O artigo trata basicamente da romaria e dos santuários populares católicos. Nascido de uma palestra feita a reitores de santuários católicos da América Latina, o artigo enfoca também o discipulado cristão como essencial no acolhimento aos romeiros. Sua perspectiva, porém, é a das ciências da religião e não a da teologia. A abordagem leva em conta as teorias sociológicas e psicoantropológicas hoje usadas na leitura do fenômeno das romarias nas religiões em geral e no cristianismo em especial. Após um rápido (...) olhar sobre o sentido do discipulado na teologia e na Bíblia, o autor enfoca mais especificamente a abordagem psicoantropológica hoje em uso na sociologia dos santuários e das romarias. Finalizando, tece algumas considerações sobre a pastoral dos santuários e a necessidade de inserir o acolhimento religioso dos romeiros num contexto marcado pelo chamado turismo religioso. Palavras-chave: Santuários católicos; Pastoral das romarias; Discipulado; Psicologia da religião; Turismo religioso. ABSTRACT This article focuses on a discussion about Christian discipleship in the pastoral context of popular sanctuaries of the Catholic Church in Latin America. It is a reflection presented during the Latin American Congress of Catholic Sanctuaries in Aparecida, Brazil, in 2005. It considers different questions involved in the discussion, from the viewpoint of modern psycho-anthropology of pilgrimages and sanctuaries. After a short biblical-theological explanation of the meaning of Christian discipleship in theology and in the Bible, the article attempts to show what modern Brazilian and English-speaking experts in Anthropology and Pastoral Theology think about pilgrimages both in Christian and in non-Christian religions. Finally, it discusses the sanctuaries’ pastoral and the need to insert a religious welcome to pilgrims in the context of religious tourism. Key words: Catholic sanctuaries; Pastoral of pilgrimages; Discipleship; Psychology of Religion; Religious tourism. (shrink)

Resumo: O corpo está por toda parte: ele é aquele que «está irreparavelmente aqui» onde estou, eu que não «posso me deslocar sem ele», já disse o filósofo. Talvez por isso mesmo seja tão antigo e tão insistente o movimento que, multiplicando as metáforas para dizer sua presença, visa de fato a maior parte do tempo seu ocultamento. Assim, se é possível falar aqui de uma cartografia, ela sem dúvida designará o intenso movimento filosófico de ocultamento do corpo, que paradoxalmente (...) dá a ver o que tanto se buscou evitar: é que o corpo sempre resiste, insistindo em se fazer disponível aos «mundos múltiplos e divergentes» que a cada vez a arte aproxima. Palavras-chave: Corpo. Movimento. Formação humana. Cartography of the body and unmanageability: The body is everywhere: he is «is irreparably here» where I am, for «I cannot move without him», as the philosopher said. Perhaps it is why this ancient and persistent movement that multiplies the metaphors to tell its presence seeks in fact its concealment most of the time. Thus, if it is possible to speak about a cartography, it will undoubtedly designate the intense philosophical movement of body concealment, which paradoxically hints at what it has sought so much to avoid: is that the body always resists, insisting on making itself available to « multiple and divergent worlds» which art approaches each time. Keywords: Body. Mouvement. Human Formation. Cartographies du corps et de l’ingovernabilité Résumé: Le corps est partout: « il est ici irréparablement» où je suis, car «je ne peux pas me déplacer sans lui», comme le philosophe l’a dit. Et c’est peut-être là la raison par laquelle, à force de multiplier les métaphores pour signaler as présence, ce que lui vise, finalement, la plupart du temps est bien son effacement. Ainsi, s’il nous est permis de parler de cartographie, elle devra sans doute désigner cet intense mouvement philosophique d’oubli du corps, qui finalement révèle ce qui l’on a tellement voulu éviter : car le corps résiste, à chaque fois, et qu’il insiste de se faire disponible aux «mondes multiples et divergents» que, à chaque fois, l’art rend présent. Mots-clés: Corps. Mouvement. Formation humaine. (shrink)

Este trabajo se centra en la gestión de los bienes naturales comunes, y desarrolla brevemente dos enfoques sobre el ambiente y su cuidado; destaca las ventajas de un enfoque interdisciplinario en la gestión comunal de los bienes naturales y en la consiguiente elaboración de políticas ambientales. Se analiza la gestión comunal de estos bienes comunes partiendo de la noción de responsabilidad fuerte, que cuestiona la concepción de las personas como agentes autointeresados, y se identifican requisitos ineludibles: adecuación a las condiciones (...) sociales y ecológicas de cada lugar, información completa y relevante, procesos democráticos de decisión y reconocimiento por parte de los gobiernos de la capacidad y el derecho de los usuarios de elaborar sus propias normas y monitorear su cumplimiento. (shrink)

