In this paper, we will study Heyting algebras endowed with tense negative operators, which we call tense H-algebras and we proof that these algebras are the algebraic semantics of the Intuitionistic Propositional Logic with Galois Negations. Finally, we will develop a Priestley-style duality for tense H-algebras.

We explore the distinctive characteristics of Mexico's society, politics and history that impacted the establishment of genetics in Mexico, as a new disciplinary field that began in the early 20th century and was consolidated and institutionalized in the second half. We identify about three stages in the institutionalization of genetics in Mexico. The first stage can be characterized by Edmundo Taboada, who was the leader of a research program initiated during the Cárdenas government (1934-1940), which was primarily directed towards improving (...) the condition of small Mexican farmers. Taboada is the first Mexican post-graduate investigator in phytotechnology and phytopathology, trained at Cornell University and the University of Minnesota, in 1932 and 1933, respectively. He was the first investigator to teach plant genetics at the National School of Agriculture and wrote the first textbook of general genetics, Genetics Notes, in 1938. Taboada's most important single genetics contribution was the production of "stabilized" corn varieties. The extensive exile of Spanish intellectuals to Mexico, after the end of Spain's Civil War (1936-1939), had a major influence in Mexican science and characterizes the second stage. The three main personalities contributing to Mexican genetics are Federico Bonet de Marco and Bibiano Fernández Osorio Tafall, at the National School of Biological Sciences, and José Luis de la Loma y Oteyza, at the Chapingo Agriculture School. The main contribution of the Spanish exiles to the introduction of genetics in Mexico concerned teaching. They introduced in several universities genetics as a distinctive discipline within the biology curriculum and wrote genetics text books and manuals. The third stage is identified with Alfonso León de Garay, who founded the Genetics and Radiobiology Program in 1960 within the National Commission of Nuclear Energy, which had been founded in 1956. The Genetics and Radiobiology Program rapidly became a disciplinary program, for it embraced research, teaching, and training of academics and technicians. The Mexican Genetics Society, created by de Garay in 1966, and the development of strains and cultures for genetics research were important activities. One of de Garay's key requirements was the compulsory training of the Program's scientists for at least one or two years in the best universities of the United States and Europe. De Garay's role in the development of Mexican genetics was fundamental. His broad vision encompassed the practice of genetics in all its manifestations. (shrink)

La obra de Nicolás Gómez Dávila ha sido leída presuponiendo su desconexión frente a la producción filosófica local del pasado. Esa presuposición ha pasado por alto la existencia de posibles vínculos entre las tesis de la filosofía del derecho en De iure y la reflexión sobre el lenguaje y la tradición presente en el ensayo de Miguel Antonio Caro titulado “Del uso en sus relaciones con el lenguaje”. Este artículo explora los posibles vínculos entre ambos ensayos, a partir de (i) (...) la similitud entre la concepción horaciana del lenguaje presente en la obra de Caro y las tesis de De iure, (ii) las correspondencias entre los esquemas metodológicos y valorativos, derivados de aquella concepción, presentes en ambas obras, y (iii) las similitudes y diferencias de su conservatismo político. (shrink)

. Introductory Remarks THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY The problems of reduction in biology are currently of considerable theoretical interest and practical ...

Este artículo propone una revisión crítica sobre los alcances del transhumanismo en la esfera de la Psicología. Para ello, se expondrán antecedentes y se definirá lo que se entiende por transhumanismo y el resultado de éste, denominado poshumanismo. A través de características humanas tan básicas y diversas como la cognición, el sufrimiento y la identidad, se discute sobre los inéditos cambios que la ejecución y logro de las propuestas transhumanistas significarían para la sociedad, el cómo la psicología podría prever y (...) anticipar un escenario así de radical, y la necesidad y urgencia de nuevas teorías éticas que ayuden a comprender los fenómenos en cuestión. (shrink)

