In the New Essays on Human Understanding, Leibniz argues chapter by chapter with John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, challenging his views about knowledge, personal identity, God, morality, mind and matter, nature versus nurture, logic and language, and a host of other topics. The work is a series of sharp, deep discussions by one great philosopher of the work of another. Leibniz's references to his contemporaries and his discussions of the ideas and institutions of the age make this a fascinating (...) and valuable document in the history of ideas. The work was originally written in French, and the version by Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett, based on the only reliable French edition (published in 1962), first appeared in 1981 and has become the standard English translation. It has been thoroughly revised for this series and provided with a new and longer introduction, a chronology on Leibniz's life and career and a guide to further reading. (shrink)

Bd. 1. A-B -- Bd. 2. C-F -- Bd. 3. G-Inn -- Bd. 4. Ins-Loc.

After Leibniz's death in 1716, Clarke published an edition of their philosophical correspondence--a wide-ranging discussion of the nature of God, human souls, free will and indifference of choice, space and time, the vacuum, miracles, and matter and force. Clarke included his own letters, his translations of Leibniz's letters, and some translated passages from Leibniz's French and Latin works that helped to illuminate their exchanges.

Thus far, the recognition approach as described in the works of Axel Honneth has not systematically engaged with the problem of poverty. To fill this gap, the present contribution will focus on poverty conceived as social exclusion in the context of the European Union and probe its moral significance. It will show that this form of social exclusion is morally harmful and wrong from the perspective of the recognition approach. To justify this finding, social exclusion has to fulfil three conditions: (...) (i) it has to be experienced as harmful by the socially excluded, (ii) it has to meet certain objective criteria, and (iii) it has to violate normative claims embedded within society. (shrink)

Leibniz's political and ethical writing long has been neglected, and with this new edition Professor Riley makes available the most representative pieces from Leibniz's political theory. This new edition, specially prepared for this series, is the first to make a considerable number of Leibniz's writings available in English, and includes three previously unpublished manuscripts, a selection of political letters, an introduction, notes, and a critical biography.

EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION T JLJe1bn1z was above all things a metaphysician. That does not mean that his head was in the clouds, or that the particular sciences ...

Social service professionals use a unique set of principles to guide their decisions within a broad and complex array of situations. Straight Talk about Professional Ethics provides readers with the guidelines that will help them make decisions in a manner that is clinically and ethically effective. This book explains the seven core concepts that guide ethical practice in the helping professions: self-determination, informed consent, competence, confidentiality and privacy, attention to conflicts of interest, maintenance of professional boundaries, and professionalism and integrity. (...) Developing a commitment to the ethics of a profession and an understanding of how those ethics apply to commonly occurring workplace situations is a major element of professional preparation. (shrink)

Die Ausgabe präsentiert Leibniz' frühe Schriften und Briefe zum Naturrecht in deutscher Übersetzung; den lateinischen Originaltext nach der Akademie-Ausgabe stellt sie gegenüber. Sie umfaßt vier Textgruppen:1. Eine Aufzeichnung zum Leib-Seele-Zusammenhang und zur moralischen Sphäre des Verstandes 2. Den zweiten Teil der Neuen Methode, Jurisprudenz zu lernen und zu lehren 3. Die sechs erhaltenen Entwürfe zu den Elementen des Naturrechts 4. Vier Briefe zum Verhältnis von positivem und natürlichem Recht.

Wie ist es möglich, durch das Nachdenken über die notwendigen Bedingungen der Erfahrung und des Weltbezugs zu validen Aussagen über eine Welt zu gelangen, die unabhängig von erfahrenden Subjekten existiert? Die vorliegende Studie entwickelt dieses Problem der objektiven Geltung ausgehend von der zeitgenössischen Debatte um transzendentale Argumente. Sie gewinnt so einen systematischen Zugang zu zwei paradigmatischen Entwürfen des nachkantischen Idealismus: Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes und Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre 1804-II. Im Zuge einer detailgenauen, auf systematische Fragen fokussierten Rekonstruktion beider Werke zeigt der (...) Autor, dass Hegel und Fichte das Problem objektiver Geltung jeweils unterschiedlich durch eine philosophische Therapie auflösen, welche die Form eines Aufstiegs zum absoluten Wissen hat. Die Studie präsentiert eine neuartige Lesart von Hegels Phänomenologie, die ihr Bezüge zur Methode geometrischer Konstruktion nachweist, sowie von Fichtes WL 1804, die die Rolle des Begrifflichen neu bestimmt. Systematisch entwickelt sie ein skeptisches ‚revenge problem‘: Der Idealismus ist mit einer internen Spannung von Objektivitätsanspruch und Skepsis behaftet, welche den transzendentalen Ansatz zur Steigerung seines Reflexionsniveaus auffordert. (shrink)

