Rationale Despite their inherently pervasive limitations, data from observational studies are increasingly relied upon by health car.

Claude Demissy | Résumé : Cet article différencie l’enseignement religieux à école publique, de la pédagogique d’une communauté croyante. Un programme d’enseignement religieux peut se concevoir en respectant les finalités d’une école publique démocratique. L’Université a développé ce modèle, puisque les sciences religieuses respectent les critères des sciences humaines. Mais les sciences de l’éducation ont montré que l’enseignement n’est pas un décalque appauvri du savoir savant. L’appel exclusif aux sciences religieuses présente des limites qui peuvent être atténuées par une collaboration (...) constructive avec les théologies actuelles. L’article analyse des documents produits en Europe pour l’école primaire et montre les choix axiologiques de chacun d’eux. Plus la pédagogie est centrée sur le vécu de l’enfant, plus la démarche semble entrer dans le champ des théologies particulières. Mais sur ce point, la différence avec une communauté croyante n’est pas doctrinale, mais pédagogique. En effet, les institutions religieuses ont une vocation célébrante. Cela devrait leur permettre de mettre en oeuvre une pédagogie active et diversifiée. Cette dernière s’appuie sur les activités des enfants et ne se focalise pas sur un savoir à transmettre. |: This article shows the difference between religious education in a government school and teaching in a religious community. A religious education programme can be conceived to respect the purposes of a government school. Universities have developed this model since religious sciences respect the criteria of the humanities. However, educational sciences have shown that teaching is not just a simple copy of the specialist knowledge learnt at university. Drawing exclusively from religious sciences presents limits which can be attenuated by a constructive collaboration with contemporary theology. This article analyses documents produced in Europe for primary schools and shows the fundamental choices of each one. The more the educational methods are centred on the child’s experience, the more the approach seems to go towards a specific type of theology. On this point however the difference with a religious community is not a case of doctrine but one of educational method. Indeed, religious institutions have a vocation to celebrate. That should allow them to put in place active and diversified teaching methods. These are based upon children’s activities and do not focus on the simple teaching of facts. (shrink)

Rapid Ethical Assessment is an approach used to design context tailored consent process for voluntary participation of participants in research including human subjects. There is, however, limited evidence on the design of ethical assessment in studies targeting cancer patients in Ethiopia. REA was conducted to explore factors that influence the informed consent process among female cancer patients recruited for longitudinal research from Addis Ababa Population-based Cancer Registry. Qualitative study employing rapid ethnographic approach was conducted from May–July, 2017, at the Tikur (...) Anbessa Specialized Referral Hospital. In-depth and key informants’ interviews were conducted among purposively selected 16 participants. Regular de-briefings among the study team helped to identify emerging themes and ensure saturation. Interviews and debriefings were tape recorded in Amharic, and transcribed and translated to English. Coding of the transcripts was facilitated by use of NVivo software. Thematic analysis was employed to respond to the initial questions and interpret findings. Perceived barriers to voluntary study participation included lack of reporting back study results of previous studies, the decision making status of women, hopelessness or fatigue in the patients, shyness of the women, data collectors approach to the patient, and patient’s time constraints. Most of the patients preferred oral over written consent and face-to-face interview over telephone interview. Provision of detail information about the study, using short and understandable tool, competent, compassionate and respectful enumerators of the same gender were suggested to assure participation. Due to the perceived severity, the use of the term “cancer” was associated with fear and anxiety. Alternatively, uses of phrases like “breast or cervical illness/disease” were suggested during patient interviews. Voluntary participation is not straight forward but affected by different factors. Using competent, compassionate and respectful enumerators, short and precise questioning tools to limit the time of the interview could improve voluntary participation. Moreover, careful consideration of the patients and families concept of the disease such as wording and information has to be taken into account. This assessment helped in improving the consent process of the ongoing project on breast and cervical cancer patients. (shrink)

Since the turn of the century, the number of small-scale farmers in the U.S. and farmlands they owned have declined very sharply (structural change). Although the decrease in number is generally true for both white and Black farm operators, it has been more significant for Blackfarm operators than whites. The declining trend in the number of Blackfarm operators in the country is derived from individual state experiences that resulted from a combination of various political and economic factors. Using the census (...) of agriculture data from 1900 to 1987, this paper gives a brief historical overview of Black farm operators in Maryland. The census data for the study period shows that at their peak number in 1910, there were 6,382 Blackfarmers in the state of Maryland. However, by 1987, only 371 of that number remained, representing a loss of 94 percent since 1910. According to the 1987 census data almost all Black operated farms in Maryland were not only small-scale but also in the lower sales class, less than $20,000 a year. Their household net family income is below that of non-metropolitan median household income. This concentration of Blacks in the lower economic class of farm operators in the state, for the most part, is closely related to their resource endowments, patterns of tenure, type of farm enterprises, and government farm programs and policies. On the average, Blackfarmers in Maryland have less land, capital and management skills than their white counterparts. Government policies and programs had, and continue to have, a devastating effect on Maryland Black farmers because they were tied to productive resources rather than farm income needs. Under conditions of low income, years of neglect by federal and state programs and policies, and limited resources Blackfarmers were unable to adopt capital intensive production practices and expand their farm operations. This resulted in most of them leaving agriculture, in the past and today, at a faster rate than whites. To avert or at least lessen the unfortunate situation of Black farm operators, projections and possible solutions are offered. This includes how the 1890 Land-Grant institutions because of their tradition, expertise and experience of research, teaching and outreach can take the leadership role in shaping the future direction of these farmers and their operations. (shrink)

