A Verdade tem sido um dos temas fundamentais da filosofia ocidental. Embora a dimensão ontológica tenha estado sempre presente, foi no contexto da reflexão epistemológica, naturalmente nunca isolada da metafísica, que o conceito de verdade como correspondência veio a adquirir preponderância. Todavia, o ataque à metafisica que, a partir de Kant, culminariaem Heidegger, tornou aquele conceito em sentido epistemológico cada vez mais problemático. As considerações heideggerianas são feitas numa perspectiva que pretende superar a metafisica tradicional, mas a indeterminação da ontologia (...) de Heidegger acabou por deixar a problematica em torno da verdade numa situacao de questao em aberto. Embora simpatizando com a superação heideggeriana da metafísica, Richard Rorty crê que a especulação heideggeriana em volta do Sernão tern qualquer interesse hoje, e conclui que uma teoria da Verdade é pura e simplesmente supérflua. Em desacordo com ele, Hilary Putnam acredita que ainda faz sentido tecer consideraçães em torno da verdade, embora apenas no contexto de um "realismo interno". /// La vérité a été un des thémes fondamentaux de la philosophie occidentale. Bien que la dimension ontologique ait toujours été présente ce fut dans le cadre de la réflexion épistémologique, certes jamais isolée de la metaphysique, que le concept de vérité comme correspondance est devenu prépondérant. Toutefois l'ataque à la métaphysique, qui, à partir de Kant, culminerait chez Heidegger, ce concept un sens épistémologique toujours plus problématique. Les considérations heideggeriennes sont proposées selon une perspective qui prétend dépasser la métaphysique traditionnelle, mais l'indétermination de l'ontologie de Heidegger a fini par laisser la problématique relative à la vérité dans la situation de "question ouverte". Bien que sympathisant avec le dépassement heideggerien de la métaphysique, Richard Rorty croit que la spéculation heideggerienne autour de l'être ne présente aucun intérêt aujourd'hui et conclut qu'une théorie de la Vérité est prement et simplement superflue. En désacord avec lui, Hilary Putnam pense qu'il y a encore un sens à présenter des considérations sur la vérité, quoique seulement dans le contexte d'un "réalisme interne". /// Truth has always been one of the main issues in western philosophy. Although its ontological dimension has never been left behind, it was within the context of epistemology (never separated from. (shrink)

Neste artigo são sumariamente apresentados os temas principais da obra de Kant A Religião nos Limites da Simples Razão, bem como o lugar deste texto no conjunto de toda a obra kantiana, e ainda os problemas da sua recepção por parte da censura prussiana. A Religião não constitui uma Crítica, antes se insere na parte doutrinal do pensamento de Kant. Os méritos e as limitações da análise kantiana são resumidamente apontados num breve confronto com a antropologia de Gabriel Marcel. /// (...) Dans cet article se présentent les thèmes principaux de l'oeuvre de Kant "La religion dans les limites de la simple raison", la place de ce texte dans l'ensemble de toute oeuvre kantienne, et encore les problèmes de sa réception par la censure prussienne. La Religion ne constitue pas une Critique, mais s'insère dans la part doctrinale de la pensée de Kant. Les mérites et les limitations de l'analyse kantienne sont, en résume, confrontés avec l'anthropologie de Gabriel Marcel. /// This article summarizes the main issues dealt with by Kant in "Religion within the Limits of Pure Reason". The book is characterized not a "Critique," but rather as a doctrinal work. The problems raised by Prussian censorship when it was first published are also mentioned. Finally, a critical analysis of both the value and the limitations of the Kantian text is made by confronting it with some aspects of Gabriel Marcel's anthropology. (shrink)

