The atomic hypothesis according to Ludwig Boltzmann. The scientific and philosophical importance of a controversial position at the close of the 19th century. This paper examines Boltzmann’s standpoint in the controversy over the existence of atoms between himself on the one hand and Mach, Ostwald, Helm and to some extent Duhem on the other hand. The latter wanted to develop a physics only constructed with perceptible phenomena. Because of the lack of empirical evidence of the atoms at that time they (...) did not accept them for the construction of physics. In contrast, Boltzmann found the acceptance of atoms to be a fruitful assumption, since for him the construction of physics required going beyond perceptible phenomena. Two different conceptions of nature and of the ways to know nature clashed in this disagreement between Boltzmann and his opponents. Op-posing one-sided positions, Boltzmann supported the hypothetical character of science, in which more than one basic hypothesis can be advanced: he was open to the possibility of fundamental revolutions in science. (shrink)

Throughout this research, imposing the training of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to play tic-tac-toe bored game, by training the ANN to play the tic-tac-toe logic using the set of mathematical combination of the sequences that could be played by the system and using both the Gradient Descent Algorithm explicitly and the Elimination theory rules implicitly. And so on the system should be able to produce imunate amalgamations to solve every state within the game course to make better of results (...) of winnings or getting draw. (shrink)

Past research suggests that spiritual leadership plays a pivotal role in enhancing employee job performance, yet we have little understanding of how and when spiritual leadership enhances employee job performance. The present study explores how and when spiritual leadership promotes job performance by examining relational energy as a mediator and leader integrity and relational energy differentiation as boundary conditions. We tested the theoretical model with data gathered across three phases over 12 months from 497 employees and their supervisors in 108 (...) groups. Results showed that the positive relationship between spiritual leadership and job performance was mediated by relational energy. Moreover, we found that leader integrity amplified the mediated relationship between spiritual leadership and employee job performance via relational energy. In contrast, relational energy differentiation weakened this mediated relationship. (shrink)

The Tic-Tac-Toe theory is a qualitative, phenomenological theory that automatically explains many of the features of the universe that we see, such as dark matter and dark energy. In that sense it is a Copernican theory that gives an alternate approach, which immediately and intuitively explains phenomena,independently of any detailed dynamics, for which the explanations in accepted standard theories are usually somewhat ad-hoc.The basic concept is to take the possibility of negative masses seriously, and generalize this to counter the unconvincing (...) treatment of negative masses by the equivalence principle. Surprisingly, this automatically solves all sorts of other problems at the same time. Since the theory comes without a detailed dynamics, one can hardly expect people to embrace it with open arms, but it is presented to help convince students that there are many plausible new ideas available to them, and they should not let themselves be intimidated into believing that we are close to understanding nature. (shrink)

Plastic consumption is an important aspect of contemporary living, and studies that systematically examine consumers’ plastic waste recycling intentions from an ethical perspective are scarce. Considering the severity of plastic waste recycling problems globally based on the stimulus-organism-response paradigm, this study analyses how the information publicity influences consumers’ plastic waste recycling intentions from an ethical perspective in an emerging market economy. We investigate this link by focusing on the indirect effect of perceived social pressure and the moderating role of media (...) disposition (i.e., media richness and content trustworthiness). Data from a three-wave field survey of 469 household consumers from China showed that social pressure mediated the positive relationship between information publicity and ethical recycling intentions. Additionally, media richness and content trustworthiness moderate the link between information publicity and consumers’ perceptions of social pressure. These findings provide encouraging evidence for applying the SOR paradigm to explain the ethical recycling intention of consumers. The findings may assist policymakers in motivating consumers to think ethically about plastic waste recycling. (shrink)

Why do we call this a "non-book"? Because this is not a text you "read at". Its very structure and contents are designed to put you into the "Energized Hypnosis" state as you learn how to do it at will. Reading is doing!!

