During the last decades there has been an upsurge in research on xenophobic populist parties, mirroring their political successes. In the Swedish context, characterised by neoliberal restructuring, issues of ‘race’, citizenship and belonging have been important elements of the public debate. These issues have unfolded in parallel with the presence of a neo-Nazi social movement and the emergence of two new parliamentary parties in which cultural racism has been central. Research has especially focused on the xenophobic content and how to (...) relate these parties to the wider research on party politics in western liberal democracies. While there have been some studies focusing on gendered differences in voting and activism highlighting the peripheral role of women, there are still very few studies analysing the worldview of women active in these parties, and the role of gender as metaphor, identity and policy within these parties. Inspired by feminist, postcolonial and Marxist research, the authors of this article are interested in analysing the worldview of women activists. The material is composed of 20 in-depth interviews with female Sweden Democrat politicians complemented by party texts and participant observation. The aim of the article is to explore how women within a Swedish version of these parties, the Sweden Democrats, name and reflect upon their experiences, especially focusing on how a care rhetoric is used in their narratives. These women have chosen to represent a racist party. What inspires them? What visions of gender evolve from their worldview? (shrink)

We take our own life stories as points of departure to look at some of the ways in which women were politicized in Argentina and West Germany (our respective countries of origin), focusing on similarities as well as differences in our politicization processes. We aim at putting present discussions about global political movements into a historical perspective. We want also to illuminate the centrality of political identities in the construction of specific (gendered) subjectivities. Our focus lies on theorizing the ways (...) through which privileged (gendered) identities critically re-read their own position and transform their own understanding of themselves and the world through the field of the political. Methodologically, we want to contribute to ways of re-thinking Feminist methodologies by experimenting with a form of analysis in which we are alternately the subject and the object of our research process. The aim of this intervention is to transgress the binary oppositions between researcher/researched and challenge traditional understanding of social science where researchers provide analysis and informants have ‘experience’. One of our conclusions is that the 68 movement provided subject positions for living alternative normalities as an ‘insider-outside’, that is, for those who belonged to normalized groups in their respective societies, but for different reasons (of which we analyse some concerning our formation as ‘women’) could not identify with the dominant normalities offered to them. At the same time, the dominant male instrumentality of the movement estranged (some) women and allowed them (or forced them into) a kind of distanced engagement that, perhaps paradoxically, provided a basis for sustaining their political subjectivities through transformative experiences of defeat. (shrink)

Meyers examines the question of personal autonomy. She observes the effects of childrearing practices and sexual biases, and reflects upon the results in women. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

ABSTRACT This article seeks, from a growing production of works in which literary narratives operate as verbal and visual languages in dialogue, to approach the formats widely found in bookstores, libraries, and in the hands of readers: comics and picturebooks. Thinking about the similarities and differences between them, we can understand how multimodal literature transits between the resources of these formats, without losing aesthetic quality and continuity, that is, highlighting the fluidity between them. To this end, we analyzed theoretical references (...) (McCloud, 2005; Nikolajeva and Scott, 2011; Linden, 2011) and observed two narratives that do not reflect the traditional parameters of these formats: In the Night Kitchen (1970), by Maurice Sendak and Are We There Yet? (2016) by Dan Santat. We reflect, therefore, on this confrontation of borders that reveals a need for a broader understanding of literature. (shrink)

New Materialisms brings into focus and explains the significance of the innovative materialist critiques that are emerging across the social sciences and humanities. By gathering essays that exemplify the new thinking about matter and processes of materialization, this important collection shows how scholars are reworking older materialist traditions, contemporary theoretical debates, and advances in scientific knowledge to address pressing ethical and political challenges. In the introduction, Diana Coole and Samantha Frost highlight common themes among the distinctive critical projects that (...) comprise the new materialisms. The continuities they discern include a posthumanist conception of matter as lively or exhibiting agency, and a reengagement with both the material realities of everyday life and broader geopolitical and socioeconomic structures. Coole and Frost argue that contemporary economic, environmental, geopolitical, and technological developments demand new accounts of nature, agency, and social and political relationships; modes of inquiry that privilege consciousness and subjectivity are not adequate to the task. New materialist philosophies are needed to do justice to the complexities of twenty-first-century biopolitics and political economy, because they raise fundamental questions about the place of embodied humans in a material world and the ways that we produce, reproduce, and consume our material environment. Contributors Sara Ahmed Jane Bennett Rosi Braidotti Pheng Cheah Rey Chow William E. Connolly Diana Coole Jason Edwards Samantha Frost Elizabeth Grosz Sonia Kruks Melissa A. Orlie. (shrink)

In this brief and powerful book, Diana Fuss takes on the debate of pure essence versus social construct, engaging with the work of Luce Irigaray and Monique ...

