On amalgame souvent, sous le terme d' « échange », le sauvage du contrat social avec celui du marché. Il s'agit ici a contrario de les distinguer en montrant comment ces deux personnages répondent en réalité à deux modes d'argumentation tout à fait différents que les Lumières ont contraints à coexister selon des modalités très diverses. Or le syntagme moderne de« société civile» n'ajamais résorbé cette ambiguïté et nous trouvons là matière à bien des enseignements car cela permet de réfléchir (...) à la fois sur ce qu'est un« concept», une« historicité » et un « citoyen ». Méthodologie, anthropologie et politique apparaissent ainsi comme les trois horizons d'une analyse qui ne veut nullement réduire l'équivoque, mais bien plutôt en mesurer les richesses. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste artigo, procura-se evidenciar que a genealogia nietzschiana representa um conceito novo para a história da filosofia, que ela não deve ser confundida com a “filosofia histórica” de Humano, demasiado humano, mantendo antes uma identificação não utilitarista da história e da filosofia. Com isso, a genealogia dá origem a um tipo original de narrativa em que Nietzsche finalmente resolve satisfatoriamente uma de suas preocupações mais antigas, na medida em que a genealogia celebra o casamento da especulação e do empirismo (...) à igual distância da história dos historiadores, das filosofias da história e da pseudo-história dos empiristas.: This article aims to show that the Nietzschean genealogy represents a new concept for the history of philosophy, that it should not be confused with a historical philosophy, maintaining instead a non-utilitarian identification of history and philosophy. I show how it gives rise to an original type of narrative in which Nietzsche finally satisfactorily resolves one of his oldest concerns, as genealogy celebrates the marriage of speculation and empiricism at an equal distance from the history of historians, of the philosophies of history and pseudo-history of empiricists. (shrink)

The Two Principles of Liberalism. The aim of our article is to construct a substantive definition of liberalism. To do so, the article brings together two principles which are entirely distinct, both in historical and in logical terms. The first is the principle of lesser government, according to which the State should allow the individual to carry out those actions which the latter is best fitted to perform – and, to begin with, those actions where the individual’s own safety is (...) at stake. The second is the principle of differential government, which stipulates that liberty is only possible when several, heterogeneous systems of constraint – laws, morals, etc. – are simultaneously in operation. Liberalism, in the strict sense of the term, that is, understood as a body of thought which explicitly defined itself as such at the start of the nineteenth century, emerged from the encounter between these two principles. What is today called « neo-liberalism », that is, the subsumption of all modes of endeavour under the sole rule of economic exchange, thus proves to be the negation rather than the accomplishment of liberalism. (shrink)

The essay analyzes the conflict which opened after the French Revolution between public opinion and ideology. In this space of reflection the second seemed sometimes as the hidden face of the first one. Public opinion historically represented the institutionalization of the possibility of a disagreement on the legitimacy of the body politic. It has thus made possible a speech on the political detached from religion. As is clear from the controversy of Napoleon against the ideologues and the Marxian critique, ideology (...) does not get to be the science of social discourse and its alienation, to become a set of sophistry on social conditions. Discussing the arguments of Tocqueville, Bourdieu and Reynié about the deficit of reflexivity of public opinion, the author affirms its distance from the ideology, because it requires anyway an investment for religious believe his propositions. (shrink)

After History, the Event ? Our aim in this article is to reflect on the reasons lying behind the current fascination with the concept of the event. A belief in the Event has taken the place of the belief in History. The concept of the Event in no sense constitutes a step beyond the metaphy-sical. It is, on the contrary, the new guise of the latter. Our initial aim is therefore to outline our hypothesis, placing it alongside other possible dia-gnoses. (...) We then seek to attempt the pragmatic validation of our argument concerning the concept of the Event, arguing that the advantage of our hypothesis is that it offers a more adequate account of our present historical moment, which may perhaps be qualified as merely the precarious conjunc-tion between the Event, Globalisation, and Memory. And so it is that, after History, our moment is that of the Event, understood as the categorical hypo-stasis of the event. As such, the concept is, we argue, one which is not to be celebrated too hastily, in case one were to end up howling with the wolves. (shrink)