This paper reviews the current and future implications of the recent farm financial problems of Missouri for the rural and state economy. To provide a backdrop against which the current and future financial situation may be assessed, the paper first looks at the farm income trends of the state for the period 1964–1985. Although the level has dropped drastically since 1982, the study found that net income had increased significantly for most of the study period.However, the trend in farm debt (...) shows that between 1974 and 1982, total farm debt of Missouri farmers almost tripled. In fact, the farm financial situation in the state deteriorated faster than did farm financial situations in the nation. As a result, Missouri was the leader in the number of farm bankruptcies in the nation in 1985.The paper shows that, since the full-time family farms make up over seventy (70%) percent of the state's total farm, the greater financial problems, resulting in farm losses, occurred in these groups of farms, which are the source of the economic and social health of rural Missouri. It then indicates the serious effects that this wave of farm failures, which amounts to a depopulation of farms and farm families, has on the social and economic structure of rural communities, cheap but reliable food supply system, and competition within the farm sector.To keep the farm sector competitive and for the family farm to survive, the paper identifies the need for innovative policies (and suggests some), and for the cooperation and coordination of efforts among different agencies and organizations in the country. (shrink)

L'analyse porte sur deux outils rhétoriques de la manipulation du discours politique : la répétition et la métaphore. Nous avons observé comment l'effet sur le récepteur en langue source pouvait être modifié si la priorité n'est pas donnée à la fonction de la traduction. Les concepts de terrorisme et de liberté et la notion de lutte du bien contre le mal peuvent être perçus différemment d'une culture à l'autre. Ces termes et cette vision manichéenne du monde proposée par un président (...) américain qui joue de l'amalgame dans sa guerre contre le terrorisme donnent au traducteur l'occasion de se pencher sur une éthique du traduire.The analysis focuses on two rhetorical tools of manipulation of political discourse: repetition and metaphor. We have seen how the effect on the receptor source language could be amended if the priority is not given to the function of the translation. The concepts of terrorism and freedom and the notion of struggle of good against evil can be perceived differently from one culture to another. These terms and this Manichean world proposed by an American president who plays the amalgam in its war against terrorism give the translator an opportunity to reflect on the ethics of translation. (shrink)

This study was conducted from May to June 2005 to describe the demographic characteristics and factors that affect the VCT acceptance as well as the HIV prevalence among youth VCT acceptors in Addis Ababa. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were employed. The quantitative data was generated from a two years (October 2002 to December 2004) VCT service utilization data obtained from four youth centers located in Addis Ababa. The data was analysed using univariate and multivariate analysis and (...) results were presented in the form of text, table and figures. The significance and level of associations between independent and dependant variables was computed using X2 tests and odds ratios with 95% confidence interval. The qualitative data was presented in a form of narrations using excerpts. During the period a total of 3220, youth age 15 - 24 years have sought VCT service from the four youth centres VCT service outlets. Higher proportions of females (60.2%) and youth in the age category of 20 – 24 years (58.0%) have accessed the service. The major reasons given for seeking VCT were found to be similar for male and female acceptors. About 71.2% said that they sought for VCT service because they wanted to know their HIV status, 9.5% reported because they were suspicious of being infected with HIV and 5.0% tested because they wanted to go aboard. The HIV prevalence rate is found to be significantly higher, (p = 0.00), among females 9.2 % than in males 1.7 %. Gender segregated multivariate analysis of risk factors indicated significant association of HIV infection with lack of formal education for both males and female: for males P= 0.045, OR = 18.3, 95% CI: 1.1 – 317.7 and for females P=0.00, OR=19.4, 95 % CI: 5.1 – 73.8. Additionally for females HIV infection is markedly associated with being widowed and commercial sex worker. The most common barrier for youth in Addis from accessing VCT were found to be: fear of being emotionally affected if found out HIV positive, stigma and discrimination, lack of money to pay for VCT service, absence of care and support services for people who are already infected. The challenges encountered by youth VCT counsellors were stress, absence of medical care for PLWHA, inadequacy of budget, lack of counsellors and supportive supervision. This study showed high burden of HIV infection among female youth and the risk factors associated with it. Formal education for both females and males is strongly recommended. Female focused HIV prevention interventions are indicated. Additional recommendations are also made in relation to barriers to access youth VCT and for the challenges encountered by youth VCT service providers. (shrink)