Proponer la existencia de filosofía en América Latina se convierte para muchos en un problema. Más dificultades se generarán ahora al proponer la existencia de una estética latinoamericana, teniendo como representante a un pensador colombiano: Nicolás Gómez Dávila. En medio de la obra de este pensador logramos entresacar una serie de códigos estéticos que, si bien están heredados de las concepciones europeas de la estética, podrían darnos atisbos de una mirada distinta otorgada por la observación de objetos y hechos generados (...) por el mestizaje sucedido en medio de tierras fértiles, agrestes y exuberantes como las de nuestra geografía. Realizar esta presentación implica repasar un legado existente, pero olvidado, por lo que actualizar una experiencia filosófica rica que, aunque presente, no se ha manifestado en nuestro medio de manera suficiente. Como objetivos principales de este ejercicio investigativo están: argumentar a favor del ejercicio filosófico realizado en Latinoamérica;proponer el ejercicio aforístico de Gómez Dávila como una aportación colombiana en torno a la estética filosófica; y repasar algunos tópicos estéticos que queremos entresacar en la obra de este autor para realizar un ejercicio hermenéutico de los mismos. Con este trabajo se espera alcanzar no solamente ecos en nuestro medio sino en las distintas latitudes donde ya el autor es reconocido, pero ahora desde la estética. La metodología empleada en esta investigación es realizada desde un ejercicio hermenéutico, en la perspectiva gadameriana. Esperamos proponer, como resultado principal, argumentos que corroboren las aportaciones de Gómez Dávila a la estética desde una perspectiva latinoamericana. Finalmente, concluimos que la estética de Gómez Dávila es de estilo clásicocon vínculos metafísicos, asociada a un canon griego y con una clara perspectiva cristiana, pero que ha sido elaborada por una mente perteneciente a un contexto latinoamericano, del cual no debemos extraer de ningún modo.AbstractTo suggest the existence of philosophy in Latin America becomes a problem for many. Even more difficulties are generated by proposing the existence of a Latin American Aesthetics, having as its representative a Colombian thinker: Nicolás Gómez Dávila. In the midst of this thinker’s work, we were able to identify a series of aesthetic codes which, although inherited from the European concepts of aesthetics, could give us glimpses of a different perspective given by the observation of objects and events generated by the miscegenation that took place in the midst of lush, rugged and fertile lands as those of our geography. To attempt his presentation involves reviewing an existing but forgotten legacy, and updating a rich philosophical experience that, although present, does not manifest in our environment sufficiently. The objectives of this research are: arguing for the philosophy made in Latin America; propose the aphoristic exercise of Gómez Dávila as a Colombian contribution to the field of aesthetics; and review some aesthetic issues that we want to conclude in the work of this author to conduct a hermeneutic exercise thereof. With this paper I expect to reach not only echoes in our philosophical community but in also in other latitudes where Gomez-Davila is already recognized, but now fromthe point of view of aesthetics. The methodology used in this research entailed a hermeneutic exercise, in the perspective of Gadamer. We propose some arguments supporting the contributions of Gómez-Dávila aesthetics from a Latin American perspective. Finally, we conclude that the aesthetics of Gómez-Dávila is of a classic style with metaphysical links, associated with a Greek canon and with a clear Christian perspective, but that it has been developed by a mind that belongs to a Latin American context, from which we cannot intend to separate it in any way. (shrink)

Plato's political thought gave rise to a number of concepts and issues - such as the idea of a normative theory, the philosophical foundation of politics, the philosopher-kings, the standard of utopian theory - which have played a significant role on Western political and philosophical thought. -/- This volume aspires to bring out Plato's concept of efficacy in a normative theory. -/- By efficacy, the author means the way in which the theory conceives of its practical realization. If in the (...) Republic this issue is particularly problematic, in the Laws, instead, the claim of realizability becomes the main concern. -/- By defining the concept of efficacy and going through the main works of Plato, this conceptual and textual analysis aims to shed a new light on Plato's political thought, which is neither a utopia, nor a short term political program, but the first normative theory encompassing a theory of efficacy. (shrink)

Should the philosophy of biology deal with organismic, or with molecular aspects , or with both ? We are, of course, not the first to appreciate the ...

Intuitively, we can conceive of the existence of a conscious state as a pure activity that does not necessarily require a body (or even a brain). This idea has found new support in certain recent theories that present the possibility of a totally disconnected and disembodied consciousness. Against this hypothesis, I argue that human experience is intrinsically embodied and embedded, though in a specific way. Using Sartre’s phenomenology of the body, I first analyze the concept of consciousness as intentionality and (...) a world-disclosing activity, thus explaining how conscious activity can only be expressed through a body that is spatiotemporally related to the world. Then, I argue that bodily consciousness does not necessarily imply the actual presence of an anatomical body but, rather, a process of spatialization and temporalization (hodological space and temporal synthesis) through the “spatiotemporal body”. Finally, I test my thesis by critiquing some cases of apparent disembodied/disconnected consciousness, i.e., dreams, out-of-body experiences, and the brain-in-a-vat scenario. (shrink)

In previous works, an ontology of properties for quantum mechanics has been proposed, according to which quantum systems are bundles of properties with no principle of individuality. The aim of the present article is to show that, since quasi-set theory is particularly suited for dealing with aggregates of items that do not belong to the traditional category of individual, it supplies an adequate meta-language to speak of the proposed ontology of properties and its structure.

