The subject of the article is social responsibility of business and the role of social responsibility in the daily activity of companies as reliable partners in business.The paper consists of two parts: the theoretical one and the empirical one. In the theoretical part the author describes the areas of social responsibility and the examples of socially responsible actions. In the empirical part the author presents the research study carried out in the following groups of respondents: managerial staff and employees of (...) Polish and French medium—sized companies.The results of the study show that both in Poland and in France there is awareness of the importance and the rank of the phenomenon in question. In Poland, however, socially irresponsible actions are usually ignored as “natural”. (shrink)

The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of homosexual men connected with the formation of their sexual orientation in adolescence. A comparative study of 27 young adult homosexual men and 28 heterosexual men of similar age used a categorised interview questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first with questions regarding sexual dreams, fantasies and erotic encounters; the second with questions on family and social circumstances. The study yielded an abundance of interesting data on the psychological circumstances of (...) homosexual men during the formation of sexual orientation and its awareness as well as differences and similarities in that area between homosexual and heterosexual men. For instance, it revealed experience patterns concerning the formation of sexual identity and personal attitudes toward one’s sexual orientation characteristic of homosexual persons. The study verified the main hypothesis that mental-internal experiences precede behavioural-external ones both in homosexual and heterosexual persons. (shrink)

Anna Kamieńska (1920-1986) rückte in den Band Quellen (1962) ein Gedicht Begrüßung der Adria ein. Dieser Artikel ist ein Versuch der Werksinterpretation unter besonderer Beachtung seines literarischen Umfeldes. Er verdeutlicht die Bedeutung des Schaffens der unterschätzen Dichterin, die sich auf die Suche der Lösungen der menschlichen Existenzfragen machte. Der Artikel ist eine Auseinandersetzung mit Miłosz, der Anna Kamieńska den Namen hervorragende Dichterin absprach.

Reproduction places severe demands on the energy metabolism in human females. When physical work entails higher energy expenditure, not enough energy will be left for the support of the reproductive processes and temporal suppression of the reproductive function is expected. While energy needed for reproduction may be obtained by increases in energy intake, utilization of fat reserves, or reallocation of energy from basal metabolism, several environmental or physiological constraints render such solutions unlikely. For human ancestors increases in energy intake were (...) limited by availability of food, by labor of food preparation and by metabolic ceilings to energy assimilation. Energy stored as fat may support only a fraction of the requirements for reproduction (especially lactation). Effects of intense physical activity on basal metabolism may also interfere with fat accumulation during pregnancy. Finally, the female physiology may experience demands on increasing the basal metabolism as a consequence of physical activity and, at the same time, on decreasing the basal metabolism, when energy to support the ongoing pregnancy or lactation is inadequate. The resulting metabolic dilemmas could constitute a plausible cause for the occurrence of reproductive suppression in response to physical activity. It is, therefore, likely that allocating enough energy to the reproductive processes during periods when energy expenditure rises may be difficult due to physiological and bioenergetic constraints. Females attempting pregnancy in such conditions may compromise their lifetime reproductive output. A reproductive suppression occurring in low energy availability situations may thus represent an adaptive rather then a pathological response. (shrink)

Postpartum depression is more prevalent in mothers and fathers of preterm infants compared to parents of full-term infants and may have long-term detrimental consequences for parental mental health and child development. The temperamental profile of an infant has been postulated as one of the important factors associated with parental depressiveness in the first months postpartum. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and perceived infant temperament at 3 months corrected age, and depressive symptoms at 6 months (...) corrected age among mothers and fathers of infants born preterm. We assessed 59 families with infants born before the 34th gestational week using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised. We found that mothers’ scores on EPDS and infants’ Orienting/regulation at 3 months corrected age predicted mothers’ EPDS scores at 6 months corrected age. In particular, higher depressive scores were related to higher depressive symptoms at 6 months corrected age, whereas higher infant Orienting/regulation was related to lower depressive symptoms at 6 months corrected age. Due to the low internal consistency of EPDS at 6 months for fathers, we were unable to conduct similar analyses for fathers. Our results point to the importance of considering both early indices of maternal mood as well as mother-reported measures of preterm infant temperament in the attempts to predict levels of maternal depressiveness in later months of an infant’s life. Further studies are urgently needed in order to better understand the associations between depressiveness and infant temperament in fathers, and with more consideration for the severity of the effects of infant prematurity. (shrink)