A obra de Descartes tem sido estudada de forma por vezes des-contextualizada. O autor aparece-nos então como um frio racionalista despido de emoções e responsável por tudo o que de pior a modernidade nos legou. Todavia, o estudo das emotivas relações de Descartes com os seus mestres Jesuítas, feita sobretudo com base na correspondência que com eles manteve, revela-nos um carácter emocional, um homem atormentado pelo desejo da verdade, de uma verdade solidamente fundamentada, numa época em que o edifício do (...) saber tradicional parecia abrir fendas um pouco por todo o lado. A frieza racionalista de Descartes aparece-nos assim como a parte visível do "iceberg cartesiano", cuja parte menos visível era de natureza profundamente emocional Por outro lado, tendo em conta as semelhanças entre o contexto cultural em que viveu, num virar de século, e o actual contexto de final do século XX, a personalidade angustiada e inquieta de Descartes não pode deixar de nos aparecer com uma notável actualidade. /// Descartes' philosophy has often be analised out of context. He then appears like a cold-blooded rationalist, completely void of emotions and responsible for the worst of our modern heritage. However, the study of the emotional relationship between Descartes and his teachers, the Jesuits, based mainly on their correspondance, reveals his emotional character, a man tortured by the desire of truth, of a solidly grounded truth, in a time when cracks in the building of traditional knowledge cracks seemed to appear everywhere. Thus, the rational coolness of Descartes appears as the visible part of the "cartesian iceberg", whose less visible part was of a deeply emotional nature. On the other hand, taking into account the similarities between the cultural context in which he lived, in a turn of his century, and the present day context of the end of the XXth century, the anxious and troubled personality of Descartes appears as having a particular relevance. (shrink)

O objectivo central de Kant no texto da "Segunda Analogia da Experiência", na Crítica da Razão Pura, é o de estabelecer a condição de possibilidade da experiência de uma sucessão objectiva de fenómenos. A sucessão contingente de fenómenos ao nível da intuição converte-se na percepção objectiva de uma sequência de fenómenos apenas pela actividade sintética da imaginação de acordo com o princípio de causalidade. No texto em análise, a aplicação daquele princípio não vai além das formas a priori do espaço (...) e do tempo. Kant não afirma pois a tese de que a natureza obedece a leis causais. Finalmente, o mesmo princípio de causalidade não pode ser aplicado ao caso da afectação da sensibilidade pela "coisa em si". /// L'objective central de Kant dans le texte de la "Deuxième Analogie de l'Expérience", dans la Critique de la Raison Pure, est d'établir la condition de possibilité de l'expérience d'une succession objective de phénomènes. La succession contingente de phénomènes au niveau de l'intuition est convertie dans la perception objective d'une séquence de phénomènes seulement par l'activité synthétique de l'imagination d'accord avec le principe de causalité. Dans le contexte en analyse, l'explication de ce principe ne va pas au-delà des formes a priori de l'espace et du temps. Kant n'affirme pas donc la tèse de que la nature obéit aux lois causalles(?). Finalement, le même principe de causalité ne peut pas être appliqué au cas d'affectation de la sensibilité par la "chose en soi". /// The basic aim of Kant in the text of the "Second Analogy of Experience", in the Critic of Pure Reason, is to establish the condition of possibility of the experience of an objective succession. The Kantian thesis is that the contingent succession of appearances at the intuitional level is converted into an objective perception of a sequence only by the synthetic activity of the imagination, according to the principle of causality. In that text, the application of this principle does not go beyond the realm of the intuitional modes of space and time. Thus Kant is not aiming to establish the lawlikeness of nature. Finally, the Kantian concept of causality, as it it transcendentally derived in the Second Analogy, cannot be applied to the case of affection of the sensibility by the "thing in itself. (shrink)

Ao longo dos textos das suas cartas e sermões, Vieira mostra um conhecimento completo das principais questões de natureza cosmológica que eram objecto de controvérsia no seu tempo: cometas, estrelas novas, movimento da terra, etc. O autor segue em geral posições tradicionais. mas não se detém em discussões de mera filosofia natural. A leitura que faz dos fenómenos naturais é, podemos dizer, de natureza metafilosófica, no contexto de uma visão global, unificada e coerente de todos os acontecimentos, porque os vê (...) todos unidos pela subtil intenção de Deus. Esta cosmovisão de Vieira permite compreender por que razào Ihe pareciam naturais e legítimas determinadas comparações entre fenómenos da história bíblica, da natureza, e da história do seu tempo, que a um leitor mais desatento poderiam parecer incompreensíveis. /// Both in his letters and in his sermons. Vieira displays a complete knowledge of the main cosmological issues that were controversial in his time: comets, new stars, motion of the earth, etc. He usually adopts traditional positions, but he does not engage in discussions of mere natural philosophy. His understanding of natural phenomena is a philo-theological one, within the context of his global, unified and coherent worldview of all phenomena, as he sees them all united by God's subtle intention. This worldview allows us to understand the reason why he considered naturally and perfectly founded some comparisons between biblical, and contemporary natural and political phenomena, which to a less attemptive reader may well appear incomprehensible. (shrink)