The comparative study of synchronic occurrences of a particular construction in interactional corpora from different languages can provide a complete understanding of the development of the construction as a response to some basic intimately associated set of interactional moves and cognitive demands. A comparative formal analysis of lists in Spanish and English conversations shows that in both languages the construction has developed a stylized intonation pattern based on the holding of tones by means of lengthening of nuclear syllables, a durable (...) syntactic organization based on parataxis and an almost identical inventory of lexicalized expressions to index the end of the list. A parallel analysis of lists in their interactional contexts shows that in both English and Spanish conversation the formal properties of lists emerge as adaptations to a recurrent set of communicative tasks. The first type of `framing' lists is used for its incremental structure in the negotiation of common background between interlocutors, whereas the second type of `demonstrative' lists is used for its rhetorical structure to provide evidence for a claim and is directed to obtaining agreement. (shrink)

La confrontación de Heidegger con el humanismo es bien conocida: es la forma de toda metafísica entendida desde la subjetividad. La tesis que se defiende en el ensayo es que hay otra forma de entender su relación con el humanismo desde un punto de vista espacial. Se establece una relación entre la concepción del espacio cotidiano y de lo «a la mano» en Ser y Tiempo, y la noción de colección en los primeros humanistas. De este modo se muestra que (...) el humanismo temprano no es un antecesor del subjetivismo cartesiano, y que, tal como lo proponen Gadamer o Grassi, representa una corriente que bebe de fuentes diferentes a la dominante en el pensamiento occidental. Heidegger, de un modo indirecto, apropia ese pensamiento para su proyecto de Ser y Tiempo. (shrink)

Magnífico libro ha tenido a bien reeditar la editorial madrileña Encuentro, situándolo como el primer volumen de la colección Mínima Política. En él, además de realizar algunas correcciones y estructurar la obra de forma más manejable para el lector, se ha encargado del estudio preliminar el profesor Jerónimo Molina, como ya hiciera con otras obras del mismo autor, Teoría y sistema de las formas políticas e Introducción al Derecho político actual, hace unos pocos años. En esta introducción, se nos ofrece (...) un recorrido biográfico, intelectual y político por Francisco Javier Conde, sencillo, directo y profundo. Propio de quien tiene un riguroso conocimiento del autor y de su obra. Con su lectura conseguiremos enmarcar correctamente este libro en la trayectoria vital e intelectual de Conde, entre la actitud intelectual del realismo político, el fracaso en la vida de actividad política y el olvido arrastrado hasta casi nuestros días. Y digo casi, porque, según lo que hemos dicho, no son pocos los que honran a Conde y su trabajo intelectual, de gran mérito. No en vano señala el profesor Molina que este libro es un pequeño clásico contemporáneo. (shrink)

The traditional teaching style in which the teacher is in control and there is a submissive attitude in students is predominant in Mexico. The development of identity in preadolescence is subjected to social groups, which could develop interpersonal difficulties through the controlling teaching style. Although the fear of negative evaluation in students and competitive sport has been studied in education, relatively little research has been done in the area of physical education in relation to the controlling style. The purpose of (...) this study was to investigate the correlation and predictive relationship between controlling teaching and the fear of negative evaluation mediated by the frustration of the basic psychological needs, controlled motivation, and individualism/competitiveness through the theoretical framework of self-determination theory. Participants were 1132 students in the fifth and sixth grades in public elementary schools in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, with ages between 10 and 13. Results indicate the perceived controlling teaching style positively predicted the fear of negative evaluation in students of this study through BPN frustration, that is positively related to low-quality motivation, which is related to a higher level of individualism/competitiveness. This, in turn, is proven to be a predictor of the fear of negative evaluation. The results also discuss the promotion of the autonomy support style, avoiding the controlling teaching style, for the minimization of negative results related to the perception of fear and the development of student well-being both within and beyond the school context. (shrink)