Celem pracy będzie zbadanie historii kościoła św. Walentego w Bieruniu na Górnym Śląsku oraz określenie warstw znaczeniowych i symbolicznych, które w istotny sposób współdecydują o wyjątkowości oraz pięknie sanktuarium. Omawiany drewniany kościół należy do parafii św. Bartłomieja Apostoła, a pierwsza historyczna wzmianka o jego istnieniu pochodzi z 1628 r. Świątynia, w której znajdują się relikwie św. Walentego, przyciąga każdego roku rzesze pielgrzymów. W pracy przyjęto metodę badawczą polegającą na połączeniu analizy pojęć z zakresu sztuki sakralnej z lokalnym kontekstem historycznym oraz (...) szerszą perspektywą kulturową. Celem badania jest wyodrębnienie symboli i znaków współdecydujących o wyjątkowości i pięknie sanktuarium. (shrink)

The article offers an analysis of the perfective aspect within the approach of communicational grammar. The author provided an overview of selected verbs with a communication-based analysis of those which consist of recreating predicate-argument systems and their combinations to indicate the impact of aspect on the resulting configuration of meaning. The text also includes examples of the analysis of metaphorical expressions.

The subject of the article is the concept of a man formed by a Polish philosopher and sociologist Erazm Majewski. A special attention was paid the premises, which as defined by Majewski, enabled a man to cross the borders of the animal world. Anthropological studies conducted by Majewski contributed to a deeper understanding of an exceptional being, i.e. man. Majewski made an attempt to solve the riddle of man from the perspective of both natural history and sociology.

Jan Karol Kochanowski, polski filozof i historyk, żyjący na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, został już niemal zapomniany. Tylko dwie jego prace, tj. Tłum i jego przewódcy wydane w 1906 roku i Echa prawieku i błyskawice praw dziejowych na tle teraŸniejszooeci1, odbiły się większym echem zarówno w kraju jak i zagranicą. W filozofii polskiej jest jednym z autorów wzmiankowanych co najwyżej przez historyków dyscypliny. Należy do myślicieli niemal zupełnie zapomnianych, a autorzy, którzy interesowali się jego poglądami przyznają, że istniejące informacje (...) biograficzne są „zarazem zbyt skąpe”. Stąd w przedstawionej pracy starałam się przybliżyć postać Kochanowskiego, którego poglądy zasługuj ą na uwagę jako fakt historyczny, bez którego dzieje polskiej filozofii i socjologii nie są kompletne. Myśl Kochanowskiego wykazuje wiele wspólnych cech z założeniami psychologizmu i socjologizmu, choć ten pierwszy na pewno był mu bliższy. Można spotkać u tego myśliciela wątki, dla których inspiracją była refleksja nad tłumem Gustava Le Bona, teoria podboju Lestera F. Warda, psychologizm historyczny Karla Lamprechta, naturalizm Ludwika Gumplowicza, teoria resentymentu Fryderyka Nietzschego. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę rekonstrukcji i analizy wybranych poglądów Kochanowskiego odnoszących się do filozofii dziejów i psychologii narodów. (shrink)

This study investigated the relationships between selected emotional aspects of mental ill-health and mental well-health experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theoretical model of the study was based on Martin Seligman’s positive psychology and PERMA theory and Paul Wong’s Existential Positive Psychology 2.0 Theory, which postulates that negative experiences contribute to well-being and personal growth. The static approach was complemented by exploring the mediating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between negative emotions and well-being. The data were collected during (...) the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic from 277 participants, aged M = 33.83, SD = 12.77. The results confirmed that negative emotions correlated negatively with various domains of well-being, except for accomplishment. Moreover, negative emotions were related to the general well-being through psychological flexibility in that higher depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with lower psychological flexibility, which decreased general well-being. Finally, negative emotions were shown to be beneficial, having an adaptive effect that allows individuals to maintain their ability to cope with the situation, reach goals, and fulfill daily duties and responsibilities despite critical, stressful situation that limit their psychological flexibility. This observation confirmed the positive potential of negative aspects of life postulated within Existential Positive Psychology. (shrink)

