Dans le contexte social et politique actuel, n'est-il pas nécessaire que les soignants réfléchissent à leur pratique au cas où le législateur envisagerait une dépénalisation de l'euthanasie? Ce livre relate le parcours effectué par des médecins de soins palliatifs qui se sont confrontés à cette question. II expose une réflexion basée sur la pratique clinique en institution et à domicile. Il est une invitation pour le lecteur à un cheminement, certes personnel, mais aussi collectif. Les champs concernés sont variés : (...) analyse de la volonté de mourir, identification de typologies de situations, propositions de soins et d'accompagnement, recherche d'alternatives à l'euthanasie, élaboration de compromis, approfondissement des repères du soin... La question de la transgression est aussi abordée. En effet, les auteurs demeurent opposés à une dépénalisation de l'euthanasie. Pour autant, peut-on, dans des situations exceptionnelles, défendre la légitimité d'un homicide, que le cadre légal soit modifié ou non? l'eut-on énoncer des repères pratiques et éthiques pour construire au mieux la délibération? Au terme de leur travail, les auteurs s'interrogent plus généralement sur le développement des soins palliatifs en cas de dépénalisation de l'euthanasie. Ce livre s'adresse à tous les publics. En effet, si le législateur décide de dépénaliser l'euthanasie, cela modifiera certes les conceptions du soin, mais aussi les modalités du "vivre ensemble". Si l'interdit de l'homicide n'est plus un repère collectif, chaque citoyen, chaque soignant, chaque équipe devra constituer ses propres repères afin de déterminer ce qui fait sens ou non sens pour le patient, ses proches, mais aussi pour l'ensemble de la société. (shrink)

Le projet Mémoires de Lubumbashi, créé en 2000, a pour objectif de collecter des sources orales sur l’histoire de cette ville minière (deuxième ville du Congo et capitale du Katanga), ainsi que des sources picturales et des objets. L’objectif est de fournir un contre-point aux sources écrites coloniales pour venir dessiner une histoire plurielle de la ville, en proposant une démarche participative et inclusive aux habitants. Des récits de vie des travailleurs de l’Union Minière du Haut-Katanga pendant la période coloniale, (...) des récits également de leurs compagnes et de leurs filles, trop souvent oubliées des enquêtes historiques, des photographies familiales, des créations de théâtre populaire en kiswahili (surtout de la troupe Mufwankolo) qui évoquent le quotidien de la colonisation, des répertoires de chansons populaires sont autant d’exemples de cette large collecte. C’est à une conception de l’histoire en lien avec les citoyens que l’auteur nous invite, attaché à écrire les vies quotidiennes des « sans voix ». (shrink)

The aim of this essay is to provisionally put forward a definition of “system” as a mode of reflection that, as its Greek etymology suggests, “holds together” and rests upon a conception of philosophical discourse as a kind of arborescence. From a common trunk, as it were, the branches delimiting the domains of philosophy would emanate. Fundamentally, the system would then be the form taken by the action called “philosophizing” and would constitute the material form of “Philosophy” – which would (...) assume, to a certain extent, the role of structure. (shrink)

L'ambition de cet ouvrage est d'illustrer à la fois comment la philosophie conceptualise le conflit et comment elle s'efforce d'en résoudre les dangers inhérents. Plutôt que de proposer un aperçu purement abstrait de la notion de « conflit », l'ensemble des travaux se focalise sur la confrontation des philosophes à des problèmes historiques tels que la guerre, la dissension sociale, la tyrannie, ou encore le sport. -/- .

Many groups of closely related species have reticulate phylogenies. Recent genomic analyses are showing this in many insects and vertebrates, as well as in microbes and plants. In microbes, lateral gene transfer is the dominant process that spoils strictly tree‐like phylogenies, but in multicellular eukaryotes hybridization and introgression among related species is probably more important. Because many species, including the ancestors of ancient major lineages, seem to evolve rapidly in adaptive radiations, some sexual compatibility may exist among them. Introgression and (...) reticulation can thereby affect all parts of the tree of life, not just the recent species at the tips. Our understanding of adaptive evolution, speciation, phylogenetics, and comparative biology must adapt to these mostly recent findings. Introgression has important practical implications as well, not least for the management of genetically modified organisms in pest and disease control. (shrink)

