Levinas did not present any new ethical theories; he did not even give any normative recommendations. But his phenomenological investigations help us to understand how the idea of ethics emerges and how we try to cope with it. The purpose of this paper is to suggest some implications from a reading of Levinas on how ethical challenges are handled within a management perspective. The paper claims that management, both in theory and in practice, is necessarily egocentric and thus ethically biased. (...) Therefore, ethics, defined as the idea that it is possible to do otherwise than pursue one's own interest, must have its source outside the scope of management. Levinas identifies this source as the call for responsibility from the Other, beyond the reach of managerial control. He also suggests how this idea of ethics is put into practice, especially in economic life: the existence of money makes it both possible and necessary to compare unique and incomparable others. Management tools may be used in the service of always more justice, as it also may be used for the opposite purpose. Instead of trying to draw a normative conclusion from Levinas, we may distinguish between two ways of experiencing reality: one through language and knowledge, covering both descriptive and normative knowledge, including business ethics, and the other through the particular events of encounters, from where this knowledge is continuously questioned through the call for responsibility, and thereby may provide possibilities for continuous improvements towards always more justice. (shrink)

Levinas did not present any new ethical theories; he did not even give any normative recommendations. But his phenomenological investigations help us to understand how the idea of ethics emerges and how we try to cope with it. The purpose of this paper is to suggest some implications from a reading of Levinas on how ethical challenges are handled within a management perspective. The paper claims that management, both in theory and in practice, is necessarily egocentric and thus ethically biased. (...) Therefore, ethics, defined as the idea that it is possible to do otherwise than pursue one's own interest, must have its source outside the scope of management. Levinas identifies this source as the call for responsibility from the Other, beyond the reach of managerial control. He also suggests how this idea of ethics is put into practice, especially in economic life: the existence of money makes it both possible and necessary to compare unique and incomparable others. Management tools may be used in the service of always more justice, as it also may be used for the opposite purpose. Instead of trying to draw a normative conclusion from Levinas, we may distinguish between two ways of experiencing reality: one through language and knowledge, covering both descriptive and normative knowledge, including ‘business ethics’, and the other through the particular events of encounters, from where this knowledge is continuously questioned through the call for responsibility, and thereby may provide possibilities for continuous improvements towards always more justice. (shrink)

Adopting Kantor’s Masochean turn within Levinas, this article challenges the anthropocentrically limited purview of Levinas’s ethical relation. Incorporating Kantor’s legalistic reading of Levinas, informed through his literary analysis of Sacher-Masoch’s ‘Venus in Furs’, the article details the inescapable, legalistic plight that is to be the Levinasian ethical subject. Extending upon Kantor’s introductory conceptualisation of the Levinasian subject through Masoch, reveals a subject for whom suffering and sacrifice must be embraced; necessary acts of penitence before an irrepressible Other who they adore. (...) The Other is presented through Masoch’s text as an insatiable, inescapable deity of Law who cannot be refused and demands subservience. A god manifest in Exteriority whose influence upon the subject extends beyond the frame of the interhuman relation and is a necessary component of the subject’s existence and, more broadly, their world. The Levinasian subject’s relation with alterity poetically portraying all the potency, affirmation and urgency of dear Severin’s with his Venus, a relation which destroys, haunts and affirms the subject completely as only Law can. (shrink)

Resumen Desde principios de los noventa, China ha demostrado una postura más activa respecto de los procesos multilaterales en el Este Asiático, aunque en diferente grado dependiendo del área temática. Mientras que en el plano económico Beijing ha demostrado un marcado entusiasmo e iniciativa, en el plano estratégico las reticencias a tratar problemas en ámbitos multilaterales han sido mayores. Sin embargo, a través de las interacciones con ASEAN, su participación se volvió más activa al tiempo que aumentó su predisposición a (...) discutir temas sensibles en organismos liderados por la organización. En este artículo presentamos una visión introductoria, dirigida a un público no especializado en el tema, de la política exterior china hacia el Foro Regional de ASEAN y ASEAN Plus Three. (shrink)

The article explores the striking coincidences in Heidegger's and Blanchot's account of the image as death mask. The analysis of the respective theories of the image brings forth two radically divergent conceptions of thinking as "laying patent" (Heidegger) and of thinking as "laying bare" (Blanchot).