Now available Open Access! See the Bloomsburycollections URL below. -/- Correct bibliographical information is as follows: Gottfried Achenwall, _Natural Law: A Translation of the Textbook for Kant's Lectures on Legal and Political Philosophy_, edited by Pauline Kleingeld, translated by Corinna Vermeulen, with an Introduction by Paul Guyer. London: Bloomsbury, 2020. -/- As the first translation into any modern language of Achenwall’s Ius naturae, from the 1763 edition used by Immanuel Kant, this is an essential work for anyone interested in (...) Kant, the natural law tradition or the history of legal and political theory. For over twenty years, Kant used this book as the basis for his lectures on natural law. It influenced his legal and political philosophy as well as his ethics, and it is indispensable for understanding Kant’s Feyerabend Lectures on Natural Law and his Metaphysics of Morals. -/- Articulating his theory of natural law with clear definitions and precise distinctions, Achenwall offers a lucid account that includes instructive comparisons with the work of Grotius, Hobbes, Pufendorf, Wolff and others. The volume also contains an Introduction by the eminent Kant scholar Paul Guyer, comparing Achenwall’s theory to the legal and political philosophy of Kant’s Doctrine of Right, and a concordance correlating Achenwall’s Natural Law to Kant’s Feyerabend Lectures on Natural Law. (shrink)

Publicada em sete volumes entre 1710 e 1746, Miscellanea Berolinensia foi o principal jornal da Academia de Berlim, cuja fundação se deve ao próprio Leibniz em 1690, a dissolução da Societas ocorreu em 1744. A nova instituição, a Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, conseguiu a Societas, e a Miscellanea Berolinensia foi sucedida pelo Berlim histoire et mémoires em 1745/46.

Die Generales Inquisitiones von 1686 stellen die wichtigste geschlossene Arbeit Leibniz' zu Fragen der Logik dar. Wie in dem ebenfalls 1686 verfaßten Discours de Métaphysique (PhB 260) wird hier Leibniz' Auffassung deutlich, in seinem Denken eine gewisse systematische Geschlossenheit gefunden zu haben.

The enduring influence of the architect Gottfried Semper derives primarily from his monumental theoretical foray Der Stil in der technischen und tektonischen Künsten, here translated into English for the first time. A richly illustrated survey of the technical arts, Semper's analysis of the preconditions of style forever changed the interpretative context for aesthetics, architecture, and art history. Style, Semper believed, should be governed by historical function, cultural affinities, creative free will, and the innate properties of each medium. Thus, in (...) an ambitious attempt to turn nineteenth-century artistic discussion away from historicism, aestheticism, and materialism, Semper developed in Der Stil a complex picture of stylistic change based on scrutiny of specific objects and a remarkable grasp of cultural variety. Harry Francis Mallgrave's introductory essay offers an account of Semper's life and work, a survey of Der Stil, and a fresh consideration of Semper's landmark study and its lasting significance. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to shake up the consensus view on transcendental arguments (TAs) that the ambitious “world-directed” kind fails and that only moderate, “belief-directed” transcendental arguments have a claim to validity. This consensus is based on Barry Stroud’s famous substitution objection: For any transcendental claim ‘p is an enabling condition for X’ we can readily substitute ‘the belief that p’ for ‘p’. I depart from the observation that the force of Stroud’s objection depends on it being applicable (...) to any world-directed TA whatsoever. This requires a much more substantive justification than is commonly supposed. I rehabilitate world-directed TAs by posing a dialectical dilemma for the Stroudian skeptic: a certain moderate TA is required to uphold the skeptical challenge, but this TA brings with it the commitment to a distinction which restricts the scope of the challenge, namely to ‘empirical’ instead of ‘transcendental’ beliefs about the world. The positive result is a new way of understanding what world-directed transcendental arguments are: a way of showing us which of our beliefs about the world are true because they are, in the sense of Wittgenstein’s meter-measure analogy, constitutive of our very standard for objectivity. (shrink)

