This brief volume supplements Lemmon's classic introductory logic text with almost 200 new exercises, many of them solved, solutions to selected exercises in _Beginning Logic_ itself, a helpful commentary on Lemmon’s use of key technical terms, alternative formulations, and advice to students.

1. The view that beliefs can be characterized solely by their motivational role promises an informative reduction of what it is for a state to be a belief state. It is therefore of import if such a view is wrong. In ‘On the aim of belief’ David Velleman (2000) presents an argument against such a motivational view of belief.1 On Velleman’s construal of the motivational view.

We show that neither the descending chain property nor the finite model property is a necessary condition for a model logic having no minimal proper extension. This answers in the negative two questions raised by G. E. Hughes.