ABSTRACT The question of non-Western difference has come to feature prominently across the field of comparative rhetoric, where it is often presupposed that an irreducible difference separates Western from non-Western rhetorical and cultural production. It is on the basis of this presupposition that critics have established a politics of comparative inquiry, whereby restituting the pure consciousness of a non-Western subaltern subject is understood to subvert the hegemony of Western thought. But what exactly is the nature of this difference? In this (...) article I examine the recent turn toward Latin America in the field of comparative rhetoric to argue that this presupposition serves as a constitutive topos—that the object of Latin America is invented rhetorically in the very act of comparative inquiry—and that this presupposition yields a political impasse that the field has yet to think through. Drawing on recent work in Latin American studies, I argue for a rearticulated notion of subalternity as a methodological approach for dealing with this impasse. (shrink)

The realm of intentionality is definitive of phenomenology as a reflective methodology. Yet it is precisely the focus on the intentionalgiventhat has been condemned recently.Speculative realism argues that phenomenology is unsatisfactory since the reduction to the intentional realm excludes the ‘external’, i.e. reality independent of consciousness. This criticism allows me to clarify the nature of intentionality.Material phenomenologyfinds, in contrast, that the intentional realm excludes the ‘inner’. This criticism allows me to discuss the way in whichipseityenters as an element of experience. (...) Intentionality, viewed psychologically, is rightly the distinct arena of phenomenological psychology. However, there is no doubting the difficulty of maintaining a research focus precisely on the realm of intentionality; there areaporiasof the reduction. I discuss some of the difficulties. (shrink)

What is the relation between the thought of exteriority (that is, of an intellectually unencompassable Other taken to be a supreme source or condition of meaning) and the idealism, subjective or objective, that it reacts against? Eberhard Grisebach makes a good case study because his exteriority statement (Gegenwart, 1928) is unsurpassably extreme yet evolves in discernible stages from an idealist starting-point. After considering parallels with Buber and Levinas and criticisms from several sources, I argue that the exteriority (...) strategy for thinking about community is indispensable even if its dedication to negating comprehension renders it sterile for many philosophical purposes. (shrink)

This book examines Derrida's and Heidegger's responses to Aristotle's foundational treatise on time, advancing a notion of generation rather than locomotion as a field for further study of time and exteriority.

This book reevaluates premodern, modern and contemporary conceptions of affects, passions and emotion by analyzing various historical manifestations of the discourse on emotion. Unlike most previous research, which? especially in the German tradition? often focused exclusively on the rise of the modern interiority without paying attention to the underlying dichotomy of interiority / exteriority, this study explores the historical preconditions, the internal logic and the possible shortcomings that inform our thinking of emotion.".

El objetivo de este artículo es revelar algunas claves de la política exterior chileno -boliviana de la década de 1950 vista desde la región de Tarapacá. Para ello, indagamos en una serie de variables que determinan las orientaciones de las respectivas políticas exteriores de ambos países, desde las teorías de las percepciones y el realismo neoclásico: intereses, capacidades, imágenes e ideologías. Desde estos argumentos, y rastreando notas de prensa de esa década, analizamos el comportamiento de la diplomacia y paradiplomacia chilena (...) y boliviana en el marco del diálogo teórico mencionado. (shrink)

This book demonstrates how Merleau-Ponty's understanding of the continuity of inner and psychological life (interiority) and the material world (exteriority) ...

