowe. Takie ujecie zagadnienia pozwala wskazać wzajemne warunkowanie się różnych funkcji i aspektów znaczenia i ujmować je jako komplementarne a nie opozycyjne. (shrink)

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu wyjaśnienia poznania w teleosemantyce, która jest najbardziej zaawansowaną wersją reprezentacyjnej teorii umysłu. Krytyka reprezentacjonizmu ze strony teorii poznania ucieleśnionego powoduje, że założenia i tezy teorii reprezentacyjnych powinny zostać poddane analizie w kontekście pytania o adekwatność i sukces tego podejścia. Głównym założeniem tego podejścia jest teza, że procesy poznawcze jak percepcja, myślenie pojęciowe, wiedza itp. polegają na wytwarzaniu reprezentacji mentalnych i operowaniu nimi. Materialną składową reprezentacji mentalnych są stany neuronalne mózgu, będące nośnikami treści poznawczych. Głównym problemem (...) tego podejścia jest wyjaśnienie przypisywania stanom mózgu treści pełniących funkcję reprezentacji. Teleosemantyka łączy wyjaśnienie nadawania treści z zagadnieniem intencjonalności stanów mentalnych i tezą o reprezentacyjnym charakterze poznania. Jako punkt wyjścia, zostały omówione związki jakie zachodzą pomiędzy ogólnym pojęciem reprezentacji a intencjonalnością. Ogólna struktura reprezentacji jest strukturą spełniającą warunki intencjonalności zarówno w sensie „bycia o czymś”, jak i skierowania na przedmiot intencjonalny. Problemem do rozwiązania jest konstytuowanie relacji reprezentacji i przypisywanie treści stanom mózgu. Następnie podana została analizie propozycja rozwiązania tego problemu przedstawiona przez R. Millikan w jej teorii teleosemantyki. Upatruje ona źródło intencjonalności w biologicznych funkcjach zdobywania informacji niezbędnej do przetrwania. Funkcje te spełniane są przez relacje konstytuujące reprezentacje mentalne. Semantyka reprezentacji jest nadana przez cel funkcji biologicznej, natomiast warunki prawdziwości skorelowane są z własnościami otoczenia. Końcowa część poświęcona jest omówieniu ograniczeń takiego ujęcia i przedstawieniu krytyki ze strony stanowisk antyreprezentacyjnych. Prowadzi to do konkluzji, że teleosemantyka, rozwijając relacyjne rozumienie reprezentacji wnosi do wyjaśnienia poznania ważny element. Łączy pojęcie intencjonalności z reprezentowaniem świata w umyśle. Nie daje jednak jeszcze pełnej odpowiedzi na pytanie o konstytucję treści poznawczych. Nie powinna też być traktowana jako jedyny i uniwersalny sposób rozwiązania problemu treści, ale jako jedna z propozycji wyjaśnienia elementów poznania wyposażonych w treść intencjonalną. (shrink)

Przedmiotem artykułu jest ukazanie realizmu strukturalnego jako stanowiska realistycznego w dyskusji, prowadzonej wokół realizmu naukowego – jego wybranych zalet i słabości. Realizm strukturalny jest odpowiedzią na wyzwanie, jakie realizmowi naukowemu stawiają historyczne fakty zmiany teorii w nauce. Nawiązuje on do semantycznego ujęcia teorii naukowych i wypracowanego w tym podejściu aparatu pojęciowego. Zgodnie z realizmem strukturalnym to, co zostaje zachowane z dojrzałych teorii naukowych po zmianie teorii, to ich sformułowania matematyczne, będące abstrakcyjnymi modelami teorii. Są one aproksymacyjnie prawdziwe, gdyż reprezentują realne (...) struktury rzeczywistości w sposób wolny od ontologicznej interpretacji, narzuconej przez język teorii. Realizm strukturalny i nawiązujący do niego semirealizm, który rozszerza niezmienniczość dojrzałych teorii na własności detekcyjne obiektów fizycznych, bronią tezy realizmu naukowego w kwestii aproksymacyjnej prawdziwości teorii naukowych, interpretując realistycznie zmiany teorii naukowych. Pozostawiają jednak na boku istotny dla realizmu problem reprezentowania rzeczywistości w teoriach naukowych. Oba wspomniane stanowiska, nawiązując do modelowego ujęcia teorii naukowych, przyjmują, że reprezentacja jest izomorfizmem struktur matematycznego modelu teorii i rzeczywistości. Takie rozumienie reprezentacji jest zbyt wąskie, nie uwzględnia, że struktura zjawisk nie jest jednoznacznie określona. Strukturę tę dla teorii zastępuje matematyczny model danych, który odzwierciedla zjawiska przedstawione jako związki własności określonych przez teorię. Realistyczna interpretacja modelu danych stanowi dla realizmu strukturalnego konieczne uzupełnienie, aby spełniał on naczelną tezę realizmu, głoszącą, że nauka poznaje świat taki, jaki jest niezależnie od teorii. Stanowi to podstawę, aby broniona w realizmie strukturalnym aproksymacyjna prawdziwość teorii naukowych miała ugruntowane uzasadnienie. Wskazanie potrzeby rozszerzenia realizmu strukturalnego i semirealizmu o odpowiednią dla nich koncepcję reprezentacji jest tezą tej pracy. W artykule zostały przedstawione podstawowe elementy współczesnej dyskusji wokół realizmu naukowego oraz stanowiska realizmu strukturalnego i semirealizmu jako uzgodnienie realizmu naukowego z faktem radykalnej zmiany teorii. Następnie zostały ukazane konsekwencje, jakie dla realizmu strukturalnego wynikają z semantycznego (modelowego) ujęcia teorii naukowych i związanego z tym pojęcia reprezentacji jako izomorfizmu struktur. Ostatni fragment został poświęcony wskazaniu, że aby spełnić postulaty realizmu naukowego zarówno realizm strukturalny, jak i semirealizm powinny być uzupełnione o interpretację reprezentacji rzeczywistości w modelu danych w duchu realizmu naukowego. -------------- Zgłoszono: 17/09/2020. Zrecenzowano: 12/10/2020. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 09/11/2020. (shrink)