Verbal communication leaves room for interpretative disputes. Speakers can argue about what they mean by their words and negotiate their commitments in conversation. This article examines the deniability of implicitly communicated contents and addresses the question of what makes an act of denial seem more or less plausible to the addressee. I argue that denials bring about a process of reconstruction of the context of interpretation of the speaker's utterance and I illustrate how considerations of cognitive utility are the key (...) determinant for distinguishing plausible from merely possible deniability. (shrink)

The intensification of cross-sector collaboration phenomena has occurred in multiple fields of action. Organizations in the private, public, and social sectors are working together to tackle society’s most wicked problems. Some success has resulted in a generalized belief that cross-sector collaborations represent the new paradigm to manage complex problems. Yet, important knowledge gaps remain about how cross-sector alliances generate value for society, particularly to its beneficiaries. This paper answers the question: How cross-sector collaborations lead to systemic change? It uses a (...) qualitative embedded case study design. I use two general cases of alliance-based interventions in the developing country Colombia. Embedded cases within each general case identify evidence of collective action capacity of the beneficiaries. Findings identify and explain alliances’ contributions to beneficiaries’ capacity building: brokering trust and creating spaces where beneficiaries develop an emergent collective action capacity. Alliances also enable beneficiaries to enact that capacity by building bridges, circulating capitals, and buffering relationships to protect people’s initiatives. Alliances and empowered collectives of beneficiaries produce systemic change using five mechanisms: brokering trust, creating spaces, building bridges, circulating capitals, and buffering relationships. Beneficiaries increased capacity for collective action is an outcome that becomes an alliance input, leading overtime to further benefits involving systemic change. (shrink)

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging, multidisciplinary field of research that seeks to develop methods and tools for making AI systems more explainable or interpretable. XAI researchers increasingly recognise explainability as a context-, audience- and purpose-sensitive phenomenon, rather than a single well-defined property that can be directly measured and optimised. However, since there is currently no overarching definition of explainability, this poses a risk of miscommunication between the many different researchers within this multidisciplinary space. This is the problem we (...) seek to address in this paper. We outline a framework, called Explanatory Pragmatism, which we argue has two attractive features. First, it allows us to conceptualise explainability in explicitly context-, audience- and purpose-relative terms, while retaining a unified underlying definition of explainability. Second, it makes visible any normative disagreements that may underpin conflicting claims about explainability regarding the purposes for which explanations are sought. Third, it allows us to distinguish several dimensions of AI explainability. We illustrate this framework by applying it to a case study involving a machine learning model for predicting whether patients suffering disorders of consciousness were likely to recover consciousness. (shrink)

El presente trabajo estudió la relación entre el derecho a la identidad en toda su esfera y la prohibición del anonimato de donantes de gametos en la aplicación de técnicas de reproducción humana asistida. La metodología se desarrolló desde un enfoque cualitativo, se utilizaron los métodos inductivo-deductivo, dogmático, histórico-lógico, comparativo y analítico-sintético, la técnica aplicada fue la revisión bibliográfica de ley, doctrina y jurisprudencia. Como conclusión se estableció la vulneración de derechos al inexistir una ley que regule el anonimato de (...) donantes. Adicionalmente se sugiere que, el Estado ecuatoriano cuente con una normativa completa, rígida y sobre todo garantista de los derechos de los intervinientes en las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida, de manera especial a las personas nacidas a través de gametos donados. (shrink)