Ian Rumfitt (2000) developed a bilateralist account of logic in which the meaning of the connectives is given by conditions on asserted and rejected sentences. An additional set of inference rules, the coordination principles, determines the interaction of assertion and rejection. Fernando Ferreira (2008) found this account defective, as Rumfitt must state the coordination principles for arbitrary complex sentences. Rumfitt (2008) has a reply, but we argue that the problem runs deeper than he acknowledges and is in fact related to (...) the challenge of establishing proof-theoretic harmony. We motivate a distinctively bilateral criterion for harmony and show how the bilateralist can meet it. This also resolves Ferreira's complaint. (shrink)

BackgroundHIV prevention research in resource-limited countries is associated with a variety of ethical dilemmas. Key amongst these is the question of what constitutes an appropriate standard of health care (SoC) for participants in HIV prevention trials. This paper describes a community-focused approach to develop a locally-appropriate SoC in the context of a phase III vaginal microbicide trial in Mwanza City, northwest Tanzania.MethodsA mobile community-based sexual and reproductive health service for women working as informal food vendors or in traditional and modern (...) bars, restaurants, hotels and guesthouses has been established in 10 city wards. Wards were divided into geographical clusters and community representatives elected at cluster and ward level. A city-level Community Advisory Committee (CAC) with representatives from each ward has been established. Workshops and community meetings at ward and city-level have explored project-related concerns using tools adapted from participatory learning and action techniques e.g. chapati diagrams, pair-wise ranking. Secondary stakeholders representing local public-sector and non-governmental health and social care providers have formed a trial Stakeholders' Advisory Group (SAG), which includes two CAC representatives.ResultsKey recommendations from participatory community workshops, CAC and SAG meetings conducted in the first year of the trial relate to the quality and range of clinic services provided at study clinics as well as broader standard of care issues. Recommendations have included streamlining clinic services to reduce waiting times, expanding services to include the children and spouses of participants and providing care for common local conditions such as malaria. Participants, community representatives and stakeholders felt there was an ethical obligation to ensure effective access to antiretroviral drugs and to provide supportive community-based care for women identified as HIV positive during the trial. This obligation includes ensuring sustainable, post-trial access to these services. Post-trial access to an effective vaginal microbicide was also felt to be a moral imperative.ConclusionParticipatory methodologies enabled effective partnerships between researchers, participant representatives and community stakeholders to be developed and facilitated local dialogue and consensus on what constitutes a locally-appropriate standard of care in the context of a vaginal microbicide trial in this setting.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN64716212. (shrink)

Recommender Systems (RecSys) have been around since the early days of the Internet, helping users navigate the vast ocean of information and the increasingly available options that have been available for us ever since. The range of tasks for which one could use a RecSys is expanding as the technical capabilities grow, with the disruption of Machine Learning representing a tipping point in this domain, as in many others. However, the increase of the technical capabilities of AI-powered RecSys did not (...) come with a thorough consideration of their ethical implications and, despite being a well-established technical domain, the potential impacts of RecSys on their users are still under-assessed. This paper aims at filling this gap in regards to one of the main impacts of RecSys: personal autonomy. We first describe how technology can affect human values and a suitable methodology to identify these effects and mitigate potential harms: Value Sensitive Design (VSD). We use VSD to carry out a conceptual investigation of personal autonomy in the context of a generic RecSys and draw on a nuanced account of procedural autonomy to focus on two components: competence and authenticity. We provide the results of our inquiry as a value hierarchy and apply it to the design of a speculative RecSys as an example. (shrink)

El artículo pretende analizar, a través de la historia, la cuestión de la patologización trans*, que ha contado y cuenta con una oposición bastante amplia por parte de diversos colectivos. El debate político de la cuestión (por medio de la petición de normativas y leyes que regulen determinados aspectos de la identidad) hace que una cuestión individual como es la identidad haya pasado a ser un tema colectivo. Que sea asunto colectivo hace que sea imposible desligar la biología de la (...) medicina, el derecho o la política. Es esta interdisciplinariedad lo que dota hoy en día a la cuestión trans* de tanta relevancia, tampoco exenta de polémica con otros movimientos sociales, como las redes sociales han venido mostrando últimamente. No obstante, es la gran visibilidad que ha obtenido por diferentes medios la cuestión trans* lo que la hace susceptible de múltiples análisis, que, como se ha dicho anteriormente, no se limitan a una única disciplina o a un único punto de vista. (shrink)

In order to develop a collaborative experience of reflexive writing, this article explores the ethnographic process through two communication devices used by the authors in their respective fieldwork: tarot readings and evolutionary astrology. Reflecting on their distinct (if not opposing) backgrounds, the authors explore and interpret how their different backgrounds and conversational devices shape their ethnographic experience as a process of revealing the unknown, following the not-knowing approach (Anderson, 1997). The dialogic exchange also reveals how the not-knowing approach affects the (...) collaborative aspect of the reflexive writing experience. (shrink)