„Polyamorie“ ist die Bezeichnung für das explizite und konsensuelle Eingehen mehrerer Liebesbeziehungen zur selben Zeit. Mit polyamoren Konstellationen korreliert, dafür wird in diesem Beitrag argumentiert, eine Ethik der Beziehungsgestaltung und sie schließen darüber hinaus für gewöhnlich das Teilen äquivalenter gesellschaftspolitischer Prämissen ein, auf die im Folgenden an einigen Stellen hingewiesen wird. Eine Ethik der Polyamorie umfasst zwei Eigenschaften: Polyethiken brechen zum einen mit dem traditionellen Verständnis vom Individuum oder Handlungssubjekt. Ich werde zeigen, dass polyamoren Beziehungsnetzwerken und der Ethik, die in (...) ihnen idealiter gelebt wird, ein relationales Denken zugrunde liegt. Zum anderen zeichnen sich Polyethiken durch ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Beziehungen, die als poly bezeichnet werden können, aus, in denen typischerweise eine Reihe von Werten realisiert werden. Zuvor gilt es allerdings, das Verständnis von Liebe zu definieren, das nach meinem Verständnis einem Polycule bzw. polyamoren Beziehungsnetzwerken im Allgemeinen zugrunde liegt. (shrink)

The following paper, delivered as a lecture to the philosophy departments of a number of American universities in 1979, traces a parallel between Hegelian phenomenology and Freudian psychoanalysis. It stems from a project I have been working on for several years now entitled Erinnerungsversuch or "Essay in Remembrance. " In my studies of Freud and Hegel for that project I was struck by the importance of memory for their work, not only as a field of investigation but also as a (...) method of the investigation itself. Remembering and forgetting are the crucial events for both psychoanalysis and phenomenology, crucial yet maddeningly intertwined, so that while memory seems eminently subject to malfunction and even illness it remains the sole source of insight and cure. I therefore determined to extend the parallel as far as it would go-perhaps even farther-and the present paper is the result. I am of course aware that Hegel was not a psychotherapist, Freud not a systematic philosopher, and realize that if essays like this one may be excused at all it is only because they eventually grow silent and allow irreconcilable differences to reassert themselves. Yet there is a sense in which Hegel's creative recapitulation of the history of philosophy, seeking as it does to liberate philosophical thought from a crippling self-ignorance, amounts to therapy of spirit; and there is a sense in which Freudian therapy must shatter traditional prejudices in our thoughts about what the psyche or spirit is, by letting psychological phenomena show themselves as they are. I have tried to make the parallel as concrete as possible, shunning Freud's metapsychology and turning instead to one of his earliest accounts of psychoanalytic praxis, eschewing sweeping remarks about Hegel's "system" and concentrating on just a few pages from the Phenomenology. Readers trained in philosophy will know that a few pages of Hegel are bound to contain labyrinths. I hope that my psychologist-readers will overlook the oversimplified presentation of Freud-which results partly from the lecture form-and will forgive my unwillingness to make Hegel's thought seem less demanding than it is. Finally, if I am right, the Freud-Hegel parallel with respect to memory tells us a good deal not only about this fascinating faculty but also about that singular creature who is so ardent to remember and so prone to forget. (shrink)