How corporations surveil and influence consumers using big data tools is a major area of research and public debate. However, few studies explore it in relation to physicians in the USA, even though they have been surveilled and targeted by the pharmaceutical industry since at least the 1950s. Indeed, in 2010, concerns about the pharmaceutical industry's undue influence led to the passing of the Physician Sunshine Act, a unique piece of transparency legislation that requires companies to report their financial ties (...) to physicians and teaching hospitals in a public database. This article argues that while the Sunshine Act has clearly helped expose important commercial influences on both prescribing and the scale of industry involvement with physicians, it has also, paradoxically, fuelled further commercial surveillance and marketing. The article casts new light on innovative pharmaceutical marketing approaches and the key role of data brokers and analytics companies in the identification, targeting, managing, and surveillance of physicians. We place this analysis within the political economies of the pharmaceutical industry, surveillance-based marketing, and transparency, and argue that policies to promote increased transparency must be tightly tied to policies that impede the commodification and use of transparency data for surveillance and marketing purposes. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that Huw Price’s widely read “Truth as Convenient Friction” overstates the onerousness, and underrates the utility, of the ontological commitments involved in Charles S. Peirce’s version of the pragmatist account of truth. This argument comes in three parts. First, I briefly explain Peirce’s view of truth, and relate it to his account of assertion. Next, I articulate what I take Price’s grievance against Peirce’s view to be, and suggest that this criticism misses the target. Finally, (...) I argue that Peirce’s version of the pragmatist account of truth has greater explanatory power than the narrowly linguistic version put forward by Price, such that even the ontology-averse should accept it. (shrink)

In Unruly Words, Diana Raffman advances a new theory of vagueness which, unlike previous accounts, is genuinely semantic while preserving bivalence. According to this new approach, called the multiple range theory, vagueness consists essentially in a term's being applicable in multiple arbitrarily different, but equally competent, ways, even when contextual factors are fixed.

In our current social landscape, moral questions—about economic disparity, disadvantaging biases, and scarcity—are rightly receiving attention with a sense of urgency. This book argues that classical pragmatism offers a compelling and useful account of our engagement with moral life. The key arguments are first, that a broader reading of the pragmatist tradition than is usually attempted within the context of ethical theory is necessary; and second, that this broad reading offers resources that enable us to move forward in contemporary debates (...) about truth and principles in moral life. The first argument is made by demonstrating that there is an arc of theoretical unity that stretches from two key founders of pragmatism—Charles Sanders Peirce and William James—through the work of John Dewey and Clarence Irving Lewis. The second argument is made by engaging with contemporary debates concerning the truth-status of the judgments and assertions made in ordinary moral discourse, as well as the role and nature of moral principles. _Toward a Pragmatist Metaethics_ will be of interest to scholars of American philosophy, American intellectual history, and moral and political theorists, as well as anyone interested in the contours and demands of shared moral discourse. (shrink)

This paper aims to review the empirical and theoretical research on engineering ethics education, by focusing on the challenges reported in the literature. The analysis is conducted at four levels of the engineering education system. First, the individual level is dedicated to findings about teaching practices reported by instructors. Second, the institutional level brings together findings about the implementation and presence of ethics within engineering programmes. Third, the level of policy situates findings about engineering ethics education in the context of (...) accreditation. Finally, there is the level of the culture of engineering education. The multi-level analysis allows us to address some of the limitations of higher education research which tends to focus on individual actors such as instructors or remains focused on the levels of policy and practice without examining the deeper levels of paradigm and purpose guiding them. Our approach links some of the challenges of engineering ethics education with wider debates about its guiding paradigms. The main contribution of the paper is to situate the analysis of the theoretical and empirical findings reported in the literature on engineering ethics education in the context of broader discussions about the purpose of engineering education and the aims of reform programmes. We conclude by putting forward a series of recommendations for a socio-technical oriented reform of engineering education for ethics. (shrink)