No momento em que a presence de Portugal em Macau parece pertencer já aos anais da História, vale a pena trazer á memória os frutuoso contactos que no campo da cosmologia foram estabelecidos no passado. sobretudo no periodo que vai do seculo XVI ao século XVIII, entre os letrados chineses e os jesuítas europeus. /// Now that the presence of Portugal in Macao seems to belong already to History, it is worthy to bring to memory the fruitful contacts that took (...) place in the domain of cosmology, particularly between the XVIth and the XVIIIth centuries, between the Chinese intelectuals and the european Jesuits. (shrink)

Os autores jesuítas do Curso Conimbricense têm sido por vezes acusados de não terem ido além de uma monolítica e rígida repetição das teses filosóficas aristotélicas, característica pretensamente distintiva da Companhia de Jesus nos séculos XVI e XVII, cujos membros demonstrariam uma total incapacidade de dialogar com as correntes inovadoras, por exemplo, no campo da filosofia da natureza. O presente estudo, baseado numa análise do Comentário Conimbricense De Caelo, mostra conclusivamente que aquele ponto de vista resulta tanto de uma leitura (...) superficial e simplista do Curso, como de uma sobre simplificação da situação intelectual da Companhia de Jesus, na realidade muito mais aberta e pluralista do que tradicionalmente é admitido. /// Les auteurs Jésuites du Cours Conimbricense ont été parfois accusés de ne pas aller audelà des thèses philosophiques aristotéliciennes, caractéristique que l'ont dit spécifique de la Compagnie de Jésus aux 16e. et 17e. siècles, dont les membres démontreraient une totale incapacité de dialoguer avec les courants innovateurs, par exemple dans le domaine de la philosophie de la nature. L'étude présente, basée sur une analyse du Commentaire "Conimbricensis" De Coelo, montre avec succès que ce point de vue résulte aussi bien d'une lecture superficielle et simpliste du Cours que d'une excessive simplification de la situation intellectuelle de la Compagnie de Jésus, en réalité beaucoup plus ouverte et pluraliste qu'on ne l'admet tradilionellement. /// The Jesuit authors of the Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis have sometimes been accused of having just monolithicly and rigidly repeated the Aristotelian philosophical theses. This, it is argued, is a specific characteristic of the Society of Jesus during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. Furthermore, so the accusation continues, the Jesuits were unable to dialogue with the new trends, for instance, in the area of the philosophy of nature. Based on the Jesuit Commentary on the De Coelo, this paper conclusively shows that such views are due both to a rather superficial reading of the Commentarii, and to an over simplification of the intelectual situation of the Society of Jesus, whose members were in fact much more open and pluralistic than it is traditionally believed. (shrink)

La recepción europea de Gómez Dávila comenzó a desplegarse de manera más amplia a partir de la lectura y difusión realizada por Franco Volpi. Este artículo alude a la manera como dicha lectura concretó las interpretaciones del colombiano, principalmente a la luz de una filosofía práctica y una perspectiva crítica. De dichas posturas, el italiano destaca la vocación vital y el carácter provocador del pensamiento de Gómez Dávila.