A distinção entre interior e exterior é um tema recorrente na história da filosofia. Embora a maioria das vezes seja assumido de forma implícita nas reflexões filosóficas, é fundamental procurar esclarecê-lo. Desde a noção socrática de interior como aquilo que importa realmente conhecer, passando pela conceção agostiniana de marca da transcendência até às perspetivas de Fernando Pessoa e Wittgenstein, percorre-se um caminho merecedor da nossa atenção.

This article discusses Alejandro Vallega’s book, Latin American Philosophy: From Identity to Radical Exteriority, proposing a series of questions in which the problem of situating Latin American thought in the topos of Western philosophy is addressed. Further questions considered here include how to rethink identity and difference from the perspective of Latin American experience, and, last but not least, what do “situated thinking” and “engaged thought” mean?

No Tratado, Hume procura investigar as causas da crença nos objetos exteriores, admitindo ser impossível provar se os mesmos existem ou náo. Sua análise consistirá na investigaçáo da origem da inteligibilidade das noções de continuidade e distinçáo dos objetos sensíveis, em última instância, a crença do senso comum na continuidade e distinçáo das próprias percepções. Este texto pretende mostrar como essa discussáo humeana é um diálogo direto com a filosofia berkeleyana, a defesa humeana da crença na matéria implicando inicialmente uma (...) certa aceitaçáo da filosofia de Berkeley, para, na seqüência, representar uma dissensáo direta com o seu princípio fundamental: ser é ser percebido . Tais colocações têm, entre outras, a finalidade de argumentar que Berkeley exerce um papel central na filosofia humeana, nesse caso como seu interlocutor direto, e que a compreensáo desse papel é parte obrigatória de um melhor esclarecimento do problema da objetividade em Hume. (shrink)

이 글은 의도적인 지적 표상으로, 경험적 대상으로 드러나는 얼굴이, 서양 철학을 지배 하는 전체성의 개념 안에서 고정된 존재의 얼굴이 사실 존재 저편의 외재성과 관련한다는 레비나스의 철학적 사유가 로젠쯔바이크의 사유로부터 주요한 영향을 받았음을 고찰하고 있다. 로젠쯔바이크는 우선 인간의 단독적인 삶을 외면하는, 동일자가 그의 내면성 안에서 타자를 흡수하는 철학적 전통에 대해 비판한다. 특히, 로젠쯔바이크에게, 전체성을 깨뜨리 려는 철학적 기획으로 급격하게 그를 이끈 것은 헤겔의 역사철학, 형이상학과 더불어 전쟁 의 경험이었다. 마찬가지로, 역사적 대참사로서 겪었던 레비나스의 전쟁 경험 또한 비극적 진리를 확고하게 해주는 계기로 (...) 전체성의 극복을 통한 그 너머를 보게 하였다. 따라서 레 비나스에게, 앞선 로젠쯔바이크의 전체성에 대한 저항의 사유는 참조하지 않을 수 없는 자 신의 철학적 사유의 동기가 되었다. 더욱이, 로젠쯔바이크가 다비드의 별 을 통해 설명하 는 문법적 내용의 함의는 레비나스가 타자의 얼굴을 외재성과 무한의 관념의 조우 장소로 설정한 것과 관련이 있다. 그리고 이것은 레비나스가 말하는 타자를 내 안에 맞아들이는 초월의 운동과 연결된다. 따라서 레비나스의 타자 윤리의 윤리적 낯섬 을 이해하기 위한 실마리를 찾기 위한 작업으로 로젠쯔바이크의 선행 연구를 검토하는 것은 상당히 유의미 한 것으로, 그 자체 의의를 가질 것이다. 또한, 레비나스 철학의 형성을 이해하기 위해서 도 로젠쯔바이크 철학의 검토는 필수적인 연구가 될 것이다. (shrink)

Reviews the book, Merleau-Ponty, interiority and exteriority, psychic life and the world by Dorothea Olkowski and James Morley . This book is a brief but informative and thoughtful anthology brings together the work of a number of contemporary scholars in philosophy, psychology, psychiatry, and comparative literature to demonstrate how Merleau-Ponty's understanding of the psyche and the material world has not only tremendous implications for philosophy, but also for the natural and social sciences. 2012 APA, all rights reserved).