Poverty is more than a ‘welfare status’ among others. In this paper I want to show that poverty is not only a failure of distribution of income but that it is a state of humiliation. In the first section I will examine poverty knowledge, how poverty is conceptualised and what norms are inherent in the measures of the poor. In the second section I will show that poverty is humiliating because it is bound to failure and deficiency. To be poor (...) means to be unable to take care for oneself. In the third and final section I will turn to social critique and its relation to the subjects of poverty. There are good reasons to be sceptical of the poor and their judgements and to seek for objective criteria, but this cannot replace the subject and their experience. (shrink)

The concept of implicit definition has played a central role in the controversies about the foundations of geometry. The history of this concept, however, exhibits several important confusions. The term has been used in at least three different senses—Gergonne's position, Hilbert's position of the so-called definitions by axioms , and that of Pasch and Dubislav in the sense of Russell's contextual definition. Frege's contribution to the explication of Hilbert's view has occasioned an adequate appraisal in recent years. A summary account (...) is given. The main purpose of the paper is to present some details about the historical development of the transfer of Gergonne's term ‘implicit definition’ to the Hilbert position, a transfer which goes back to the Peano School and was disseminated by Enriques. (shrink)

Wer von Naturphilosophie spricht, kann vielerlei meinen. Sie kann als Form der eigenstandigen Naturerkenntnis auftreten, als Reflexion auf die Naturwissenschaften oder sich dem Verhaltnis von Mensch und Natur zuwenden. Dabei steht Naturphilosophie immer auch in einem Spannungsverhaltnis zu den Naturwissenschaften. Die Diskussion historischer Konzepte der dialektischen Naturphilosophie wird in diesem Buch daher zusammengefuhrt mit dem Versuch ihrer systematischen Reaktualisierung.".

The capability approach, which is closely connected to the works of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, is one possible theoretical framework that could be used to answer the question as to why poverty is a problem from a moral point of view. In this paper we will focus on the normative philosophical capability approach rather than the social scientific and descriptive perspective. We will show that the approach characterizes poverty mainly as a limitation of freedom and that it is precisely (...) this aspect, from its point of view, that makes poverty morally significant. This insight shifts the discussion away from questions regarding specific capabilities or lists of them-questions treated extensively in the literature-to the more general level of what constitutes the normative core of the capability approach. But as we will also discuss and argue, the role of freedom alone does not give us a complete picture of poverty but only presents us with one aspect relevant to evaluating it. A further aspect which we consider has not been adequately recognized and taken into account by most capability theorists is the experience of disrespect and humiliation, or to put it differently, a lack of recognition. (shrink)

Unemployment is one of the greatest social problems all around the world including in modern capitalistic welfare states. Therefore its social critique is a necessary task for any critical social philosophy such as Axel Honneth's recognition approach, which understands social justice in terms of social conditions of recognition. This paper aims to develop an evaluation of unemployment and its moral weight from this perspective. I will lay out the recognition approach and present a moral evaluation of unemployment as socially unjust (...) based on the knowledge of its negative consequences for those affected. I will then discuss two objections to this conclusion, namely that a mere correlation of suffering and moral wrongness is not enough and that there are legitimate differences in the experience of recognition which could justify the existence of unemployment as deserved. In the next section, I will then refute both objections and first show that unemployment can be understood as socially unjust based on the knowledge that it is involuntary and that the unemployed are not responsible for their condition. Then I will discuss the relationship between the idea of meritocracy and unemployment to examine the assumption of unemployment as being deserved. I will finally conclude that unemployment is not a necessary side effect of meritocracy and that there are good reasons to argue for a moral and justified obligation to provide an actual access to paid work for all who want to work. However, such changes face serious obstacles and are not likely to happen under the current interpretation of meritocracy and social esteem which are one-sided and flawed. (shrink)