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación documental-bibliográfica, cuyo objetivo fue identificar los principios de la tutoría virtual en la enseñanza apoyada por las TIC en el sistema de Educación de personas jóvenes y adultas en México. El estudio realizado mostró que la tutoría virtual en la Educación de personas jóvenes y adultas es un sistema de actividades académicas online planeadas, programadas, registradas, evaluadas y con seguimiento. Esta actividad debe de llevarse a cabo bajo los principios generales (...) de e-moderating, psicopedagógicos, psicosociales y específicos de tutoría de un adulto marginado. Palabras clave: Educación de personas jóvenes y adultas en México; uso de las TIC en la educación; tutoría virtual; educación de adultos; educación del hombre marginal. (shrink)

A pandemia do Coronavírus (Covid-19) coloca a sociedade em uma situação em que todos os sistemas educacionais, foram paralisados ou tiveram um comprometimento muito drástico com a interrupção de atividades pedagógicas. As universidades e faculdades privadas movimentaram uma operação sem precedentes com aulas remotas e a distância, com o intuito em não parar o calendário acadêmico. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo objetiva discutir a importância da reflexão da Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) como mediadora na educação brasileira superior, durante (...) a pandemia do Covid-19. A metodologia empregada foi qualitativa e bibliográfica, por meio de pesquisas em arcabouços teóricos, legislação brasileira, além da observação do cotidiano do ensino superior brasileiro que se dá nos veículos de comunicação de massa. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que o auxílio das tecnologias, o professor beneficia o aluno no período da pandemia do coronavírus, na medida em que faz uma abordagem mais ampla e o permite fazer associações, através de aulas remotas que podem ser potencializados com as metodologias ativas de ensino. (shrink)

Depuis l'appropriation des outils numériques par une fraction notable de la population des pays développés, plusieurs métaphores ont surgi, désignant des usages individuels de ces nouveaux moyens d'information. Simultanément, certains usages collectifs non-marchands sont apparus. Dans ce qu'on appelle trop simplement la «société civile» ou le « tiers-secteur », des groupes divers expérimentent désormais des modes de relations dans lesquelles « le lien est plus fort que le bien ». Les outils numériques, encore limités, dont on dispose aujourd'hui y sont (...) largement mis à contribution. On voudrait ici proposer une esquisse d'analyse de ces phénomènes récents à la lumière de certains courants sociologiques, notamment celui de «l'associationnisme», puis suggérer aux acteurs de la conception informatique des principes de développement d'outils qui seraient mieux adaptés à ces pratiques collectives.A notable fraction of the population in developed countries is now using networked numerical devices. A variety of metaphors have been used in an attempt to better understand, describe and explain this phenomenon but many empirical studies have been carried out as well. In this paper we focus specifically on collective, non market uses of ICT by "civil society" or what is sometimes also called the "third sector" of the economy. We will show that despite the need for new and better tools, the uptake of ICT in this sector has been rapid and is strongly anchored in efforts to reinforce human ties and relationships. "Associationism" is the name we have chosen for the overall goal of learning and doing things together via the Internet. This concept designates a current of sociological thought dating back to the middle of the 19th century in France and will be discussed in connection with other approaches in the area. (shrink)

This article compares the phenomena of “tic” and “slip of the tongue” [lapsus] as they have been described by Maine de Biran and Victor Egger, including a possible reception of Biran’s thought by Egger. In the twentieth century these phenomena will be analysed by psychoanalysts, but their first description appears in nineteenth-century French philosophy. Emerging from the analysis of Biran’s “tics” and Egger’s “slips” in the nineteenth century, the concept of habit becomes linked to a reflection on the unconscious. (...) Tic and slip of the tongue constitute, each in its own way, the place where habit exhibits its most peculiar characteristic, that of being always suspended in the dual dialectic of the voluntary and the involuntary, of the conscious and the unconscious. Maine de Biran’s “habit tics” underline the tendency set by habit for which voluntary and conscious actions become involuntary and unconscious, whereas Egger defines slip of the tongue as an involuntary and unconscious event that allows the birth of new habits. (shrink)

La diversité culturelle et linguistique présente dans la Francophonie offre les conditions pour l'élaboration d'une alternative intéressante à l'uniformisation mondiale. Le dispositif de régulation que représentent les normes ouvertes facilite la mise en place de processus d'accès au savoir en ligne propres à des approches culturelles spécifiques. La Francophonie joue le rôle de vecteur dans le développement culturel et économique local, en proposant les logiciels libres et les normes ouvertes comme faisant partie du bien public régional dans le cadre du (...) développement durable. Les États partenaires devraient participer aux négociations ISO pour promouvoir les normes ouvertes.The cultural and linguistic diversity inherent to Francophony provides the conditions to create an interesting alternative to globalization. Regulation carried out through open standards facilitates the adaptation of knowledge access processes to specific cultural approaches. Francophony plays a leading role in cultural and economic local development by proposing open source software and open standards as part of regional public facilities within the framework of sustainable development. Partner States should participate in ISO negotiations in order to promote open standards. (shrink)