Zamieszanie wokół problem prawdy ma dwa źródła. Zagadnienie to jest zwykle rozpatrywane w dwu perspektywach: [1] albo w perspektywie poznawczej albo [2] ontologicznej, w kontekście rzeczywistości uteoretyzowanej. Problem w tym, że obydwie są usytuowane na tym samym artykułowanym poziomie. Obydwie nie uwzględniają tego, co najważniejsze: ontycznego wymiaru rzeczywistości, ontycznego zakorzenienia, bez którego nie sposób mówić ani o poznaniu, ani o ontologii, ani o prawdzie. Kłopot w tym, że wymiar ontyczny został wyparty z filozofii i w tym należy upatrywać kryzysu współczesnej (...) filozofii. Rzeczywistość Ontyczna to Żywioł Przedpoznawczy. Prawda ma dwa wymiary: ontyczny i ontyczno-epistemologiczny. Pierwszy może być rekonstruowany tylko pośrednio, poprzez praktykę, którą nazywam metafizyką radykalną. Drugi jest rozwijany zgodnie z akceptowanymi normami praktyk artykułowanych. Podczas gdy przeciwieństwem prawdy onto-epistemologicznej jest tylko fałsz, przeciwieństwem prawdy ontycznej może być tylko prawda. Stosownie do powyższego mamy dwa rodzaje realizmu: realizm radykalny oraz wiele modeli realizmów ontoepistemologicznych. Prawda ma podwójną naturę: ontyczną i lekkość energii, tzn. siłę przekraczania aktualnych granic. Aby zmieniać otaczający świat, filozofia winna uwalniać energię uwięzioną w aktualnie obowiązujących teoriach. Mając to na uwadze, zamieniłam tradycyjny realizm na realizm transcendujący, przekraczający istniejące granice naszych aktualnych punktów widzenia i możliwości kognitywnych. (shrink)

The greatest challenge with which the Readers of my book had to cope with was the problem of ontological presence. In Srzednicki’s conception ontological presence has two dimensions: a logical and an onto-factual one.Every cognitive perspective is always contingent but this contingency must be limited somehow. Srzednicki restores the ontological dimension of cognition (crossed out by traditional epistemology and philosophy), but avoids ontological fundamentalism. His conception gives rise to a new model of metaphysics understood not as the most general theory (...) of being or a general theory of cognition but as the non-epistemic closure of all epistemological projects and theoretical discourses.The main parameters of the epistemic closure can only be reconstructed theoretically in the logical space of the observer. This non-epistemic closure is marked by three categorical constraints: ontological, formative and normative.Srzednicki overcomes Wittgenstein’s skepticism by understanding transcendentalism much more deeply. (shrink)

Jan Srzednicki’s metaphysical conception of epistemology lies in radical opposition to the whole epistemological tradition. The main problem of his new epistemology is to find a non-linguistic (non-cognitive) idea of reference to an ontological presence.Srzednicki finds the prototype of such a completely new, non-linguistic perspective in Brentano’s Doppelurteile. Brentano’s idea cannot be mechanically adopted, however, because on the whole it still remains within the traditional theory. To avoid the problemsrevealed by Wittgenstein we need a more sophisticated strategy. Srzednicki achieves this (...) goal by scripting the epistemological scenario for two dimensions: theoretical and pre-theoretical. The first one represents the logical space of observer, the second one, the theoretically discernible logical requirements of cognition (called cognitive potential, pre-Ego or arche of the possibility of cognition).Srzednicki’s idea was born in the space of three theoretical challenges: Brentano’s, Kant’s and Wittgenstein’s. He begins where each of these three theorists broke off, which is to say, entangling his endeavors at he end in dilemmas which cannot be resolved by means available from his perspectives. (shrink)

If existing or future robots appear to have some capacity, state or property, how can we determine whether they truly have it or whether we are deceived into believing so? John Danaher addresses this question by formulating his approach to what he refers to as superficial state deception (SSD) from the perspective of his theory termed ethical behaviourism (EB), which was initially designed to determine the moral status of robots. In summary, Danaher believes that focusing on behaviour is sufficient to (...) determine whether SSD occurs. My general claim is that Danaher’s approach to SSD based on EB is implausible since it results in the impossibility of conceptualizing SSD, e.g., it does not enable determining whether or not SSD occurs in a particular case. Moreover, I show how Danaher’s approach to SSD needs to be transformed to become plausible. To make my point, I (1) examine the main features of EB and distinguish its two versions by showing how Danaher revised the original EB in response to criticism; (2) discuss Danaher’s approach to the problem of deception from the perspective of EB; (3) criticize that approach by showing that it requires revisions analogous to those that have already been recommended in reference to EB, and (4) propose an alternative method for determining the presence of SSD that covers diverse, plausible approaches to SSD. (shrink)