The aim of this article is to consider biobanks through the conceptual tools of French Thought and twentieth-century French philosophy of technology. Firstly, two pairs of authors and their respective conceptions of the relationship between technics and memory are considered: on the one hand, Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler, who thought of memory and technics on the model of writing; on the other hand, Henri Bergson and André Leroi-Gourhan, who thought of memory as linked to biological life, and of technics (...) as an exteriorization of life. On the basis of this discussion, a philosophical analysis of biobanks is then provided, understanding them as exteriorized memories of life, and some conceptual problems raised by biobanks are addressed: the question of exteriorization and its relation with the organic and the inorganic matter; the relation between the living and the environment; the mode of existence of biological data; and the distinction between natural and artificial memory. (shrink)

Las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos de América y la actual Federación de Rusia, han sido objeto de minuciosos estudios académicos a lo largo de los años. Estas dos grandes potencias han jugado un importante papel en la configuración del sistema internacional. Con este artículo se pretende realizar un análisis de la política exterior de Rusia, -desde el enfoque realista de las relaciones internacionales- el cual no puede desprenderse de un estudio paralelo que haga referencia al comportamiento de Occidente en (...) general, y en particular de los Estados Unidos de América. (shrink)

A principios del siglo XVII, Johannes Kepler estudió el ojo humano como instrumento óptico. Décadas más tarde, René Descartes propuso un experimento para aproximarse al ojo como si fuese un objeto separado por completo del cuerpo. Tomado como analogía de la cámara oscura, el ojo exterior ayudaría a entender la visión humana, a explicar la refracción de la luz y a modelar mejores instrumentos ópticos. Ese ojo exterior ampliaría asimismo la observación y exploración estética de la luz. El ojo objetualizado, (...) desprendido del cuerpo humano, se convertía en materia de estudio a disposición de un observador todavía completamente corporeizado. En este extrañamiento, el ojo técnico y el ojo orgánico se observan y modelan el uno al otro. (shrink)

INTRODUCTION Ever since the beginning of the modern phenomenological movement disciplined attention has been paid to various patterns of human experience as ...

This essay aims to extend Paul Ricœur’s account of recognition to address some of the concerns of globalization, especially those voiced by Enrique Dussel. The extension is accomplished in two parts. First, Dussel’s account of spatial existence as dwelling is reviewed as it is pertinent to the concerns of globalization. Next, it is demonstrated that each of the aspects of Ricœur’s account of recognition may be given a spatial re-articulation. The results thus establish an outline of how recognition theory might (...) address some of the concerns of globalization. The essay concludes with several consequences for the modification of recognition politics as one finds it in the late work of Ricœur and in Axel Honneth’s ongoing inquiries. . (shrink)

Este artigo pretende analisar a discussão humeana sobre a crença nos corpos, apresentada na seção Do ceticismo quanto aos sentidos, do Tratado da Natureza Humana, e na seção Da Filosofia Acadêmica ou Cética, das Investigações acerca do Entendimento Humano. Em especial, ele procura mostrar que a inteligibilidade da existência externa funda-se em uma atividade da mente, por meio da atuação da imaginação, e pressupõe uma resignificação dos conceitos de mente e de percepção. Para tanto, parte da exposição de alguns pressupostos (...) da questão, tais como a tradução da existência externa nas noções de continuidade e distinção, a separação entre sistema vulgar e filosófico e o significado da rejeição dos sentidos e da razão como possíveis causas da crença no mundo. (shrink)

With the expression soul to the outside it is tried to explain the relation between individual and the universal. This expression has tooken by Croce from the idealist-romantic tradition. It distances him of the modern conceptions, of cartesian origin, that talk about an identical reason and is ..