The incorporation of technology by teachers as a teaching tool is a challenge. Our aim is to analyse whether ICT resources influence the use of pedagogical models and active methodologies by secondary school teachers in Melilla to teach Mathematics. In this cross-sectional quantitative study, a sample n= 61 (83.56% of the population) was evaluated using a validated 20-item questionnaire with three indicators: B.1 Methodologies and Pedagogical Models, B.2 Teaching Practice and C.3 ICT Resources in the teaching environment. Statistical power allows (...) extrapolation of the findings. (shrink)

La aparición de las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación en el panorama socio-cultural ha supuesto cambios considerables en diferentes ámbitos de la vida humana, y las instituciones educativas no han estado al margen del uso de estas técnicas que se están desarrollando día tras día. Se trata de un desafío muy importante, ya que las nuevas tecnologías están transformando la enseñanza, permitiendo al sistema educativo desarrollar y responder a los desafíos de nuestro tiempo. En el presente artículo, pretendemos hacer (...) una reflexión acerca de la importancia de la integración de las TICs en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del árabe como lengua extranjera (ALE) y mostrar las posibilidades que algunos recursos podrían ofrecer como herramientas de apoyo dentro y fuera del aula. Para ello, nos hemos basado en el análisis descriptivo-explicativo de dichas herramientas, esperando sean de gran utilidad para el alumnado. (shrink)

La communication par ordinateur est de plus en plus utilisée comme soutien pour les cours universitaires conventionnels. Cet article offre un panorama d'une série d'études fines d'innovation à petite échelle dans diverses disciplines sur deux campus universitaires britanniques. La plupart impliquait des interactions textuelles asynchrones concernant tous les étudiants et tous les tuteurs d'un cours. Des observations, des questionnaires et des entretiens ont servi à établir des configurations de décollage et d'usage des nouveaux médias pour la discussion. Les résultats sont (...) discutés selon les cinq « règles de virtualité » .Computer-based communication is increasingly being used in support of conventional university courses. This paper offers an overview of a series of detailed studies of small scale innovations across a range of disciplines at two campus-based UK universities. Most involved asynchronous, text-based interactions involving all students on a given course and the tutor or tutors involved. Observations, questionnaires and interviews were used to establish patterns of uptake and use of the new discussion media. Findings are discussed in terms of five "rules of virtuality". (shrink)

La diffusion souvent très rapide des technologies de l'information et de la communication a conduit à spéculer sur l'émergence d'une nouvelle économie. Ces anticipations furent déçues par à la fois la crise boursière et l'atonie des gains de productivité. Mais la mise en oeuvre de ces technologies pose des problèmes spécifiques. Leur efficacité impose des formes de coopération nouvelles entre les acteurs, ce qui dans tous les domaines, économique, domestique et politique, implique à la fois apprentissages et changements institutionnels.Often very (...) fast diffusion of information technology and communications has led to speculation about the emergence of a new economy. These expectations were disappointed by both the stock market crisis and weak productivity gains. But the implementation of these technologies poses specific problems. Efficiency imposes new forms of cooperation between actors, which in all fields, economic, and domestic policy involves both learning and institutional change. (shrink)

A visitor's experience of immersion in projection technology accumulates over time with the navigational movements that are called for through the digital artwork. The visitor travels through the artwork to gain an understanding of space and a sense of place within the visual field. An engaging display envelopes the visitor and thereby enhances their sense of immersion. An explorative movement within the virtual environment garners understanding, facilitates decision-making and intensifies navigation. Abstraction and symbolism in the visual experience offer a metaphoric (...) journey through the visual virtual experience. This article calls for a need to subvert and exploit rational imagery to stimulate the imagination in an effort to enhance immersion through the projection screen. The article will discuss how virtual environments fusing projection technologies with artistic imagery energizes experiential circumstances, promotes navigational movements and instigates perceptual shifts. In interactive media, the joystick navigates through a virtual environment as if painting the imagery of a place coincidently with its discovery. This self-referential journey shatters the sense of the fixed picture plane with a stable point of view established in traditional aesthetic engagement. The projection wall initially appears as a boundary for vision but acts, in essence, as a psychological screen for emergent experience. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir as relações entre linguagem, educação e Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs). Para esta reflexão, a teoria do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (ISD) parece ser apropriada, na medida que dá conta da ação humana como uma atividade social e de linguagem. Nessa perspectiva, as TICs podem permitir um processo interativo mais diverso em contextos de educação e, em especial, alinhado a uma concepção epistemológica sociointeracionista.