O artigo tem dois propósitos centrais: primeiramente, expor a discussão sobre a inclusão do TS 234 nas Investigações Filosóficas de Wittgenstein. Para atingir esse primeiro objetivo, iremos analisar as justificativas de inclusão dadas por Anscombe e Rhees na primeira edição do livro, as críticas feitas por von Wright e, por fim, os motivos que levaram Hacker e Schulte, editores da quarta edição do livro, a considerar o TS 234 como parte de um trabalho distinto das Investigações Filosóficas. O segundo objetivo (...) do artigo é mostrar uma leitura particular sobre os escritos pós-1945, a qual afirma que tais anotações não representam 'partidas para novas direções', como von Wright, Hacker e Moyal-Sharrock alegam, mas são uma continuação das questões iniciadas ainda nas Investigações Filosóficas. Para este segundo objetivo, tomaremos como base a leitura exposta por Nuno Venturinha em seu artigo “Against a third Wittgenstein” e iremos nos fundamentar em menções do próprio Wittgenstein que indicam que as Investigações Filosóficas ainda estavam no horizonte de pensamento do filósofo em seus escritos pós-1945. Ao fim, concluiremos que tanto a leitura proposta por Venturinha — de “uma continuidade” dos escritos — quanto as leituras que apregoam que os escritos sobre filosofia da psicologia são “partidas para novas direções” possuem limitações e problemas graves, o que mostra que a questão em torno do locus da Parte II das Investigações e dos problemas ali inseridos continua sendo ainda hoje um capítulo polêmico das leituras Wittgensteinianas. (shrink)

Um dos maiores expoentes da filosofia analítica, John L. Austin deu uma contribuição de grande relevância para a filosofia da mente contemporânea com seu artigo Outras Mentes . A questão central que norteia o artigo é: o que significa dizer que há a ‘mente’ ou, mais especificamente, ‘outras mentes’? Em sua argumentação, Austin conclui que tal problema não pertence ao nível ontológico , mas sim ao nível linguístico e, assim sendo, uma análise aprofundada da linguagem ordinária pode fazer com que (...) as implicações metafísicas provenientes do problema sobre a natureza da mente sejam resolvidas. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a argumentação proposta por Austin e ver como é possível entender o ‘problema de outras mentes’ sob a perspectiva proposta pelo filósofo. (shrink)

Muitos filósofos fizeram referência à teoria ética proposta por Immanuel Kant em sua obra Crítica da Razão Pura, ora tomando-a como fundamento para desenvolvimento de teorias éticas contemporâneas, ora tomando-a como alvo de crítica pós-moderna. Contudo, apesar da grande repercussão da obra kantiana, deve-se salientar não é incomum encontrar leituras errôneas e comentários equivocados sobre as teses de Kant. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo almeja apresentar e esclarecer os principais conceitos da primeira parte da Analítica da Razão Prática Pura da (...) Crítica da Razão Prática, intitulada Das Proposições Fundamentais da Razão Prática Pura, a fim de evitar leituras equivocadas e proporcionar um caminho introdutório para a leitura e entendimento da Ética de Immanuel Kant. (shrink)

I am grateful to Dien Ho and James Phillips for their comments on my article. Although they approach the topic from different perspectives, they both seem to find my account of the evolution of monoamine theories into neuroplasticity theories to be compelling. They especially seem to find my principal argument to be persuasive: Until quite recently, the use of drugs to generate and test pathophysiological hypotheses—the pharmacological bridge—has been a paramount driving force in psychiatric research.In his thoughtful commentary, Phillips is (...) right to draw attention to the role of "nonbiological" factors, which tend to be overlooked by biological psychiatry, in the etiology of depression. He... (shrink)

A visão da ciência enquanto um saber puramente objetivo e, por isso, livre de suposições metafísicas, ainda persiste na contemporaneidade, seja no âmbito ordinário do senso comum, seja nos meios científicos universitários. Sob essa perspectiva, percebe-se que há certo olhar que prevalece como uma máxima: a ciência moderna suplantou a metafísica. Noutros termos, ainda hoje se acredita que, após as descobertas da Revolução Científica, com Copérnico, Galileu, Newton, entre outros, o discurso metafísico foi extinto da ciência. Embora essa visão sobre (...) a ciência não seja unânime e, ao contrário, venha cada vez mais sendo solapada no meio acadêmico, não é incomum observar que ela ainda está presente entre os cientistas e teóricos da ciência brasileiros. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse artigo é, primeiramente, mostrar que a ciência moderna não rejeita – ao menos em princípio – às teses metafísicas, mas sim uma visão metafísica específica, a saber, a oriunda dos escritos de Aristóteles e que sustentou a visão científica anterior à concepção moderna. Além disso, o artigo mostra que, apesar da pretensa objetividade e matematização da ciência, a concepção moderna lança mão de uma visão particular de ontologia/metafísica em seu fundamento. Por fim, pretende-se concluir, por meio de uma análise comparativa da história da ciência, que não só é impensável, como também improvável se imaginar qualquer saber científico sem um alicerce ontológico, i.e., filosófico. (shrink)