Philosophers of perception frequently assume that we see actual states of affairs, or facts. Call this claim factualism. In his book, William Fish suggests that factualism is supported by phenomenological observation as well as by experimental studies on multiple object tracking and dynamic feature-object integration. In this paper, I examine the alleged evidence for factualism, focusing mainly on object detection and tracking. I argue that there is no scientific evidence for factualism. This conclusion has implications for studies on the phenomenology (...) and epistemology of visual perception. (shrink)

The sensorimotor theory of vision and visual consciousness is often described as a radical alternative to the computational and connectionist orthodoxy in the study of visual perception. However, it is far from clear whether the theory represents a significant departure from orthodox approaches or whether it is an enrichment of it. In this study, I tackle this issue by focusing on the explanatory structure of the sensorimotor theory. I argue that the standard formulation of the theory subscribes to the same (...) theses of the dynamical hypothesis and that it affords covering-law explanations. This however exposes the theory to the mere description worry and generates a puzzle about the role of representations. I then argue that the sensorimotor theory is compatible with a mechanistic framework, and show how this can overcome the mere description worry and solve the problem of the explanatory role of representations. By doing so, it will be shown that the theory should be understood as an enrichment of the orthodoxy, rather than an alternative. (shrink)

Cognitive representations are typically analysed in terms of content, vehicle and format. While current work on formats appeals to intuitions about external representations, such as words and maps, in this paper we develop a computational view of formats that does not rely on intuitions. In our view, formats are individuated by the computational profiles of vehicles, i.e., the set of constraints that fix the computational transformations vehicles can undergo. The resulting picture is strongly pluralistic, it makes space for a variety (...) of different formats, and is intimately tied to the computational approach to cognition in cognitive science and artificial intelligence. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza en primera instancia la lectura y consideración hermenéutica que Ernesto Volkening realiza de la obra de Nicolás Gómez Dávila. Tras una presentación de las pautas interpretativas que se dan en el Diario de lectura de Volkening, se considera luego el interés de losautores por la arquitectura y el urbanismo modernos, como claves para la crítica del modo de vida reificante del hombre actual. Posteriormente, se ilustran las pautas que abordan la historia y la historicidad, bajo la idea (...) de una comprensión hermenéutica gestada en los contextos, opuesta a cualquier determinismo y puesta en marcha bajo la impronta de la singularidad e individualidad. (shrink)

My aim in this article is to understand the role of imagination and practical judgment in Kant's moral philosophy. After a comparison of Kant with Rousseau, I explore Kant's moral philosophy itself — unlike Hannah Arendt, who finds in the enlarged mentality of the third Critique the ground for the activity of imagination in a shared world. Instead, I place the concept of moral legislation in its background, the reflection on particulars relevant to deliberation, and discuss the mutual relation of (...) reflection and determination. Not only reflection and determination work together; imagination and judgment imply one another essentially, as interpretation of what is relevant, and as a principle of orientation in the choice of the maxim against the backdrop of a uniform and ordered world. The concepts of analogy and symbolic exhibition turn out to be crucial for how reason represents to itself the reality of ideas in the world. (shrink)

The activism of institutional investors tends more and more toward the supervision and control of the behavior of the managers of big companies. In this article, we present a model based on the creation of an activism index that lets us evaluate such activism's effect on the sensitivity of the investment policies of a company in the face of financial variables and market variables . To test our assertions, we analyze firm-level data for United Kingdom , Germany, France, Denmark, and (...) Spain during the period 1995-2004. Our results point to a significant reduction in the sensitivity of company investment decisions in the face of these variables, especially relative to intangible capital, as a result of the neutralizing effect of activism on the high agency costs of free cash flow and on the information asymmetries of the market. (shrink)

The activism of institutional investors tends more and more toward the supervision and control of the behavior of the managers of big companies. In this article, we present a model based on the creation of an activism index that lets us evaluate such activism’s effect on the sensitivity of the investment policies of a company in the face of financial variables (such as cash flow and liquidity ratio) and market variables (ownership concentration and value creation index). To test our assertions, (...) we analyze firm-level data for United Kingdom (U.K.), Germany, France, Denmark, and Spain during the period 1995–2004. Our results point to a significant reduction in the sensitivity of company investment decisions in the face of these variables, especially relative to intangible capital, as a result of the neutralizing effect of activism on the high agency costs of free cash flow and on the information asymmetries of the market. (shrink)