Partisans et adversaires, acteurs et spectateurs de la Révolution française réfléchirent d’emblée celle-ci comme la mise en oeuvre, triomphale ou désastreuse, de la théorie — entendons la philosophie des « Lumières ». Ce faisant, ils s’enfermèrent dans une alternative — pour ou contre la théorie? — que l’on put tenter de forcer dans trois directions bien distinctes: 1) en substituant une théorie à une autre, aux droits de l’homme l’utilité (Bentham); 2) en instituant le pratique (das Praktische) au fondement de (...) la théorie elle-même (Fichte); 3) en déployant dans le temps nouveau de la perfectibilité indéfinie la réalisation de la théorie dans la pratique (Condorcet, Godwin, Fichte), toute la difficulté se focalisant alors dans la signification précise qu’il s’agissait d’accorder à l’épithète « indéfinie ». (shrink)

En France, Nietzsche fut un temps l'emblème oraculaire de toutes les subversions et son nom côtoyait couramment ceux d'Artaud et de Bataille. Puis vint l'âge de son académisation qui permit bien des avancées et où on lui attribua l'insigne mérite d'avoir élaboré un système tout à fait cohérent dont la reconstitution méticuleuse pouvait occuper toute une vie. Le présent ouvrage fait le pari que le moment est venu de mettre en avant un autre Nietzsche, celui d'un philosophe dont l'oeuvre obéit (...) à une dynamique originale où s'enchevêtrent des registres dont l'homogénéité ne va pas de soi. C'est le concept d'historicité qui est mobilisé à cette fin. Le passé lointain auquel doit régresser le savoir généalogique ; la réitération indéfinie du même présent que la sagesse de l'éternel retour doit inciter à vouloir ; le futur un peu brumeux de très long terme auquel doit oeuvrer le véritable créateur : trois temps, trois registres et trois problèmes aussi - objectivité, répétition, évolution. On ne doit pas trop vite présumer que ces trois discours n'en font qu'un. Au contraire : toute la difficulté est de savoir comment tirer ensemble ces fils, si seulement il faut les nouer et si oui, selon quelles modalités qui ne sont pas forcément celles du système. On peut encore dire ce qui précède autrement : si Dieu est mort et si Nietzsche s'est efforcé à tout prix de conjurer la posture du prêtre, le lecteur doit en tirer les conséquences. Interpréter, c'est ruminer, pas refermer. (shrink)

Le présent volume conjoint deux grands soucis, en droit distincts. Le premier est méthodologique. Il vise à élaborer ce qui n'existe ni en France ni ailleurs, à savoir une histoire comparée des philosophies. Par là, il faut entendre une histoire qui brouille les partages universitaires et reconstruit ses objets propres par les voies expérimentales auxquelles les vrais historiens sont accoutumés depuis longtemps. C'est alors l'activité philosophique elle-même qui apparaît autrement, dans la singularité de pratiques nationales qui l'effectuent toujours dans une (...) conjoncture donnée. L'Europe spirituelle n'existe pas. La seconde préoccupation ordonnant ces analyses est anthropologique. Elle se présente comme une histoire polémique des historicités observables de Vico à aujourd'hui, où l'Événement est devenu la pierre philosophale. On y comprend mieux comment les hommes, pour simplement vivre, doivent s'installer dans un temps donné. Ils y nouent présent, passé et futur selon des modalités indéfiniment variables, mais toujours illusoires ainsi se définit chaque époque. L'Histoire universelle n'existe pas. Dans ces pages, il n'existe donc que des philosophies comme il n'existe que des historicités. On n'y proclame pas la mort de Dieu : soyons plutôt polythéistes! (shrink)

Religion privée, Opinion publique, ouvrage consacré à l’examen de la formation du syntagme « opinion publique », maître mot ou concept?, exige beaucoup de son lecteur. Cela tient d’une part au caractère particulièrement resserré du propos : en un espace relativement restreint se trouve concentrée une grande quantité de références empruntées à des horizons très divers, convoquées en vue d’éclairer la notion d’opinion publique, qui est ainsi replacée dans son devenir effectif, et non traitée f...