A visão da ciência enquanto um saber puramente objetivo e, por isso, livre de suposições metafísicas, ainda persiste na contemporaneidade, seja no âmbito ordinário do senso comum, seja nos meios científicos universitários. Sob essa perspectiva, percebe-se que há certo olhar que prevalece como uma máxima: a ciência moderna suplantou a metafísica. Noutros termos, ainda hoje se acredita que, após as descobertas da Revolução Científica, com Copérnico, Galileu, Newton, entre outros, o discurso metafísico foi extinto da ciência. Embora essa visão sobre (...) a ciência não seja unânime e, ao contrário, venha cada vez mais sendo solapada no meio acadêmico, não é incomum observar que ela ainda está presente entre os cientistas e teóricos da ciência brasileiros. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse artigo é, primeiramente, mostrar que a ciência moderna não rejeita – ao menos em princípio – às teses metafísicas, mas sim uma visão metafísica específica, a saber, a oriunda dos escritos de Aristóteles e que sustentou a visão científica anterior à concepção moderna. Além disso, o artigo mostra que, apesar da pretensa objetividade e matematização da ciência, a concepção moderna lança mão de uma visão particular de ontologia/metafísica em seu fundamento. Por fim, pretende-se concluir, por meio de uma análise comparativa da história da ciência, que não só é impensável, como também improvável se imaginar qualquer saber científico sem um alicerce ontológico, i.e., filosófico.: The vision of science as a knowledge purely objective and therefore free from metaphysical assumptions still persists in contemporary. From this perspective, it is clear that there is a certain look that reigns under a common maxim: modern science has supplanted metaphysics. In other words, today is believed that after the scientific discoveries of the Scientific Revolution Modern, with Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, among others, the metaphysical discourse of science was extinguished. Although this view of science is not unanimous and, instead, come increasingly being undermined, it is not uncommon to observe that it is still present and it is like a vision of the majority of Brazilian scientists. Therefore, the aim of this paper is, firstly, to show that modern science does not reject - at least in principle - the metaphysical thesis, but a metaphysical view specific, namely, deriving from Aristotle's writings. Furthermore, the article shows that despite the alleged objectivity and 'mathematization' of science, the modern design makes use of a particularly modern ontology/metaphysics in its foundation. Keywords: Modern Metaphysics; Modern Science; Break paradigm. (shrink)

Além de apontar os tópicos nos quais Wittgenstein mantém relação direta com o pensamento de James – ainda que de forma crítica -, almeja-se aqui demonstrar que os pensadores possuem pontos de convergência relevantes e, ainda, compartilham de compromissos filosóficos comuns, como a crítica ao antifundacionalismo, a prioridade da prática sobre a subjetividade e intelecto, o holismo no que tange a significação dos termos, dentre outros. Mais que isso, almeja-se também pontuar aqui em quais pontos a crítica de Wittgenstein a (...) James realmente faz jus ao pensamento do autor americano. No mais, busca-se ainda o esclarecimento da noção de pragmatismo entendido por Wittgenstein, principalmente por sua possível relação teórica com James, a fim de responder sobre a possibilidade de se enquadrar ou não a filosofia de Wittgenstein sob a ótica pragmática. Assim sendo, torna-se necessário agora a realização de uma análise mais pormenorizada dos objetivos acima mencionados, bem como uma clarificação da problemática em torno deles. (shrink)

Recent years have witnessed an intensification of historical and philosophical research on the link between psychotropic drugs and psychiatric theories. For example, Kendler and Schaffner detailed how the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia was intimately linked to the dopamine theory of antipsychotic drug action. Here, a related case is explored: the use of antidepressants' neurochemical effects to speculate about the pathophysiology of depression.This rationale was central to American psychiatrist Schildkraut's landmark article on the catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders. Accordingly, the paper's (...) hypothesis—that depressions may relate to decreased... (shrink)