The Critique of Pure Reason—Kant’s First Critique—is one of the most studied texts in intellectual history, but as Alfredo Ferrarin points out in this radically original book, most of that study has focused only on very select parts. Likewise, Kant’s oeuvre as a whole has been compartmentalized, the three Critiques held in rigid isolation from one another. Working against the standard reading of Kant that such compartmentalization has produced, The Powers of Pure Reason explores forgotten parts of the First (...) Critique in order to find an exciting, new, and ultimately central set of concerns by which to read all of Kant’s works. Ferrarin blows the dust off of two egregiously overlooked sections of the First Critique—the Transcendental Dialectic and the Doctrine of Method. There he discovers what he argues is the Critique’s greatest achievement: a conception of the unity of reason and an exploration of the powers it has to reach beyond itself and legislate over the world. With this in mind, Ferrarin dismantles the common vision of Kant as a philosopher writing separately on epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics and natural teleology, showing that the three Critiques are united by this underlying theme: the autonomy and teleology of reason, its power and ends. The result is a refreshing new view of Kant, and of reason itself. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that there is philosophy of science since philosophy existed. Thus, the idea that the philosophy of science was born with neopositivism is historically wrong and detrimental to the development of the philosophy of science itself. Neopositivism tried to found the philosophy of science as an anti-philosophical discipline, as a field of study that came to replace simple philosophy. The attempt was maintained for thirty years, but failed. Now, this does not mean that we cannot make (...) good philosophy of science today, but that the philosophy of science has returned to the common house of philosophy, it is gradually recovering the connection that it should never have lost with the main philosophical traditions and disciplines. (shrink)

Many artists, art critics, and poets suggest that an aesthetic appreciation of artworks may modify our perception of the world, including quotidian things and scenes. I call this Art-to-World, AtW. Focusing on visual artworks, in this paper I articulate an empirically-informed account of AtW that is based on content-related views of aesthetic experience, and on Goodman’s and Elgin’s concept of exemplification. An aesthetic encounter with artworks demands paying attention to its aesthetic, expressive, or design properties that realize its purpose. Attention (...) to these properties make percipients better able to spot them in other entities and scenes as well. The upshot is that an aesthetic commerce with artworks enlarges the scope of what we are able to see and has therefore momentous epistemic consequences. (shrink)

A method for the recursive identification of physiological models of the cardiovascular baroreflex is proposed and applied to the time-varying analysis of vagal and sympathetic activities. The proposed method was evaluated with data from five newborn lambs, which were acquired during injection of vasodilator and vasoconstrictors and the results show a close match between experimental and simulated signals. The model-based estimation of vagal and sympathetic contributions were consistent with physiological knowledge and the obtained estimators of vagal and sympathetic activities were (...) compared to traditional markers associated with baroreflex sensitivity. High correlations were observed between traditional markers and model-based indices. (shrink)

The objective of this study is to provide insight into culinary systems. Each culture expresses its own identity through the way in which it transforms food into an elaborated cuisine. The phases of a cooking process start with the choice of ingredients, their preparation, their processing, how they are served, and how they are eaten. Each of these phases makes it possible to understand the semiotic and social behavior of a human group in the moment they choose to prepare and (...) eat a particular food. Therefore, this article contains a contrastive analysis of how Mexican, Texan, and Italian cuisines show how spicy and hot food is interpreted depending on the values that ​​are given to it in regards to being considered a dish, a spice or a vegetable. It bases its analysis on the mechanisms built around the meaning of chile in order to express cultural characteristics and differences. The recipes and their narrative processes, in addition to the use of color, allow the identification of parameters to describe the various cuisines through recipes books. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente texto es llegar a una descripción clara y comprensiva de la forma budista de abordar la cuestión cognitiva. La palabra cognición se refiere aquí al proceso por el cual se desenvuelve la convicción de que algo es "verdadero". El examen budista de la cognición puede, a su vez, ser encarado como una forma de buscar mayor libertad y distanciamiento frente a los pensamientos, opiniones y tendencias propios.