By a `denoting phrase' I mean a phrase such as any one of the following: a man, some man, any man, every man, all men, the present King of England, the present King of France, the center of mass of the solar system at the first instant of the twentieth century, the revolution of the earth round the sun, the revolution of the sun round the earth. Thus a phrase is denoting solely in virtue of its form. We may distinguish (...) three cases: (1) A phrase may be denoting, and yet not denote anything; e.g., `the present King of France'. (2) A phrase may denote one definite object; e.g., `the present King of England' denotes a certain man. (3) A phrase may denote ambiguously; e.g. `a man' denotes not many men, but an ambiguous man. The interpretation of such phrases is a matter of considerably difficulty; indeed, it is very hard to frame any theory not susceptible of formal refutation. All the difficulties with which I am acquainted are met, so far as I can discover, by the theory which I am about to explain. (shrink)

Bertrand Russell was one of the greatest logicians since Aristotle, and one of the most important philosophers of the past two hundred years. As we approach the 125th anniversary of the Nobel laureate's birth, his works continue to spark debate, resounding with unmatched timeliness and power. The Problems of Philosophy, one of the most popular works in Russell's prolific collection of writings, has become core reading in philosophy. Clear and accessible, this little book is an intelligible and stimulating guide (...) to those problems of philosophy which often mistakenly lead to its status as too lofty and abstruse for the lay mind. Focusing on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics, steering the reader through his famous 1910 distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description," and introducing important theories of Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Hume, Locke, Plato, and others to lay the foundation for philosophical inquiry by general readers and scholars alike.With a new introduction by John Perry, this valuable work is a perfect introduction to the field and will continue to stimulate philosophical discussion as it has done for nearly forty years. (shrink)

Ten brilliant essays on logic appear in this collection, the work of one of the world’s best-known authorities on logic. In these thought-provoking arguments and meditations, Nobel Prize winner Bertrand Russell challenges the romantic mysticism of the 19th century, positing instead his theory of logical atomism. These essays are categorized by Russell as "entirely popular" and "somewhat more technical." The former include the well-known title essay plus "A Free Man’s Worship" and "The Place of Science in a Liberal Education"; (...) the latter comprise "On the Notion of Cause" and "Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description," along with other essays written in the cogent and witty style for which their author is justly renowned. (shrink)

This brilliant and controversial work investigates the relationship between 'individual' and 'scientific' knowledge.

El autor intenta mostrar que el concepto de ley es totalmente innecesario y que solo sirve para crear confusiones y generar falacias. Para ello muestra que la supuesta “ley de la causalidad” es inconsistente y que la ciencia no requiere de ella más que en una primera fase. Las ciencias maduras usan relaciones, en concreto, relaciones mediante ecuaciones diferenciales para desempe\ nar el papel que se le quiere otorgar a la ley de la causalidad. Despues de hacer esto, el autor (...) presenta varias confusiones relacionadas con el concepto de causa, y su solución si se asume lo anteriormente dicho. (shrink)

Published in 1903, this book was the first comprehensive treatise on the logical foundations of mathematics written in English. It sets forth, as far as possible without mathematical and logical symbolism, the grounds in favour of the view that mathematics and logic are identical. It proposes simply that what is commonly called mathematics are merely later deductions from logical premises. It provided the thesis for which _Principia Mathematica_ provided the detailed proof, and introduced the work of Frege to a wider (...) audience. In addition to the new introduction by John Slater, this edition contains Russell's introduction to the 1937 edition in which he defends his position against his formalist and intuitionist critics. (shrink)

An unabridged edition with updated footnotes and layout, to include: Recent Criticisms of "Consciousness" - Instinct and Habit - Desire and Feeling - Influence of Past History on Present Occurrences in Living Organisms - Psychological and Physical Causal Laws - Introspection - The Definition of Perception - Sensations and Images - Memory - Words and Meaning - General Ideas and Thought - Belief - Truth and Falsehood - Emotions and Will - Characteristics of Mental Phenomena.