La integración y el uso de las TIC en los centros educativos es un proceso complejo en el que intervienen diversos factores, como son, el nivel de competencia digital docente, la infraestructura tecnológica o el acceso y uso de internet. De ahí que sea necesario abordar los estudios sobre TIC en educación desde enfoques multivariados. En este sentido, este estudio pretende conocer el uso de cinco herramientas digitales por parte de 474 estudiantes de E.S.O. en las aulas, para analizar posteriormente (...) las ventajas e inconvenientes de dicho uso para su aprendizaje. Se presentan los resultados y se discuten sus implicaciones. (shrink)

El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre el uso de las TIC y la neuroeducación en el aprendizaje de los alumnos. La investigación fue de tipo cuantitativo con diseño correlacional descriptivo de corte transversal mediante un cuestionario virtual. La población de estudio fueron 367 estudiantes de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Para la obtención de los resultados se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS v.25. El coeficiente de correlación de Spearman dio un valor de 0.754, revelando que existe una correlación moderada (...) positiva entre ambas variables TIC y neuroeducación. Conclusión: El 50% de docentes aplican gamificación para estimular la memoria visual. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende mostrar e propor adaptações metodologias centradas na abordagem comunicativa, usando metodologias ativas e as ferramentas TIC para facilitar o ensino-aprendizagem de PLE a deficientes visuais espanhóis. Dada a natureza e índole de caráter introdutório, panorâmico, sistemático e claramente didático deste trabalho, o leitor poderá ter uma compreensão direta e científica do mundo educativo que rodeia o educando deficiente visual.A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foi quantitativa e qualitativa, a abordagem foi respaldada em bibliografia pertinente e em dados empíricos (...) coletados pela pesquisadora por meio de entrevistas com diretores, coordenadores, docentes. Após as observações e entrevistas foram desenvolvidas e adaptadas algumas metodologias para após serem aplicadas aos alunos dos distintos centros de reabilitação e por último foi feita a análise dos resultados obtidos. Algumas atividades também foram utilizadas em grupos de PLE fora dos centros de reabilitação. (shrink)

Las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación se presentaron como una alternativa “efectiva o no”, tanto para quienes enseñan su uso como para quienes las utilizan; es un hecho, se quiera o no, que arribaron a nuestra sociedad para permanecer y multiplicarse, una realidad compleja ante la cual tenemos dos alternativas: las proporcionamos, las profundizamos. Tecnológicamente hablando, hasta el ocaso de la era paleolítica, nuestros congéneres no tenían nada que decir…, sin embargo, si podían hablar y comunicarse por medio de la (...) palabra. El lenguaje es consustancial al ser humano; es importante hacer esta aclaración. El cuerpo humano, sobre todo ambas extremidades, fueron los primeros instrumentos que empleó la humanidad como apoyo para recordar y contar. Los dedos de la mano, pueden considerarse los primeros apoyos de los que se valieron hombres y mujeres de la antigüedad para contar y constituyen, por tanto, la noción más elemental de la aritmética, anterior incluso a la noción de número. Es muy probable que los dedos de las manos y los pies hayan sido el origen de los sistemas numéricos quinario, decimal y vigesimal: es decir, el Hombre podía contar cinco, diez o veinte. Los constantes cambios tecnológicos —políticos y filosóficos— que se manifestaron en el Siglo XX dieron como resultado la aparición a lo que se ha dado en llamar “Era de las Tecnologías o Informática” que ha cambiado radicalmente la situación mundial en todos los aspectos, y que ha dado origen a una revolución tecnológica presente cada día. (shrink)

A la hora de plantearse la realización de actividades relacionadas con la enseñanza de los aspectos astronómicos, se presentan problemas prácticos evidentes que no ayudan a desarrollar una adecuada actividad científica escolar. Las TIC son un instrumento de gran utilidad para sortear estas dificultades, dado que permiten reproducir los fenómenos celestes y experimentar con ellos. El objetivo de este artículo es, en concreto, reflexionar sobre la utilidad de las simulaciones informáticas para la enseñanza de los aspectos histórico-astronómicos. Como muestra de (...) sus posibilidades se presentan simulaciones que pueden realizarse para visualizar diversos fenómenos astronómicos descubiertos por Galileo Galilei. (shrink)