Background and objective: Assuming the hypothesis that the general practitioner can and should be a key player in making end-of-life decisions for hospitalised patients, perceptions of GPs’ role assigned to them by hospital doctors in making withdrawal decisions for such patients were surveyed.Design: Questionnaire survey.Setting: Urban and rural areas.Participants: GPs.Results: The response rate was 32.2% , and it was observed that 70.8% of respondents believed that their participation in withdrawal decisions for their hospitalised patients was essential, whereas 42.1% believed that (...) the hospital doctors were sufficiently skilled to make withdrawal decisions without input from the GPs. Most respondents were found to believe that they had the necessary skills and enough time to participate in withdrawal decisions. The last case of treatment withdrawal in hospital for one of their patients was described by 40% of respondents, of whom only 40.0% believed that they had participated actively in the decision process. The major factors in the multivariate analysis were the GP’s strong belief that his or her participation was essential , information on admission of the patient given to the GP by the hospital department , rural practice , visit to the patient dying in hospital and a request by the family to be kept informed about the patient .Conclusion: Strong interest was evinced among GPs regarding end-of-life issues, as well as considerable experience of patients dying at home. As GPs are more closely corrected to patients’ families, they may be a good choice for third-party intervention in making end-of-life decisions for hospitalised patients. (shrink)

Many studies focused on the letter and sound co-occurrences to account for the well-documented syllable-based effects in French in visual (pseudo)word processing. Although these language-specific statistical properties are crucial, recent data suggest that studies which go all-in on phonological and orthographic regularities may be misguided in interpreting how – and why – readers locate syllable boundaries and segment clusters. Indeed, syllable-based effects could depend on more abstract, universal phonological constraints that rule and govern how letter and sound occur and co-occur, (...) and readers could be sensitive to sonority – a universal phonological element – for processing (pseudo)words. Here, we investigate whether French adult skilled readers rely on universal phonological sonority-related markedness continuum across the syllable boundaries for segmentation (e.g., from marked, illegal intervocalic clusters /zl/ to unmarked, legal intervocalic clusters /lz/). To address this question, we ran two tasks with 128 French adult skilled readers using two versions of the illusory conjunction paradigm (Task 1 without white noise; Task 2 with white noise). Our results show that syllable location and segmentation in reading is early and automatically modulated by phonological sonority-related markedness in the absence or quasi-absence of statistical information, and does not require acoustic-phonetic information. We discuss our results towards the overlooked role of phonological universals and the over-trusted role of statistical information during reading processes. (shrink)

Till the 1960s, social practices matched more or less the legal frame, staging a hierchical family with the complementary roles of the breadwinner and the housewife. Dramatic demographic and political changes have lead to a redefinition of parent roles. But this redifinition has remained largely confined to representations and symbols. The shift from a vision of gender complementarity – in the representations of parenthood – to a vision of gender equality seems to come to a halt in front of the (...) deep belief in the « incommensurable » difference between genders. (shrink)

Schopenhauer n’a jamais manqué une occasion de rendre hommage à Cabanis. L’œuvre du physiologiste français l’a encouragé à proposer une interprétation physiologique du transcendantal. Il y a par ailleurs trouvé une confirmation physiologique de sa métaphysique de la volonté.

ObjectivesFrom a self-determination theory perspective, the purpose of this cross sectional study was to better understand how to motivate hospitalized older adults’ behaviors and test an integrative model of the role of causality orientations and a supportive/controlled environment on basic need satisfaction, motivation for health oriented physical activity, positive and negative affective states, depressive symptoms, apathy, and boredom.MethodsOlder adults in French hospital units completed self-report questionnaires and socio-demographic data were also collected.ResultsPartial least squares path modeling results showed that participants’ autonomy (...) orientation positively associated with the perception of a supportive environment was related to need satisfaction, autonomous motivation for health-oriented physical activity, and high scores on positive affective states. Conversely, participants’ impersonal orientation positively associated with the perception of a controlled environment was related to undermining need satisfaction, controlled motivation for health-oriented physical activity, and amotivation, and high scores on both negative affective states, and boredom.ConclusionThe present results indicate that taking into account personality factors in hospital units can be useful and health professionals should take an interest both in the patients’ causality orientations and the supportive nature of the environment in order to understand better how to motivate patients’ behaviors. The present study points to the need to focus on all motivational dynamics which allow patients’ need satisfaction. (shrink)

According to the age-of-acquisition hypothesis, words acquired early in life are processed faster and more accurately than words acquired later. Connectionist models have begun to explore the influence of the age/order of acquisition of items (and also their frequency of encounter). This study attempts to reconcile two different methodological and theoretical approaches (proposed by Lambon Ralph & Ehsan, 2006 and Zevin & Seidenberg, 2002) to age-limited learning effects. The current simulations extend the findings reported by Zevin and Seidenberg (2002) that (...) have shown that frequency trajectories (FTs) have limited and specific effects on word-reading tasks. Using the methodological framework proposed by Lambon Ralph and Ehsan (2006), which makes it possible to compare word-reading and picture-naming tasks in connectionist networks, we were able to show that FT has a considerable influence on age-limited learning effects in a picture naming task. The findings show that when the input–output mappings are arbitrary (simulating picture naming tasks), the links formed by the network become entrenched as a result of early experience and that subsequent variations in frequency of exposure of the items have only a minor impact. In contrast, when the mappings between input-output are quasi-systematic or systematic (simulating word-reading tasks), the training of new items was generalized and resulted in the suppression of age-limited learning effects. At a theoretical level, we suggest that FT, which simultaneously takes account of time and the level of exposure across time, represents a more precise and modulated measure compared with the order of introduction of the items and may lead to innovative hypotheses in the field of age-limited learning effects. (shrink)