Author: Musiał Maciej Title: INTIMACY AND CULTURE. ANTHONY GIDDENS’ CONCEPTION OF PURE RELATIONSHIP IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIO-REGULATIVE THEORY OF CULTURE (Intymność a kultura. Czysta relacja Giddensa w perspektywie społeczno-regulacyjnej koncepcji kultury) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2011, vol:.12, number: 2011/1, pages: 347-360 Keywords: INTIMACY, CULTURE, PURE RELATIONSHIP, FUNCTIONAL AND AUBJECTIVE-RATIONAL EXPLANATION Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The aim of the thesis is an attempt to applicate Jerzy Kmita’s theory of culture (...) into the issues included in the domain of intimacy. The first part of the paper is focused on intimacy as a part of culture. To be precise, if the concept of culture is understood after Kmita, it follows that, intimacy is considered as a set of norms and directives respected by the community and regulating intimate praxis in rational-subjective terms. The second part of the thesis is concentrated on the conception of “pure relationship” created by Anthony Giddens, which constitutes one of the most interesting approaches of describing contemporary tranformations of intimacy. Although, the author agrees with most of Giddens’ ideas, he perceives the conception of “pure relationship” as one-sided. Theory of culture created by Kmita, especially the idea of functional and aubjective-rational explanation, is used as a tool to indicate methodological mistakes, which are the reasons for sidedness of Giddens’ perspective. (shrink)

If we could build artificial persons with a moral status comparable to this of a typical human being, how should we design those APs in the right way? This question has been addressed mainly in terms of designing APs devoted to being servants and debated in reference to their autonomy and the harm they might experience. Recently, it has been argued that even if developing AP servants would neither deprive them of autonomy nor cause any net harm, then developing such (...) entities would still be unethical due to the manipulative attitude of their designers. I make two contributions to this discussion. First, I claim that the argument about manipulative attitude significantly shifts the perspective of the whole discussion on APs and that it refers to a much wider range of types of APs than has been acknowledged. Second, I investigate the possibilities of developing APs without a manipulative attitude. I proceed in the following manner: I examine the argument about manipulativeness; show the important novelty it brings to a discussion about APs; analyze how the argument can be extrapolated to designing other kinds of Aps; and discuss cases in which APs can be designed without manipulativeness. (shrink)

Numerous diagnoses of contemporary transformations of love and eroticism emphasise the fact that the intimate life has become democratised and liberated. Anthony Giddens argues that personal relationships increasingly become compatible with the model of pure relationship, which means that they are more egalitarian and that both partners are free to choose and to negotiate the shape of their relations. Jeffrey Weeks claims that in “the world that we have won”, women, homosexuals and queers are increasingly considered as equal to heterosexual (...) men. Most scholars agree that feminism is one of most important factors that enabled the democratisation of intimacy. Yet, it is possible to distinguish some interesting approaches that examine the unintended consequences of women’s emancipation. Sociologists like Arlie Russell Hochschild and Eva Illouz recognise the importance of feminism in democratising intimacy, thus they also claim that liberation of women has entailed rationalisation and commercialisation of intimacy. One of Hochschild’s main thesis is that feminism commercialises intimacy by legitimising “the commercial spirit of intimate life”. What is more, she argues that instead of humanizing men feminism is capitalising women. On the other hand, Illouz persuades that feminism – together with therapeutic discourse – rationalises intimacy by emphasising the necessity of analysing and quantifying all aspects of intimate life. Hochschild and Illouz claim that feminism unintentionally makes intimacy “cold” – that is that it suggests focusing on personal autonomy and perceiving warm and close bonds as an endangerment for that autonomy. The cooling entails loosening of family and intimate relationships and making individuals more attached to the market. In the end, both sociologists agree that “cool” branches of feminism make women similar to men and intimacy similar to the market. (shrink)