El uso del espacio exterior, denominación que se utilizará en este trabajo, aunque también es habitual la de espacio ultraterrestre, nació y se desarrolló por el interés militar de las dos grandes potencias implicadas y siempre ha estado presente desde que se inició la Era Espacial. En las últimas décadas la militarización del espacio ha aumentado de forma notable, amenazando el uso pacífico del mismo que se pretendió fuera el interés principal de su regulación internacional. En paralelo, también se han (...) incrementado hasta extremos increíbles los servicios y aplicaciones civiles con una rapidez y amplitud, gracias a los nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos, no prevista cuando se firmó el Tratado del Espacio Exterior. Estas actividades se han expandido hasta el punto de que la humanidad depende de muchas aplicaciones, basadas en el espacio exterior y en gran parte de naturaleza dual civil y militar, que sustentan importantes actividades económicas globales. El riesgo del uso de la fuerza en o desde el espacio ultraterrestre no puede ser obviado y la reflexión desde la ética militar se hace necesaria para evitar que un bien común de toda la humanidad se convierta en escenario de conflictos y guerras. (shrink)

Este artículo busca dar a conocer una parte de la poesía compuesta en las cárceles de la última dictadura argentina, entre 1976 y 1983, por personas detenidas por razones políticas. En particular, nos interesa analizar cómo la poesía ha sido un género privilegiado para dar testimonio de sensaciones generadas por la situación de encierro sufrida por los autores. Nos proponemos indagar más en profundidad sobre la maneraen que los poetas consideraron la poesía como una herramienta de resistencia en donde fueron (...) plasmando su afán de libertad, reconstruyendo el mundo externo que representaba una fuente de deseos inagotable. En ese sentido analizaremos, por un lado, la manera como se manifestó este afán de libertad imposible de satisfacer; y, por otro lado, cómo este se proyectó en la imagen concreta del pueblo natal de cada poeta.Para llevar a cabo este análisis, nos parece importante considerar estos textos desde una doble perspectiva —literaria y antropológica—, recurriendo, por un lado, a entrevistas personales realizadas a los autores, y, por otro lado, a estudios de la literatura testimonial. (shrink)

En el contexto del sistema presidencial chileno, el artículo analiza el rol del Congreso en la elaboración de la política exterior, desde la perspectiva del enfoque transaccional desarrollado por Pablo Spiller y Mariano Tommasi (2000). De este modo, se plantea que el trabajo del Congreso en general, y de las comisiones de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado y de la Cámara de Diputados en particular, se caracteriza por la permanencia y continuidad de los miembros y, en consecuencia, por un trabajo especializado (...) y de alta calidad profesional, lo que favorece la cooperación entre los actores y los intercambios intertemporales entre éstos. (shrink)

Hermeneutics is widely celebrated as a call for “conversation”—that is, a manner of inquiry characterized by humility and openness to the other that eschews the pretenses of calculative rationality and resists all finality of conclusions. In this, conversation takes shape in efforts to understand and interpret that always unfold in the transmission of meaning historically in language. Yet, the celebration of hermeneutics for humility and openness appears, at least, to risk embarrassment in light of claims found in Heidegger and Gadamer (...) that conversation is always contingent on “prior accord.” Critics of hermeneutics have, for some decades, interpreted this claim of prior accord to refer to a common tradition, so that the understanding achieved in conversation is restricted to those who belong to the same heritage. In this essay, the author argues that although Heidegger and Gadamer often suggest this prior accord is a matter of common tradition, crucial threads of Gadamer’s thought, in particular, recommend a different view. Gadamer, in these threads, offers that “prior accord” concerns not a common tradition, but, on the contrary, the call to participate in hermeneutic transmission as such, even—and no doubt especially—when those in conversation are not familiar with the tradition or language of the other. With this, we are called to converse not first by _what_ the other says, but by the fact _that_ we do not yet understand, that we have already misunderstood, and that we perhaps cannot understand. (shrink)