-Cours sur Plotin, École normale supérieure, probablement vers 1898-1899 (manuscrit conservé à la bibliothèque Victor Cousin)-Cours d'histoire de la philosophie grecque, Khâgne, Lycée Henri-IV, année scolaire 1894-1895-Leçons sur l'École d'Alexandrie, Lycée Blaise-Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, probablement vers 1884-Le cahier noir, Université de Clermont-Ferrand, 1884-1885.

Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality-the first volume of which was published in 1976-exerts a vast influence across the humanities and social sciences. However, Foucault's interest in the history of sexuality began as early as the 1960s, when he taught two courses on the subject. These lectures offer crucial insight into the development of Foucault's thought yet have remained unpublished until recently. This book presents Foucault's lectures on sexuality for the first time in English. In the first series, held at (...) the University of Clermont-Ferrand in 1964, Foucault asks how sexuality comes to be constituted as a scientific body of knowledge within Western culture and why it derived from the analysis of "perversions"-morbidity, homosexuality, fetishism. The subsequent course, held at the experimental university at Vincennes in 1969, shows how Foucault's theories were reoriented by the events of May 1968; he refocuses on the regulatory nature of the discourse of sexuality and how it serves economic, social, and political ends. Examining creators of political and literary utopias in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, from Sade to Fourier to Marcuse, who attempted to integrate "natural" sexualities, including transgressive forms, into social and economic life, Foucault elaborates a double critique of the naturalization and the liberation of sexuality. Together, the lectures span a range of interests, from abnormality to heterotopias to ideology, and they offer an unprecedented glimpse into the evolution of Foucault's transformative thinking on sexuality. (shrink)

Le présent ouvrage rassemble les interventions d'un colloque qui s'est tenu du 24 au 26 septembre 2015, sous l'intitulé Institutions et destitutions de la totalité. Explorations de l'oeuvre de Christian Godin. Ce colloque s'est tenu en deux endroits: une première journée le 24 septembre à la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme de Clermont-Ferrand suivie d'une journée et demi à l'Université Paris Descartes, dans les locaux de la Sorbonne les 25 et 26 septembre. Le terme "institution" laisse immédiatement penser à (...) l'établissement d'un principe à partir duquel se déploie une, économie. Ce principe, ou axiome, serait un invariant posé comme quelque chose qui inspire le respect, la crainte, la révérence d'intouchable par le fortuit. Mais "destitution" aussitôt après, semble affirmer qu'un tel principe peut apparaître transitoire. Le pluriel indique que la totalité s'institue; et se destitue selon des modalités différentes. Ceci étant, une question surgit aussitôt: comment un principe qui lègue un espace d'intelligibilité peut-il être dissous, disloqué, défait? Ce colloque tente de répondre à cette problématique."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

"Justice, force" : c'est dans ces termes et leur dialectique (fortifier la justice, justifier la force) que Pascal pose la question du politique et qu'elle continue de se poser a nous. Aussi bien vit-il la naissance de l'Etat moderne, et le heurt de la tradition humaniste et chretienne avec l'ideologie du monstre froid qui n'aspire qu'a sa propre perpetuation et transcendance. Faut-il renoncer a incarner les valeurs? Faut-il les imposer par la violence a la violence deguisee du pouvoir? Pascal ne (...) laisse pas la verite sans force devant la force, mais il sait aussi l'injustice de la justice rebelle. Realiste sans machiavelisme, augustinien mais non augustiniste, il n'avance point tant une politique chretienne qu'un usage chretien du politique. (shrink)

Le cours de Bergson dont il est ici question, donné au Lycée Blaise Pascal durant l'année scolaire 1885-1886, sera envisagé sous l'angle de la responsabilité que tout philosophe contracte en pratiquant la philosophie, transmettre aux "nouveaux", comme disait Platon, cet usage de la raison qui est le meilleur garant de la vérité, de la justice et de la liberté. On y voir Bergson instruire ceux qui lui sont confiés, transmettre les connaissances qu'il a reçues, former leur jugement, aiguiser leur sens (...) critique par un discours exigeant, rigoureux, susciter le souci de la vérité, le goût des sciences et leur enseigner les chemins qu'à suivis cette extraordinaire aventure de la pensée commencée en Grèce il y a 2500 ans. (shrink)

Ce recueil d’articles fait suite à une journée d’étude organisée à Tours en janvier 2008 et qui avait pour objectif de décrire comment le discours, appréhendé à travers des études de corpus, devient un lieu majeur de l’analyse linguistique et un observatoire de certains faits langagiers susceptibles d’être théorisés comme phénomènes sociaux. Les cadres théoriques sollicités sont variés, mais relèvent tous peu ou prou à la fois du courant énonciativiste francophone et de l’école française de l..

Things should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.–Albert Einstein.