1891. The recovered manuscript of Aristotle's Constitutional History of Athens, now for the first time given to the world from the unique text in the British...

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

In 1933 Frederic Kenyon was one of the first to note the early Christian addiction to codex books. As later scholars confirmed, Christian communities reproduced their sacred literature in a way that differed from the largely scrolled Greco-Roman as well as Jewish bibliographic cultures of the first centuries of the Common Era. Book historians and scholars of biblical literature alike have developed a range of competing theories in order to better understand this peculiarity. By evaluating their claims, a (...) number of clarifications can be made in order to demonstrate the codex's sensitivity to Jewish scribal practices as well as its capacity to include a cosmopolitan diversity of texts. Through these clarifications the codex book form itself can provide vital interpretative insights into early biblical literature and the longer history of the book today. (shrink)

The chapter focuses on the commemoration of the individual in ancient and modern cultures. It argues that the attitude to individual commemoration adopted by the War Graves Commission in the First World War in Britain can be linked to the commemorative practices of ancient Greece, emphasising the importance of the part played by Sir Frederic Kenyon. The chapter draws on examples of commemoration from classical Athens, twentieth-century Britain and the Soviet Union in order to explore the different roles (...) that the commemoration of the individual has played in ancient and modern forms of war commemoration. (shrink)

The idea of creation as the free, spontaneous, and joyous play (līlā) of the gods has been a pervasive motif in Indian thought since Vedic times. In the tradition of Advaita Vedānta, however, where the sole Reality is Brahman alone, divine playfulness is given an illusionistic interpretation and līlā becomes an expression of the deceptive power of māyā.

Contemporary capitalism is in effect, if not in intent, Deleuzian. As a network of networks, it is rhizomatic, flexible, chaosmotic, evolving, expanding. In the negativist spirit that characterizes the work of the Frankfurt School, this article shows via an analysis of the goverment of the self, the commodification of culture and the modification of nature, how contemporary capitalism does colonize not only the life-world but also life itself.

"Die Tat" concerns the effort to recapture a particular memory. In searching to recover that memory trace the writer discovers that the memory datum itself diffuses and breaks up into the present remembering action of the one who remembers. The essay anatomizes that process of diffusion, and tries to come up with a definition of memory.

Fengshui is a practice and skill whose origins go back to Chinese antiquity. It is about finding the best possible arrangement in space to position a grave or a habitation in such a way that human beings who have a link with that place might have success and happiness. The basic idea is that a good geomantic site will fill the distant ancestors with peace in their grave and that they will thus do everything to help their family. The text (...) deals with the history of fengshui, its methods as well as its conception of nature. (shrink)

Ces dix perspectives possibles pour l’Europe ne concluent pas le dossier, elles ouvrent le débat. Elles se veulent proposer des visions marquées par la raison mais aussi par la passion fédérale. Il faut que naissent des « tribuns » européens qui donnent à l’Europarlement un rôle prépondérant sur le Conseil et la Commission. Il est nécessaire d’étendre ses compétences à des sujets de société (les violences sexuelles, l’écologie) et des sujets éminemment stratégiques comme la guerre. L’Europe doit s’ouvrir au lieu (...) d’organiser la fermeture de ses frontières extérieures sous le joug de discours racistes. Les migrations internationales lui sont vitales, pour des raisons économiques et démographiques. Et puis, elle connaît une mutation extraordinaire de l’emploi. Quand la question d’un revenu universel européen financé directement par l’Union comme puissant vecteur de rattrapage et de fédéralisation des politiques sociales sera-t-elle intégrée dans les programmes d’une gauche européenne pour reconquérir les couches populaires perdues? (shrink)

Cette introduction au dossier de la Mineure donne le ton. Non, l’avenir de l’Europe n’est pas d’être un objet politique lâche, rancunier, nationaliste et fermé. Les auteurs déconstruisent une à une quelques idées fausses qui courent le long de la campagne électorale. Non, l’Europe n’est pas anti-démocratique. L’Europarlement est le seul à être élu directement par l’ensemble des citoyens du continent. Non, l’Europe n’est pas libérale, l’État-providence existe. Mais elle doit opérer des révolutions, dans le domaine du droit des femmes, (...) de l’écologie, des migrations, de la défense, de la garantie d’un revenu. Seul le saut fédéral et l’invention démocratique permettront l’aboutissement de ces grands chantiers. (shrink)