El hilemorfismo como doctrina aristotélicotomista ha sido asumido a través de los siglos como una superación del dualismo platónico y de los monismos, tanto de carácter materialista como espiritualista, propuestos hasta entonces. Sin embargo, Pedro Laín Entralgo sospecha de esta supuesta superación: ante sus conocimientos el hilemorfismo artistotélicotomista no deja de ser sino un dualismo un tanto disfrazado. Las teorías antropo- metafísicas de Zubiri y Ortega le sirven como sustentación para llevar a cabo tal señalamiento. La concepción del cosmos como (...) dinamismo y la del hombre entendido como su cuerpo hacen afirmar a Laín lo innecesario de un principio espiritual llamado alma. Esto, aunque suene herético, se explica desde la concepción antropológica lainiana que asume al hombre como una estructura dinámica que incorpora en sí los rasgos de un ente excepcional: es consciente de su ser y de que en su finitud aspira a la eternidad pues ha sido creado por un Hacedor que es eterno. En esta creencia deposita su esperanza y esta le hace entenderse como un ser futurizo, cuyos proyectos, espera, no fracasarán. (shrink)

El pensamiento de Nicolás Gómez Dávila (Bogotá, 1913-1994), es un gran ausente en el concierto académico de nuestra Nación. Se quiere hacer aquí una presentación de sus principales presupuestos, para sopesar la riqueza argumentativa que podría avalar un verdadero pensamiento filosófico de nuestra tierra. Revisar sus posturas personales, frente a asuntos tales como la crítica a la democracia (a favor de la Aristocracia), la racionalidad moderna, el cristianismo, entre otros, pueden servirnos hoy como excusa para contactar con un erudito que, (...) si bien no dejó una larga producción, sí hizo una interesantísima producción de escolios y textos, que podrían inquietar a todo amigo del saber. A través de sus escritos, se puede observar la mirada crítica de un hombre formado en la tradición: Filósofo, cristiano, políglota, reaccionario confeso. Sin embargo, se logra adivinar en él un matiz de innovación, que vuelve apasionante la experiencia de la lectura de sus obras. Así, Gómez Dávila reta a su lector a saber más, desde su lenguaje exquisito tienta a descubrir aún más... desde el escolio, nos sugiere lo novedoso, teniendo como base la tradición del pensamiento que él mismo conoce al extremo. (shrink)

Pedro Laín Entralgo ha sido conocido a través de su interés personal por la historia, sobre todo por la de la medicina. Sin embargo, es claro que detrás de ello lo que se percibe es una preocupación por la real comprensión de lo que llamamos Historia, así con mayúscula, como él mismo lo escribe. De tal manera que Laín la concibe estrechamente relacionada con el hecho social y con la situación biológica del ser humano. Porque siendo el hombre tempóreo le (...) resulta muy difícil dejar de hacer parte de esta realidad. Pero la realidad histórica debe comprenderse como condición previa del hombre que debe ser asumida desde la libertad y la responsabilidad. Además, la pertenencia a un grupo humano le hace sugerir la idea de generación; es decir, un grupo de personas cercanas en ideas y en edad que desde esa libertad asumen algunos rasgos comunes en aquello que de proyecto tiene su propio acontecer; y este proyectar se puede evidenciar en su biografía. De tal manera que al compartir de modo aproximado el mismo espacio-tiempo y los mismos ideales, tal grupo humano se puede inscribir en un mismo sentido de responsabilidad histórico-social determinado. Laín no escapa a este compromiso y se siente responsable de una culpa histórica ante la historia de su Patria. Por eso su ejercicio conciliador. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to analyze the explanatory level of the variables advertising influence, verbal messages, social models and social situations as regards body dissatisfaction, weight worry, and bodily discomfort. The study was conducted in a convenience sample of 206 Mexican women with an average age of 22.12 years. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on the dependent ones in three hypothetical models proposed. In the case of the (...) model proposed for body dissatisfaction, it was found that the set of variables had 79% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices. The model for weight worry had 62% of variance explained and an acceptable goodness of fit. Finally, the model for bodily discomfort had 72% of variance explained and showed adequate goodness of fit. It is concluded that social influences have a significant impact on body image. Verbal messages had the strongest impact on the variables studied. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that the main contribution of Hegel's philosophy of right to the contemporary political debate is that it opens a window on the idea that liberalism and individual freedom are incompatible. My main thesis is that the liberal conception of the State and law, structured from a nonrelational account of singularity, ends up denying the individual freedom that it claims to defend. I begin by reconstructing the Hegelian concept of freedom from its most general lines, showing (...) that being free consists in wanting to become someone and not so much in wanting to do something. After showing that the purpose of becoming someone can only be fulfilled in a social medium, I focus on Hegel's critique of the liberal state (as expounded in the section on “civil society”). I argue that civil society structurally impedes individuals from realizing their purpose of becoming someone: the economical interactions of civil society give rise to impersonal and inscrutable mechanisms, which take the social conditions of people's individuation beyond their control. Finally, I claim that (rational) individual freedom consists in being able to thematize and democratically control the very social conditions of individuation through the State and law. (shrink)