Presente na maioria dos escritos de Wittgenstein, o problema do ceticismo pode ser observado, por exemplo, nas anotações sobre o solipsismo do Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus ou, ainda, na reivindicação da necessidade de seguir regras publicamente, como afirma o filósofo nas ideias presentes sobre a significação dos termos em sua obra Investigações Filosóficas. Contudo, sua investigação mais nítida sobre o ceticismo se encontra nos escritos que constituem o Da certeza. A análise da argumentação wittgensteiniana presente nesse escrito torna possível revelar a posição (...) original do filósofo a respeito do questionamento sobre os fundamentos do conhecimento e, consequentemente, da iminente possibilidade do ceticismo epistemológico. Nesse sentido, esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar as considerações do filósofo sobre o tema e salientar quais contribuições o mesmo deu para o debate dessa questão tradicional da filosofia. Após isso, pretende-se ainda indicar qual é a possível posição de Wittgenstein frente ao fundacionalismo, uma vez que a leitura da obra permite uma possível aproximação do filósofo com tal corrente epistemológica. (shrink)

Em face de uma possibilidade real de calamidade na saúde pública, junto com uma possível crise econômica posterior, muitas reflexões de fundo ético sobre políticas públicas surgem: devemos estabelecer limites econômicos flexíveis para combater o coronavírus? Até que ponto podemos restringir a liberdade de agrupamento na pandemia? É eticamente aceitável aumentar o risco do grupo mais vulnerável em prol de um melhor equilíbrio da economia? A resposta a tais questões envolve noções de éticas e políticas muitas vezes antagônicas. Tomando por (...) base as teorias de filósofos modernos e contemporâneos consagrados – como Rawls, Sandel, Mill, Adorno e Horkheimer –, propomos na sequência uma reflexão sobre o conceito de justiça social a fim de analisar a seguinte questão: afinal, qual fundamento devemos tomar para avaliar como sendo justas as ações públicas em tempos de pandemia? (shrink)

Biomedicine is typically defined as the branch of medicine that is based on the principles of biology and biochemistry. A central tenet for biomedicine is the notion of disease and therapeutic specificity, i.e. the idea of tailored treatments for discrete disorders underpinned by specific pathologies. The present paper is concerned with how notions of disease and therapeutic specificity guide biomedical reasoning. To that end, the author proposes a model – the specificity triad – that draws on late philosopher and physician (...) Ludwik Fleck’s concept of “style of thought” to offer a frame for investigating the intricate process through which links between disorders, mechanisms, and therapeutics are established by biomedicine. Next by applying the specificity triad model to scrutinize research efforts in two discrete areas of medicine—psychiatry and regenerative medicine—this paper seeks to stimulate pertinent discussions in and about biomedicine. These include discussions on the ambiguous epistemic status of psychiatry within contemporary biomedicine, as well as the relationship between developmental biology — historically relatively disjointed from biomedical enterprise — and the burgeoning field of regenerative medicine. (shrink)

Music-based interventions (MBI) have become increasingly widely adopted for dementia and related disorders. Previous research shows that music engages reward-related regions through functional connectivity with the auditory system, but evidence for the effectiveness of MBI is mixed in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This underscores the need for a unified mechanistic understanding to motivate MBIs. The main objective of the present study is to characterize the intrinsic connectivity of the auditory and reward systems in (...) healthy aging individuals with MCI, and those with AD. Using resting-state fMRI data from the Alzheimer’s Database Neuroimaging Initiative, we tested resting-state functional connectivity within and between auditory and reward systems in older adults with MCI, AD, and age-matched healthy controls (N = 105). Seed-based correlations were assessed from regions of interest (ROIs) in the auditory network (i.e., anterior superior temporal gyrus, posterior superior temporal gyrus, Heschl’s Gyrus), and the reward network (i.e., nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, and orbitofrontal cortex). AD individuals were lower in both within-network and between-network functional connectivity in the auditory network and reward networks compared to MCI and controls. Furthermore, graph theory analyses showed that the MCI group had higher clustering and local efficiency than both AD and control groups, whereas AD individuals had lo... (shrink)

In Thomas Metzinger, Conscious Experience, Schoningh Verlag. 1995. [ online ].