Transformative theories of human nature posit that the genus of animality is wholly transformed by the specific difference of reason. The aim of this paper is to show that the two most prominent transformative approaches, ‘resolute’ and dialectical’, face a dialectical impasse that Helmuth Plessner’s philosophical anthropology is able to resolve. First, I outline objections to the resolute approach which motivate the ‘dialectical’ turn to second nature. Second, I show that the dialectical approach faces a dilemma. It either runs into (...) an internal ‘interaction problem’ by its qualitative distinction of nature and spirit. Or it assimilates both in a way that either amounts to a collapse into the resolute approach or which creates the problem of a merely ‘artificial naturalness’. Third, I reconstruct Plessner’s ‘form-typological’ approach to how the genus living being is differentiated into structural types. This enables a dilemma-free rendition of transformation as ‘natural artificiality’: it is human first nature to seek embodied expression in second nature. (shrink)

The comparator-model, originally developed to explain motor action, has recently been invoked to explain several aspects of the self. However, in the first place it may not be used to explain a basic self-world distinction because it presupposes one. Our alternative account is based on specific systematic covariation between action and perception. Secondly, the comparator model cannot explain the feeling of ownership of thoughts. We argue—contra Frith and Campbell—that thoughts are not motor processes and therefore cannot be described by the (...) comparator-model. Rather, thoughts can be the triggering cause (intention) for actions. An alternative framework for the explanation of thought insertion in schizophrenics is presented. (shrink)

In this paper I sketch a possible answer to the question of what professional athletes deserve for their sporting activities. I take two different backgrounds into account. First, the content and meaning of desert is highly debated within political philosophy and many theorists are sceptical if it has any value for social justice. On the other hand sport is often understood as a meritocracy, in which all prizes or wins should be solely awarded based on merit. I will distinguish three (...) possible goods that can be deserved for doing professional sport – money, social status and appreciation – and show that athletes deserve them according to their achievements and that this justifies certain inequalities in their distribution. These legitimate disparities have nevertheless been embedded within a broader framework of social justice, which limits them based on a strong understanding of social equality. (shrink)

What has ethics got to do with my job? How can I take on ethical responsibility and help to make my company more successful at the same time? Although 'ethical responsibility' has become something of a catchphrase these days, most people only have a vague idea what it means and how it can be demonstrated in actual practice.Disasters like the Volkswagen's emission scandal, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the nuclear meltdown of Fukushima, the global financial crisis, and (...) countless lesser-known cases of damage to human beings and the environment are the result of unethically irresponsible business practices. Efforts to maximize profits frequently lead to reckless behavior, as those in charge focus on short-term benefits and ignore social and environmental risks. Their actions have negative consequences, not only for the victims but, in many cases, for the perpetrators themselves too. Aggrieved interest groups or disadvantaged stakeholders may react with strikes, public protests, or boycotts, jeopardizing their reputation and profitability.This textbook, Applied Business Ethics, is the result of many years of research work and lecturing, and is an attempt to present the most important principles and the latest approaches in business ethics to students, teachers, and business practitioners alike, and help them to make business decisions that everyone concerned will benefit from, rather than just a few fortunate stakeholders.The author illustrates his theoretical subject matter with practical examples of real-life situations and provides numerous exercises to help the reader grasp complex issues, moral dilemmas, and business risks better. In clear, accessible, and easily understandable terms, he demonstrates how ways of finding satisfactory solutions can be found in a systematic way thanks to interdisciplinary research and philosophical reflection. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie Jahrgang: 56 Heft: 4 Seiten: 489-499.

The goal of this paper is to interpret Fichte’s terminology of ‚light‘ and ‚imaging‘ in the WL-1804-ii as a rendition of transcendental principles. This analysis is intended as a contribution to the discussion concerning the theoretical status and methodology of the later doctrines of science. i begin with an exposition of four criteria for transcendentally constitutive principles: 1. presuppositional character, 2. constitutivity, 3. categorial difference between conditions and conditioned, 4. immanent justification. The systematic function of ‘light’ is exemplarily reconstructed according (...) to these criteria. The focus of analysis lies on the fourth criterion, which is framed as the philosophical problem which Fichte’s conception of a ‘law of imaging’ in the 24th and 25th lectures answers to. The ‘law of imaging’ is reconstructed as a special form of performative self-validation which is intended to satisfy the criterion of immanent justification. A further upshot of this reading is a reappraisal of Fichte’s treatment of light’s perpetual ‘objectivization’. (shrink)