La retórica como técnica responsable de la inteligibilidad del discurso, de los modos y espacios de enunciación, de los propósitos y de los públicos, definió, hasta el siglo XIX, la existencia de los llamados géneros literarios devenidos en historia, literatura y periodismo, hoy áreas claramente diferenciadas. Sin la retórica la desmembración de los géneros literarios es incomprensible; se quedan de lado aspectos como las tradiciones narrativas, editoriales y didácticas que delimitaron los procedimientos de escritura, la implementación de formatos que contribuyó (...) a perfilar usos, públicos y apropiaciones, y la disposición de representaciones sobre el quehacer de historiadores, periodistas y literatos. Este texto aborda algunos asuntos relativos a la constitución del saber histórico en Colombia y se detiene en la relación entre historia y formatos, e historia y escritores de historia. (shrink)

Este artículo explora la situación que enfrentaron los llamados realistas durante la Independencia en la Nueva Granada y su lenguaje de amor y subordinación al rey, a través del cual ratificaban su pertenencia a la comunidad política española, aun habiendo nacido en América. El rey no era un símbolo lejano, sino una presencia sentida y vivida por sus vasallos americanos. Las guerras de Independencia no enfrentaron, como lo adujo la historiografía tradicional, a criollos y peninsulares, sino a miembros de un (...) mismo cuerpo político, quienes por mantenerse leales a la corona o haber nacido en la península, fueron convertidos en enemigos a exterminar, tal como se dispuso en el Decreto de guerra a muerte de 1813, expedido por Simón Bolívar. (shrink)

Tras la lectura de esta obra, reconocemos que su autora, Stephanie Graf, mantiene una signatura o estilo constante en cada parte, capítulo y subtítulo, pues le interesa plantear una trama, un tablero para dialogar con el trabajo de Walter Benjamin y de Theodor W. Adorno, ante uno de los desafíos más urgentes de nuestro tiempo: ¿Cómo entender la supervivencia de la teología en un mundo secular? En específico, ¿de qué forma el escándalo del mal, sobre todo del mal excesivo en (...) Auschwitz, nos remite inevitablemente a la metafísica, a la creación, la revelación, la redención, aun cuando estos pensadores judíos se ubican en el campo del materialismo histórico y la sola responsabilidad humana? De ahí el llamado a la inversión. (shrink)

Este trabajo plantea un ejercicio de interpretación del relato bíblico de los macabeos, su rebelión y resistencia religiosa, política y militar frente a la imposición imperial desde algunas perspectivas recogidas de los escritos de Walter Benjamin sobre la juventud. Se ponen de relieve temas como la situación religiosa ante el horizonte de la Ilustración; la relevancia que tiene la religión en los movimientos sociales juveniles; el mesianismo reinterpretado por el movimiento romántico de los intelectuales judíos de la Mitteleuropa, según lo (...) ha estudiado el académico Michael Löwy para, finalmente, ensayar una reflexión sobre la ideología de la soberanía militar en contraste con el mesianismo utópico. (shrink)