The relationship between Sacred Scripture and sacred Tradition is one of the areas that Pope John Paul II indicated in the encyclical Ut unum sint as being in need of fuller study in the ecumenical dialogue. The studies carried out during Vatican II with the aid and reflection of theologians and the preparation of alternative proposals, both official and unofficial, helped to change the whole approach, thus paving the way for the doctrinal Constitution on Divine Revelation. An essential component of (...) this approach is the introduction to the first chapter on Revelation. It introduced a qualitative rather than quantitative approach to the relationship between Scripture and Tradition. Moreover, when these are both linked to the one and only source, Revelation, Tradition is mostly presented as a vibrant and dynamic process guided by the Spirit, necessary for the conservation of the Gospel. This vision, in consonance with the reflection that was being made on the theme by the ecumenical movement during the years of the Council, has contributed to an opening up of dialogue that aims for consensus in areas that have divided Christian Churches for so long. (shrink)

La obra de Harari es una proyección hacia el futuro de la situación actual de la humanidad. Está fundada en tres supuestos básicos: materialismo, cientificismo y ateísmo. Debido al fuerte reduccionismo de sus supuestos, su explicación de lo humano y del futuro de lo humano queda en una especulación interesante de conocer pero que carece de objetividad.

La Allgemeine Psychopatologiede Karl Jaspers es una obra clave del pensamiento del siglo XX. Une de forma interdisciplinar la medicina, la psicología y la filosofía existencial. De entre los conceptos que trata, este ensayo verá la función del concepto de símbolo y a través de él la función de la Filosofía como guía de la Psiquiatría y de la Psicopatología en general. En la Psiquiatría contemporánea cada vez se da más importancia a la “simbolización” como concepto clave bajo el que (...) el sujeto humano interpreta su existencia. El símbolo es un esquema de realidad que se construye y reconstruye continuamente a través de las experiencias del ser humano. Puede decirse entonces que, a través del símbolo, el ser humano construye su mundo. En esa construcción, la Filosofía puede suponer una ayuda si se plantea como “ansia de saber” o, en su lugar, como una rémora si se presenta como una totalidad omnicomprehensiva inflexible bajo la que subsumen todas las experiencias de la vida. (shrink)

Among the many applications of artificial intelligence (AI), virtual assistants are one of the tools most likely to grow in the future. The development of these systems may play an increasingly important role in many facets of our lives. Therefore, given their potential importance and present and future weight, it is worthwhile to analyze what kind of challenges they entail. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the ethical aspects of artificial virtual assistants. First, we provide a conceptual (...) clarification of the term ‘virtual assistant’, including different types of interfaces and recommender systems. Second, we address three ethical issues related to the deployment of these systems: their effects on human agency and autonomy and the subsequent cognitive dependence they would generate; the human obsolescence that may cause a generalized extension of the dependence problem; and the invasions of privacy that virtual assistants may cause. Finally, we outline the debates about the use of virtual assistants to improve human moral decisions and some areas in which these systems can be applied. (shrink)

This article is an introduction to the Synthese Special Issue, Philosophy of Epidemiology. The overall goals of the issue are to revisit the state of philosophy of epidemiology and to provide a forum for new voices, approaches, and perspectives in the philosophy of epidemiology literature. The introduction begins by drawing on Geoffrey Rose’s work on how to conceptualize and design interventions for populations, rather than individuals. It then goes on to highlight some themes that emerged in the articles that make (...) up the issue: philosophy of epidemiology and epidemiological theory—what they are and what they ought to be, pluralism in measurement and causal attribution, epistemic and non-epistemic values in disputes epidemiological practices, decentering philosophy of epidemiology’s Eurocentrism, letting pragmatism guide uses of big data in epidemiology, and revisiting the lessons of classic texts in epidemiological causal inference. The introduction concludes with comments on a philosophy of epidemiology debate we see on, regarding the politics of philosophy of epidemiology. (shrink)

Starting on Bourdieu’s approach to precariousness, this article analyzes this phenomenon as a new flexible norm that displaces the Fordist social norm. The authors argue, based on Gramsci’s study of Fordism, that precarization creates a mechanism of discipline for the legitimization of the loss of both labour and social rights, destroying the Keynesian social pact. Such disciplining happens coercively, both by the use of new technologies and by the generalization of the function of Marx’s industrial reserve army to all productive (...) strata; and also, by consensus, through a transformation in the work culture, leading to a “new flexible man” with a flagrant loss of its autonomy. (shrink)