O texto tem como preocupação central refletir sobre a relação entre ética e gestão de instituições educacionais. É fru to de preocupações e de pesquisas em desenvolvimento voltadas, principalmente, para o âmbito da gestão. O objetivo principal é mostrar como as várias teorias éticas podem nortear as ações para uma gestão ética. Sua relação e contribuição, como parâmetros para uma gestão ética, estão condicionadas pelos modelos da gestão e pelos pressupostos básicas das teorias éticas, entre elas, autilitarista tem tido maior (...) aplicabilidade na gestão das organizações. (shrink)

Tras siglos de guerras descarnadas, los siete poderes que dividen la tierra se han diezmado unos a otros hasta alcanzar una difâicil tregua. Muy pocos reclamos legâitimos existen ya por el Trono de Hierro, y la guerra que ha convertido al mundo en poco mâas un desierto al fin ha terminado. O eso parece. No pasa mucho tiempo antes de que los sobrevivioentes, los proscritos, los renegados y los carroäneros de los Siete Reinos se reâunan. Ahora, como cuervos humanos que (...) acechan un banquete de cenizas, nuevas intrigas y peligrosas alianzas se forman, a la vez que rostros sorprendentes--algunos familiares, otros desconocidos--emergen de un siniestro crepâusculo de caos y luchas pasadas para sumir los desafâios de los terribles tiempos que se avecinan. Nobles y plebeyos, soldados y hechiceros, asesinos y sabios se unen para hacer valer su vida y sus fortunas. Porque en un festâin de cuervos, muchos son los invitados... pero sâolo unos pocos logran sobrevivir. -- Cover, p. [4]. (shrink)

One oft the most fascinating abilities of humans is the ability to become conscious of the own physical and mental states. In this systematic investigation of self-consciousness, a representational theory is developed that is able to distinguish between different levels of self-consciousness. The most basic levels are already present in such simple animals as ants. From these basic forms, which are also relevant for adult human self-consciousness, high-level self-consciousness including self-knowledge can arise. Thereby, the theory is not only able to (...) integrate developmental considerations but also to sharply distinguish different aspects of the complex phenomenon self-consciousness. Pathological breakdowns of these different aspects, as they can be found in schizophrenia, are explained by specific impairments on different levels of self-representation. In this way, the work shows that a naturalistic theory of self-consciousness is possible, if the analysis starts with very simple and basic mechanisms instead of starting on the »top of the iceberg«. (shrink)

Die zweisprachige Ausgabe "Monadologie und andere metaphysische Schriften" ermöglicht ein genaues Studium der Leibnizschen Metaphysik von der Mitte der 1680er Jahre, als die "Metaphysische Abhandlung" entstand, bis zum Ende seines Lebens dreißig Jahre später, als Leibniz seine Monadenlehre entwickelte. Seine drei längeren Abhandlungen zur Metaphysik hat Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) selbst nicht veröffentlicht, sie haben aber seit dem 18. Jahrhundert das Bild des Philosophen wesentlich geprägt und unsere Auffassung über neuzeitliche Metaphysik stark mitbestimmt. Mit der Lehre von der Monade (...) als dem Prinzip der Einzigartigkeit des Seienden entwickelte Leibniz einen Gedanken, der für die Entfaltung des gesamten neuzeitlichen Denkens tragend wurde: den Gedanken der Individualität. Die "Metaphysische Abhandlung", die "Monadologie" und die Schrift über "Auf Vernunft gegründete Prinzipien der Natur und der Gnade" werden hier in einer zweisprachigen Ausgabe mit neuer Übersetzung und einheitlichem Begriffsglossar vorgelegt. Anmerkungen verweisen auf andere Textstellen bei Leibniz, der seine Philosophie vielfach in Gelegenheitsschriften und Briefen formulierte. Die Einleitung gibt Hinweise auf Textentstehung und -überlieferung und thematisiert einige Probleme der Übersetzung Leibnizscher Schriften, deren Sprache sowohl begrifflich streng als auch reich an Bildern ist. Die Ausgabe ersetzt die Bände PhB 253 (Vernunftprinzipien der Natur und der Gnade – Monadologie) und PhB 260 (Metaphysische Abhandlung). (shrink)