Historians and philosophers of science agree that Darwin had an understanding of species which led to a workable theory of their origins. To Darwin species did not differ essentially from ‘varieties’ within species, but were distinguishable in that they had developed gaps in formerly continuous morphological variation. Similar ideas can be defended today after updating them with modern population genetics. Why then, in the 1930s and 1940s, did Dobzhansky, Mayr and others argue that Darwin failed to understand species and speciation? (...) Mayr and Dobzhansky argued that reproductively isolated species were more distinct and ‘real’ than Darwin had proposed. Believing species to be inherently cohesive, Mayr inferred that speciation normally required geographic isolation, an argument that he believed, incorrectly, Darwin had failed to appreciate. Also, before the sociobiology revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, biologists often argued that traits beneficial to whole populations would spread. Reproductive isolation was thus seen as an adaptive trait to prevent disintegration of species. Finally, molecular genetic markers did not exist, and so a presumed biological function of species, reproductive isolation, seemed to delimit cryptic species better than character-based criteria like Darwin’s. Today, abundant genetic markers are available and widely used to delimit species, for example using assignment tests: genetics has replaced a Darwinian reliance on morphology for detecting gaps between species. In the 150th anniversary of The Origin of Species , we appear to be returning to more Darwinian views on species, and to a fuller appreciation of what Darwin meant. (shrink)

Cilia are unique eukaryotic organelles and exhibit remarkable conservation across evolution. Nevertheless, very different types of configurations are encountered, raising the question of their evolution. Cilia are constructed by intraflagellar transport (IFT), the movement of large protein complexes or trains that deliver cilia components to the distal tip for assembly. Recent data revealed that IFT trains are restricted to some but not all nine doublet microtubules in the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Here, we propose that restricted positioning of IFT trains could (...) offer potent options for cilia to evolve towards more complex (addition of new structural elements like in spermatozoa) or simpler configuration (loss of some elements like in primary cilia), and therefore be a driver of cilia diversification. We present two hypotheses to explain how IFT trains could be restricted to some doublets, either by a triage process taking place at the basal body level or by the development of molecular differences between ciliary microtubules. (shrink)

Information and communication technologies , with their increasing and widespread utilization in daily life, may exert an important impact on brain performances. The development of their use for improving several cerebral processes, by abolishing the brain/machine interface, is envisaged and is subject to debate. The scientific research on brain implants and brain gene transfer aiming to restore central nervous system functions, altered by disease or trauma, may contribute to this debate. Indeed, the advances that are enabling non drug-mediated approaches for (...) direct interventions on the brain are raising the possibility not only of restoring neural functions for therapeutic purposes, but also of monitoring, controlling and ultimately modifying from the outside these functions for enhancement. This paper gives an overview of the state of the art of brain implants and brain gene transfer for neurological diseases with a particular emphasis on Parkinson’s disease and a forecast on their possible application for other conditions. In doing so, the authors, who are neuroscientists working in the field of gene transfer for neuropsychiatric diseases, aim to establish a scientifically, medically and technically realistic framework to open up discussion on relevant ethical issues in this domain. (shrink)

In a departure from the tradition of the Neoplatonic commentators of the Organon, the sequence of summaries in the insert two treatises between the Prior Analytics and the Posterior Analytics, namely the Resolution and the Sophistical Refutations. And even though the Tal30), while it. The contents of kitl and the different titles that the fahiktist), lead one to realize that it is an addition to the Prior Analytics offering a theory concerning the generation of the premisses of the syllogism, something (...) that may have appeared to Alfarabi as missing from Kits. (shrink)

Cet article a déjà paru dans Espacetemps.net en avril 2013. Nous remercions Sandra Mallet de nous avoir autorisé à le republier ici. Résumé : Qu'apportent les politiques temporelles et les Bureaux des Temps dans les façons de penser l'urbanisme? Apparus en France à la fin des années 1990, l'originalité et l'intérêt de leur démarche repose sur leur volonté d'intégrer la pluralité des rythmes urbains dans l'aménagement des territoires. La prise en compte de cette pluralité s'exprime dans les actions sous (...) - Géographie – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Cet article a déjà paru dans Justice spatiale-Spatial Justice, n° 6, juin 2014. Nous remercions Sandra Mallet de nous avoir autorisé à le reproduire ici. Le processus de néolibéralisation joue un rôle prépondérant dans la restructuration des rythmes collectifs. Un temps linéaire s'impose, redéfinissant les rythmes et provoquant un effacement des temps « secondaires », traditionnellement hors du travail et de la production. Le modèle d'une ville en continu fonctionnant 24h/24, 7j/7, interroge, ce qui - Géographie – Nouvel article.