This anthology is a thorough introduction to classic literature for those who have not yet experienced these literary masterworks. For those who have known and loved these works in the past, this is an invitation to reunite with old friends in a fresh new format. From Shakespeare's finesse to Oscar Wilde's wit, this unique collection brings together works as diverse and influential as The Pilgrim's Progress and Othello. As an anthology that invites readers to immerse themselves in the masterpieces of (...) the literary giants, it is must-have addition to any library. (shrink)

The titile essay of this collection suggests that Bertrand Russell's lifelong preoccupation: the disentanglement, with ever-increasing precision, of what is subjective or intellectualy cloudy from what is objective or capable of logical demonstration. The first five essays he calls 'entirely popular': they include two on the revolutionary changes in mathematics in the last hundred years, and one on the value of science in human culture. The last five, 'somewhat more technical', are concerned with particular problems of philosophy: the ultimate (...) nature of matter, the connection between the sense-data and physics, the problem of casuality and different ways of knowing. In these one can see the Russell method in operation, intellectual analysis dissecting the problem to its bare bones. (shrink)

First published in 1903, _Principles of Mathematics_ was Bertrand Russell’s first major work in print. It was this title which saw him begin his ascent towards eminence. In this groundbreaking and important work, Bertrand Russell argues that mathematics and logic are, in fact, identical and what is commonly called mathematics is simply later deductions from logical premises. Highly influential and engaging, this important work led to Russell’s dominance of analytical logic on western philosophy in the twentieth century.

Immensely intelligible, thought-provoking guide by Nobel prize-winner considers such topics as the distinction between appearance and reality, the existence and nature of matter, idealism, inductive logic, intuitive knowledge, many other subjects. For students and general readers, there is no finer introduction to philosophy than this informative, affordable and highly readable edition that is "concise, free from technical terms, and perfectly clear to the general reader with no prior knowledge of the subject."—The Booklist of the American Library Association.

The Problems of Philosophy is a 1912 book by Bertrand Russell, in which Russell attempts to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy. Focusing on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics: If it is uncertain that external objects exist, how can we then have knowledge of them but by probability. There is no reason to doubt the existence of external objects simply because of sense data. (...) Russell guides the reader through his famous 1910 distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description and introduces important theories of Plato, Aristotle, René Descartes, David Hume, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and others to lay the foundation for philosophical inquiry by general readers and scholars alike. "In the following pages I have confined myself in the main to those problems of philosophy in regard to which I thought it possible to say something positive and constructive, since merely negative criticism seemed out of place. For this reason, theory of knowledge occupies a larger space than metaphysics in the present volume, and some topics much discussed by philosophers are treated very briefly, if at all. (shrink)

By what process of development he came to this opinion, though in itself an important and interesting question, is logically irrelevant to the inquiry how far the opinion itself is correct ; and among his opinions, when these have been ascertained, it becomes desirable to prune away such as seem inconsistent with his main doctrines, before those doctrines themselves are subjected to a critical scrutiny. Philosophic truth and falsehood, in short, rather than historical fact, are what primarily demand our attention (...) in this inquiry. (shrink)

This volume of Bertrand Russell's Collected Papers finds Russell focused on writing Principia Mathematica during 1905–08. Eight previously unpublished papers shed light on his different versions of a substitutional theory of logic, with its elimination of classes and relations, during 1905-06. A recurring issue for him was whether a type hierarchy had to be part of a substitutional theory. In mid-1907 he began writing up the final version of Principia , now using a ramified theory of types, and eleven (...) unpublished drafts from 1907-08 deal with this. Numerous letters show his thoughts on the process. The volume's 80-page introduction covers the evolution of his logic from 1896 until 1909, when volume I of Principia went to the printer. (shrink)

One of Russell's most important and interesting books which reconciles the materialistic tendency of psychology with the anti-materialistic tendency of physics.

Philosophy, from the earliest times, has made greater claims, and achieved fewer results, than any other branch of learning. In Our Knowledge of the External World , Bertrand Russell illustrates instances where the claims of philosophers have been excessive, and examines why their achievements have not been greater.

The Conquest of Happiness is Bertrand Russell’s recipe for good living. First published in 1930, it pre-dates the current obsession with self-help by decades. Leading the reader step by step through the causes of unhappiness and the personal choices, compromises and sacrifices that lead to the final, affirmative conclusion of ‘The Happy Man’, this is popular philosophy, or even self-help, as it should be written.

First published in 1984. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

`Mr Russell's very brilliant criticism of Leibniz ... is a piece of controversial philosophy as well as a contribution to history.' - Bernard Bosanquet.

One of Russell's most important and interesting books which reconciles the materialistic tendency of psychology with the anti-materialistic tendency of physics.