Metabolomics, including lipidomics, is emerging as a quantitative biology approach for the assessment of energy flow through metabolism and information flow through metabolic signaling; thus, providing novel insights into metabolism and its regulation, in health, healthy ageing and disease. In this forward‐looking review we provide an overview on the origins of metabolomics, on its role in this postgenomic era of biochemistry and its application to investigate metabolite role and (bio)activity, from model systems to human population studies. We present the challenges (...) inherent to this analytical science, and approaches and modes of analysis that are used to resolve, characterize and measure the infinite chemical diversity contained in the metabolome (including lipidome) of complex biological matrices. In the current outbreak of metabolic diseases such as cardiometabolic disorders, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, metabolomics appears to be ideally situated for the investigation of disease pathophysiology from a metabolite perspective. (shrink)

According to the received view in epistemology, inferential knowledge from non-knowledge is impossible – that is, in order for a subject to know the conclusion of their inference, they must know the essential premises from which that conclusion is drawn. In this book, Federico Luzzi critically examines this view, arguing that it is less plausible than intuition suggests and that it can be abandoned without substantial cost. In a discussion that ranges across inference, testimony and memory he analyses the (...) full range of challenges to the view, connecting them to epistemological cases that support those challenges. He then proposes a defeater-based framework which allows the phenomenon of knowledge from non-knowledge across these three epistemic areas to be better understood. His book will be of interest to a wide range of readers in epistemology. (shrink)

Human cerebral organoids are three-dimensional biological cultures grown in the laboratory to mimic as closely as possible the cellular composition, structure, and function of the corresponding organ, the brain. For now, cerebral organoids lack blood vessels and other characteristics of the human brain, but are also capable of having coordinated electrical activity. They have been usefully employed for the study of several diseases and the development of the nervous system in unprecedented ways. Research on human cerebral organoids is proceeding at (...) a very fast pace and their complexity is bound to improve. This raises the question of whether cerebral organoids will also be able to develop the unique feature of the human brain, consciousness. If this is the case, some ethical issues would arise. In this article, we discuss the necessary neural correlates and constraints for the emergence of consciousness according to some of the most debated neuroscientific theories. Based on this, we consider what the moral status of a potentially conscious brain organoid might be, in light of ethical and ontological arguments. We conclude by proposing a precautionary principle and some leads for further investigation. In particular, we consider the outcomes of some very recent experiments as entities of a potential new kind. (shrink)

While some form of loss of control is often assumed to be a common feature of the diverse manifestations of addiction, it is far from clear how loss of control should be understood. In this paper, I put forward a concept of decrease in control in addiction that aims to fill this gap and thus provide a general framework for thinking about addictive behavior. The development of this account involves two main steps. First, I present a view of degrees of (...) control as the degree to which an agent would be responsive to potential or counterfactual sufficient reasons to do otherwise. Second, I sketch an account of the relevant control-undermining factors in addiction that is consonant with my proposed view of degrees of control. Being a high-level functional property, reasons-responsiveness is particularly well suited to frame an account of control-undermining factors that is doubly pluralistic: it encompasses the contribution of factors both internal and external to the agent, and it is consistent with various proposals as to the precise nature of the anomaly taking place in the psychology of addiction. (shrink)

The article discusses the problems of philosophical geography, philosophical multipolarity, georationality. The debates on these issues are becoming interdisciplinary. Specialists in Eastern philosophies and cross-cultural communications as well as epistemologists, scientific methodologists, cognitive scholars, synergists became participants of the discussion held at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The problem of Eurocentrism in academic philosophy has become the main topic of discussion. The opponents of the “regional” multipolarity argued that the Western European tradition of rationality was (...) an example of the rationality per se. The proponents, who relied heavily on the ad professionem arguments, advocated multipolarity and demonstrated the irreducibility of the world-pictures, languages and ontologies of philosophical systems. A point of view was expressed that Eurocentrism had an ideological background. The disputants noted that there was need to redefine or clarify such fundamental concepts as logic, rationality, scientific rationality, universalism, processuality. The redefinition of the concept of rationality is for the studies of various types of rationality outside European cultures. Methodologists of science drew attention that the cognitive problems of intercultural communications turned out to be similar to the problems faced by theory of complexity. The analysis of philosophical, logical and other cases in various “zones of exchange” reveals a plurality of directions in the global and local socio-cultural spaces. The panelists raised the question of the role of philosophy in the global world and its responsibility in uniting nations. The authors of the article draw attention to many functions that the Western European conceptual system performs in the formation of philosophical language, mentality and communication. The dynamics of philosophical discussions, the dialogue of the West and the East lead to the clarification of philosophical positions, the emergence of new concepts and meanings as well as the formation of discourses of the future. (shrink)