Alfred Fouillée écrit à une époque marquée par l'affrontement de la France et de l'Allemagne et par la crainte d'une déchirure de la société face à l'emprise croissante des idées révolutionnaires et au déclin irréversible des formes traditionnelles d'autorité. Ses ouvrages consacrés à la "question sociale" ont assuré sa notoriété jusqu'à en faire le "parrain intellectuel" de la Troisième République, ce qui peut aussi expliquer le relatif oubli dont il est l'objet.Pourtant la signification et la portée de l'œuvre d'Alfred Fouillée (...) ne se réduisent pas à cette dimension. Il est aussi l'auteur d'une philosophie évolutionniste de la vie dont l'idée-force est le concept central. La vie est la synthèse de la force et de l'idée, et l'évolution est le processus par lequel l'accent passe de la force à l'idée. Du vivant au social, l'idée-force devient idéal et l'évolution, initialement involontaire, devient réforme volontaire. Si elle commence avec l'égoïsme et la lutte pour la vie, l'évolution ne prend son sens que par sa fin, l'altruisme et la fraternité. C'est pourquoi la démocratie est l'idée-force en politique, même si, du fait que l'évolution requiert maintenant la volonté et la liberté, la crise est le régime normal de la démocratie, si l'ont sait voir en elle l'aiguillon qui l'incite à s'approcher de son idéal. Pages de début Introduction. Philosopher et servir son pays I. Refonder la société II. Une philosophie de l'évolution III. Unesociologie réformiste Conclusion Bibliographie complémentaire Pages de fin. (shrink)

Ces remarques sont suscitées par la lecture de l’article de Philippe Perrot. Comme lui nous récusons la dévaluation dont l’écrit, par rapport à la parole, est souvent l’objet. Mais nous pensons qu’il n’est pas nécessaire pour cela de penser « contre Platon ». Il convient toutefois de cesser de confondre « dialogue socratique » et « dialogue platonicien ». L’écriture, en ce qu’elle appelle la lecture, rend possible une forme nouvelle de dialogue : le dialogue de l’âme avec elle-même.

La survenue d’une maladie grave chez l’enfant vient percuter et modifier de manière considérable les liens intrafamiliaux. C’est à partir du moment inaugural de l’annonce diagnostique, dans un échange de regards avec ses parents, que l’enfant prendra conscience de la gravité de sa maladie. C’est aussi en fonction de la réaction à venir de ses parents, au fil de l’évolution de la maladie et au gré des traitements, que l’enfant va lui-même, en tant que sujet porteur de sa propre histoire, (...) éprouver les effets psychiques de cette maladie et lui conférer un sens particulier. D’un point de vue de psychologue exerçant en oncologie pédiatrique, il s’agit ici d’éclairer les enjeux psychiques liés à l’irruption d’un cancer chez l’enfant en portant une attention particulière sur la manière dont cet événement éprouvant est vécu par ses parents et dont on peut en retrouver les effets dans le discours de l’enfant. La possibilité pour l’enfant de dire ce qu’il perçoit dans le regard meurtri de ses parents porté sur lui nous semble contribuer à l’appropriation de l’épreuve de la maladie, voire au dépassement de celle-ci. (shrink)

Pierre des Noyers, secretary of Queen of Poland Louise-Marie Gonzaga, is known for his role as a messenger, envoy, court journalist and sometimes propagandist. His work as an unofficial diplomat for the Queen and ambassador for France is less famous though no less interesting. Even though he was already quite involved in these time-consuming tasks, Pierre des Noyers also acted as a scientific intermediary for the quite curious Queen Louise-Marie of Poland. He maintained contacts with many scholars from France and (...) Italy. He could nurture this network thanks to his position as an informal diplomat at the court of the Queen and his dedication to science in general. Even by discarding his most official and political letters, his known correspondence amounts to several hundred letters written in a period of around 50 years to various friends and scholars. Roberval, Gassendi, Boulliau, Hevelius or Pascal are among these contacts and he plays for most of them the role of a scientific intermediary sharing with them observations, books and anecdotes. His letters are filled with astronomical observations, prodigies and prophecies. Des Noyers was also a practitioner of science. Having possessed a rather large collection of scientific instruments he always sought the improved ones and his daily life was marked by scientific studies. He wrote meteorological bulletins for Academia del Cimento in Florence, studied the measurement of time, observed the sun and showed interest in the inner workings of the human body. This article will delve further into more scientific aspects of Pierre des Noyers’s life, both at the court of Louise-Marie and outside. The first part presents a rough overview of the secretary’s contacts in the scientific environment of 17th Century France and how they were used to connect scholars from Poland with this environment. The second part of this work presents Pierre des Noyers’s practice of science as a tool to understand the world and for which utmost diligence in measurement and practice is required. The last part focuses on des Noyers’s application of this scientific method in two, now pseudo-scientific fields: astrology and divination. (shrink)

The author investigates the different readings of Ibn ufayPs epistle, ayy b. Yaqan. Following a suggestion by L. Gauthier, who simply asked that the epistle should be read as a whole, the author adds alAbd al- ab r's reading, which does justice only to what Asl. This impasse in the readings of ayy b. Yaqān reveals what is missing, namely an understanding of the tale which fundamentally conforms to several of Alfarabi's teachings, though not to L. Gauthier's interpretation.