This paper examines the difficulties of dealing with child labour in the supply chain. It begins by identifying a number of the factors which make global supply chains so difficult to manage. It goes on to outline a framework of different approaches that can be taken to managing the supply chain with relation to child labour, moving from national and international regulation, through to the role of NGOs and the companies themselves. Focusing on an ‘engagement’ strategy for dealing with child (...) labour, the paper traces a case study of Adidas‐Salomon and its attempts to implement their ‘standards of engagement’ in this area with relation to one of their supplier factories in Vietnam. The research draws on the direct involvement of one of the authors who visited the site and was able to interview staff and observe the operation in practice. Her findings are supported by wider work on the implementation of corporate approaches to human rights at a range of companies interviewed by another of the authors. The paper aims to highlight the issues needing to be addressed for companies considering the ‘involvement’ approach to child labour. It also aims to develop theory on our understanding of different approaches to corporate rights. (shrink)

Any form of overt communication, be it gestural or linguistic, involves pragmatic skills. This article investigates the social–cognitive foundations of pragmatic development from infancy to late childhood and argues that it is driven by, among other things, the emergence of the capacities to assess the communicator's competence (e.g. perceptual access, epistemic states) and honesty. We discuss the implications of this proposal and show how it sheds new light on the developmental trajectory of a series of pragmatic phenomena, with a specific (...) focus on the development of irony comprehension. (shrink)

Admiration is thought to have essential functions for social interaction: it inspires us to learn from excellent models, to become better people, and to praise others and create social bonds. In intergroup relations, admiration for other groups leads to greater intergroup contact, cooperation, and help. Given these implications, it is surprising that admiration has only been researched by a handful of authors. In this article we review the literature, focusing on the definition of admiration, links to related emotions, measurement, antecedents, (...) and associated behaviors. We propose a conceptual model of admiration that highlights admiration’s function for approaching and emulating successful models, thus contributing to social learning at the interpersonal level and to cultural transmission at the group and societal level. (shrink)

Should philosophy help address the problems of non-philosophers or should it be something isolated both from other disciplines and from the lay public? This question became more than academic for philosophers working in UK universities with the introduction of societal impact assessment in the national research evaluation exercise, the REF. Every university department put together a submission describing its broader impact in case narratives, and these were graded. Philosophers were required to participate. The resulting narratives are publicly available and provide (...) a unique resource permitting a more comprehensive, empirically based consideration of philosophy’s influence outside the academy than has hitherto been possible. This paper takes advantage of this data to develop a cartography of the ways in which philosophers engage society in their work. We identify five approaches: dissemination, engagement, provocations, living philosophy, and philosophy of X. We compare these along the six dimensions proposed by Frodeman and Briggle to characterize the ideal field philosopher. We conclude that there are multiple ways of being a field philosopher, which vary in their emphasis. This pluralism bodes well for the expansion of philosophy’s societal influence, since there are routes available to suit different preferences. (shrink)

A critical analysis of Diana Fuss's Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature, and Difference and Elizabeth Grosz's Sexual Subversions: Three French Feminists.

What is sportsmanship? Following Keating, we may say that sportsmanship is conduct befitting a person involved in sports. This raises the question of what kind of activity exactly sport is. This is notoriously difficult to answer, but roughly speaking, sport is a rule-governed activity that is about excellence, an understanding of how to play the game, and, in competitive sports, winning. Accordingly, there are four elements of sportsmanship: fairness, equity, good form and the will to win. These four elements are (...) equally important and not reducible to one another. Yet, the will to win is in systematic conflict with the other three elements. Hence, sportsmanship is not only compromised of these four elements, but also requires that a balance be held between them. (shrink)

Resumen: La esquematización que de Hume realiza Jhon Bricke, me condujo a plantear ciertas preguntas que encuentran un terreno fértil en el análisis que sobre la simpatía realiza Hume. Esta propuesta plantea como hipótesis fundamental que el deseo de ser apreciado es el rasgo fundamental del ser apa..