Buddhism was not really known in the West until a little more than 150 years ago. Although since the thirteenth century there had been numerous contacts with local Buddhist traditions, the travellers and missionaries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance had not yet brought to light the history of Buddhism and its unity across this immense diversity of worship and doctrine, disseminated through most of the countries of Asia. Of course, since the seventeenth century some Europeans had guessed at (...) the Indian origin of the Buddha and they succeeded in pinning down his historical existence after a fashion. In 1691 and 1693 Simon de la Loubère, Louis XIV's envoy at the court of the king of Siam, published remarkable research which established the possibility of a link between the different regions of Siam, Ceylon, Japan and China and conjured up the possible existence of a single founder long before Christ. But this far too isolated knowledge had scarcely any impact in Europe. It was only with the foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784 that orientalism was to enjoy a rapid and decisive expansion. The word ‘Buddhism’ appeared from the 1820s onwards, and with it the first conceptualization of a tree with many branchings. But it was not until the publication, in 1844, of Eugène Burnouf's magisterial Introduction l'histoire du buddhisme indien, that more detailed knowledge became available, thanks to a critical scrutiny of the most varied sources. The works of the French scholar and of other pioneers in Buddhist studies - mainly Alexander Csoma de Koros and Edmond Foucaux on Tibet, Jean-Pierre Abel-Remusat and Stanislas Julien on China, Christian Lassen and Spence Hardy on Ceylon - were to give rise to a tremendous craze for Buddhism in Europe. Since then there has been no break in the successive waves disseminating it right up to the present day, when the majority of Western countries appear to be so receptive to the message of the Buddha that for some years the media have been insistently questioning the reasons for this ‘Buddhist wave’. (shrink)

Si la forme est la condition de toute pensée et si la matière est informe, comment Plotin peut-il la penser ? Le recours à la négation accompagné d'une orientation du regard vers l'extériorité permet de faire signe vers l'informité de la matière ; cette négation cependant ne doit pas conduire à un nom vide, mais à un résidu ; l'image apparaît comme une aide qui évite l'évanouissement de la pensée dans le néant. Plotin développe en particulier l'image du miroir pour (...) donner à penser la matière ; comme elle, il est créateur d'illusions et impassible. Cependant, comme toute image, le miroir a ses limites pour illustrer le statut paradoxal de la matière. Proclus, lorsqu'il essaye de penser la participation, met en évidence ces limites : le miroir suppose l'extension, l'extraversion et l'altération de celui qui s'y mire. L'image ne demeure qu'une aide et doit donc rester subordonnée à la négation. If form is the condition of all thought and if matter has no form, how is it possible for Plotinus to think it ? Using negation and considering exteriority allows to lead to the formless nature of matter ; however, this negation must not lead up to an empty name, but to a residue ; the image appears as a help which saves thought from vanishing into nothingness. Plotinus uses especially the image of the mirror to help to think matter ; the mirror is, like matter, an illusion-maker and impassive. Nevertheless, like every image, the mirror has its limits to illustrate the paradoxical status of matter.Proclus, when he tries to think the participation, shows these limits : the mirror presupposes the expanse, extraversion and alteration of he who gazes at himself in it. The image is only a help and must be subordinated to negation. (shrink)

Pour introduire à l’article de Lewis et Langton sur la définition des propriétés intrinsèques, il faut rappeler que les propriétés intrinsèques diffèrent d’autres notions comme les propriétés essentielles, les propriétés monadiques, les propriétés catégoriques, les propriétés qualitatives. Les propriétés intrinsèques sont définies selon David Lewis à partir de la notion plus primitive de propriété « naturelle », ce qu’il a continué à modifier jusqu’à des textes plus récents.