In Ancient Greece, the relation between war and peace used to have an ambiguous meaning. War was considered as a normal state and peace was seen only as an exception or a temporary truce during a long lasting conflict. But peace and political stability were also valued: the aim of war was never the total annihilation of the opponent. Besides this opposition, there was a balance between war and peace during these times and this conception, inherited from the heroic times, (...) lasted until the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. This event redefined the relation between war and peace. The meaning of conflict moved from polemos, as codified conflict between cities, to stasis, as civil war. War was less perceived as something positive and more people valued peace and stability. Plato’s political thought was developed in this context as a potential answer to this redefinition of conflict as well as the threat of an excessive and radical conception of war. However, Plato had to face an exigent challenge. No political regime was able to establish peace anymore, so Plato needed to create a brand new political system to solve the problems raised by the Peloponnesian War. The goal of this paper will be to present Plato’s response to these political challenges by showing that his response is deeply innovative for his time but also profoundly rooted in a traditional conception of conflict that was already obsolete when he wrote his masterpieces. (shrink)

This paper reports on the meeting of the Sounding Board of the EU Reprogenetics Project that was held in Budapest, Hungary, 6–9 November 2005. The Reprogenetics Project runs from 2004 until 2007 and has a brief to study the ethical aspects of human reproductive cloning and germline gene therapy. Discussions during The Budapest Meeting are reported in depth in this paper as well as the initiatives to involve the participating groups and others in ongoing collaborations with the goal of forming (...) an integrated network of European resources in the fields of ethics of science. (shrink)

This paper reports on the meeting of the Sounding Board of the EU Reprogenetics Project that was held in Budapest, Hungary, 6–9 November 2005. The Reprogenetics Project runs from 2004 until 2007 and has a brief to study the ethical aspects of human reproductive cloning and germline gene therapy. Discussions during The Budapest Meeting are reported in depth in this paper as well as the initiatives to involve the participating groups and others in ongoing collaborations with the goal of forming (...) an integrated network of European resources in the fields of ethics of science. (shrink)

This paper reports on the meeting of the Sounding Board of the EU Reprogenetics Project that was held in Budapest, Hungary, 6–9 November 2005. The Reprogenetics Project runs from 2004 until 2007 and has a brief to study the ethical aspects of human reproductive cloning and germline gene therapy. Discussions during The Budapest Meeting are reported in depth in this paper as well as the initiatives to involve the participating groups and others in ongoing collaborations with the goal of forming (...) an integrated network of European resources in the fields of ethics of science. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

The balance between births and deaths in an age-structured population is strongly influenced by the spatial distribution of sub-populations. Our aim was to describe the demographic process of a fish population in an hierarchical dendritic river network, by taking into account the possible movements of individuals. We tried also to quantify the effect of river network changes (damming or channelling) on the global fish population dynamics. The Salmo trutta life pattern was taken as an example for.We proposed a model which (...) includes the demographic and the migration processes, considering migration fast compared to demography. The population was divided into three age-classes and subdivided into fifteen spatial patches, thus having 45 state variables. Both processes were described by means of constant transfer coefficients, so we were dealing with a linear system of difference equations. The discrete case of the variable aggregation method allowed the study of the system through the dominant elements of a much simpler linear system with only three global variables: the total number of individuals in each age-class. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca enfocar la correlación entre el uso de la energía, el espacio, el territorio y el desarrollo local, teniendo en cuenta la utilización del gas natural en las cerámicas de Mato Grosso del Sur/Brasil. La importancia de los hechos geográficos es pautada por muchos parámetros, como el paso del tiempo, los nuevos descubrimientos tecnológicos, las necesidades de materias primas, los objetivos nacionales e internacionales y la ética de las relaciones internacionales. El gas natural no es utilizado aún (...) como fuente alternativa de energía en gran escala en el Estado. Puede ser considerado como uno de los resultados de la valorización de la política socio económica, de la cultura local y del medio ambiente preservado como parte de la identidad local del ser humano al mejorar su calidad de vida. (shrink)

Normal fetal development is dependent upon an intricate exchange between mother and embryo. Several maternal and embryonic elements can influence this intimate interaction, including genetic, environmental or epigenetic factors, and have a significant impact on embryo development. The interaction of the genetic program of both mother and embryo, within the uterine environment, can shape the development of an individual. Accumulating data from animal models indicate that prenatal events may well initiate long‐term changes in the expression of the embryo genetic program, (...) which persist, or may only become apparent, much later in the individual's life. Also, environmental conditions during prenatal development may prompt the adoption of different developmental pathways, leading to alternative life histories. This review focuses on environmental factors, specifically maternally derived molecules, to illustrate how they can influence in utero embryonic development and, by extension, adult life. (shrink)