The underlying thesis of this book is that "the undiscovered Dewey" is ascertained only by understanding the significance of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution for Dewey's philosophy and for his concept of inquiry. Rogers argues that we must realize the importance of Dewey's Darwinian commitments in order to understand how for Dewey there is a fundamental uncertainty and openness that characterizes the growth of "our natural and social horizons" (11). Routinely, Rogers argues, scholars tend to misunderstand or underestimate Darwin's importance (...) for Dewey's notion of inquiry. According to Rogers, Dewey was a champion of what is known as the Darwinian Enlightenment rather than the Newtonian Enlightenment. Those .. (shrink)

The very influential theoretical concepts proposed by Rudolf Otto in his 1917 classic The Idea of the Holy are often seen as examples of properly religious content that cannot be approached by any other means except religious. This conclusion is challenged by closer readings of Otto’s writings on naturalism and religion where he, despite of being at times critical of some versions of naturalism, expresses his thorough commitment to naturalist ic explanations. Otto’s views are presented as compatible with recent (...) cognitive-scientific theories of religion and as a constructive contribution to the scientific study of religion. Otto’s theological position, because it is based on his naturalism, is a possible methodological framework for further studies in religion and science in general and cognitive science of religion in particular. (shrink)

Bu makale Orhan Pamuk’un Kar romanından hareketle çağdaş Türk romanında din ve siyaset ilişkisine odaklanmıştır. Çalışma, Türkiye’nin yakın dönemdeki dini ve siyasi tartışmalarına edebi bir kurgu ile yaklaşan Kar’da din-siyaset ilişkilerinin nasıl bir paradigma üzerine oturduğunu ve bu çerçevede Türkiye’de dini ve siyasi kültürün romana nasıl yansıdığını anlama ve açıklama hedefini gütmüştür. Romanda 1980 sonrası yeni bir gelişim ivmesi yakalamış ve 1990’lar boyunca siyaseti daha aktif bir şekilde motive eden sağ, muhafazakar ve İslamcı çevrelerle aslında -yazarın yaklaşımı çerçevesinde- Türkiye’ye bir (...) türlü uğramayan modernizmin Türkiye’dekijakoben ve taşralı temsilcilerinin değerleri arasındaki çatışmalar öne çıkarılmıştır. Postmodern bir bakış açısıyla yazılan Kar İslamcı-laik, Doğulu-Batılı çatışmaları arasında modernleşme çabalarının devam ettiği bu aşamada din ve siyaset ilişkileriyle ilgili önemli fotoğraflar paylaşmıştır. Nihayet romanda din; yoksulluk ve yoksunlukları araçsallaştırıcı, yerine göre değişimi engelleyici karakteri yanında baskın olarak ideolojik yönü ile öne çıkarılmıştır. Siyaset ise orada daha çok jakoben ve laik, modernleşme ile ilişkisi bağlamında da taşralı olarak betimlenmiştir.Özet: Şüphe yok ki imparatorluktan Cumhuriyete geçiş sürecinde edebiyat; özellikle de Batılı bir ürün olarak roman, modern Türkiye’nin bilinç düzeyinin inşasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Bu edebi etki belli bir çizgi takip etmek yerine 2 asra yaklaşan maceralı yolculuğu içinde genellikle Türk toplumunun dönemsel tarihi, sosyal, politik şartları ile uyum içinde yürümüştür. Bu bağlamda Türk romanı başlangıçta daha yoğun olmak üzere siyasal yapıyı meşrulaştırıcı bir tavır takınırken özellikle son yarım asırda modernleşmenin ulaştığı noktalar itibariyle farklı iktidar ve ideoloji üretmenin bir aracı olarak da görülmüştür. Fakat bununla birlikte kültürel sistemin önemli bir unsuru olarak din romanın söz konusu yolculuğunda hep ana temalardan biri olmuştur.Makale çağdaş Türk romanında din-siyaset ilişkilerinin din sosyolojisi açısından incelenmesini konu edinmiştir. Çalışmaya örnek olarak Orhan Pamuk’un, ilk baskısını 2002 yılında yapan ve Türkiye’de 1980’li şartların olgunlaştırdığı gerilimli din-siyaset ilişkilerini geniş bir kültürel birikimden hareketle temalaştıran Kar romanı seçilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı çağdaş Türk romanının Türkiye’de her zaman bir gerilim ortamı yaratmış din-siyaset ilişkilerine yaklaşımını Kar örnekleminde anlamak ve açıklamaktır. Bu çerçevede tarihsel bir karşılaştırma yapılarak Türk romanının siyaset ve din algısında Karın yeri gözden geçirilmiş, bir sosyal kişilik ve yazar olarak Orhan Pamuk üzerinde durulmuş ve daha sonra da romandaki sosyal olay, olgu ve süreçlerin inşa ettiği farklı bilinç düzeyleri fenomenolojik bir perspektiften değerlendirilmiştir.Bu çalışmada Kar modern Türkiye’nin yakın dönem din-siyaset ilişkilerini dini ve siyasi kültürün farklı anlam setleri üzerinden postmodern bir alegori ile işleyen bir roman olarak görülmüştür. Bu yönüyle Kar edebi bir ürün olmanın yanında kendini toplumun dini, siyasi ve ideolojik bilgi gövdesi hakkında farklı bilinç düzeylerine yer veren hatta bugünkü din-siyaset ilişkilerinin köklü sorunlarına ışık tutan bir metin olarak da sunmuştur. Buradan hareketle denilebilir ki roman, edebiyat-toplum ilişkisi bağlamında bir taraftan toplumunun dini ve siyasi değerleri çerçevesinde olayları örgütlerken diğer taraftan bu değerlere postmodern bakış açıları sunmak suretiyle bir zenginlik katmıştır. Nihayet Karda Pamuk Türkiye’de din ve siyaset ilişkilerinin toplum temelinde edebi bir dışavurumunu gerçekleştirmiştir. Ancak bu dışavurum Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete intikal eden dini ve siyasi birikim yanı sıra kendinin kurumsal bir bagaj etrafında şekillendirdiği sosyal kişiliğinden bağımsız olmamıştır.Açıkça Pamuk, Karda din ve siyasete, onların birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerine bazen farklı karakterler üzerinden bazen de ironi ve eleştiriler yoluyla bir dizi anlamlar yüklemiştir. Postmodern bir paradigma etrafında Kar din ve siyasetin farklı anlam dünyalarını ve bu kadim iki sosyal kurumun farklı görüntülerini felsefi ve sosyolojik bir bakış açısı içinde sunmuştur. Başka bir ifadeyle Pamuk romanın olay örgüsünü, sosyal tiplerini, sosyal sınıfları ve bunların epistemolojik birikimlerini kendi doğal sosyoekonomik, kültürel, dini ve politik ortamlarında ele almıştır. Kar, İslamcı-modernist gerilimi üzerinden şekillenen bir kimlik mücadelesi etrafında kurgulanmıştır. Burada din ve siyasetin bireysel-uzlaşmacı yönlerine yer verilmekle birlikte “Kemalist” ve “İslamcılar”ın dayatmacı, popülist siyaset anlayışları ile dinin dışlayıcı ve ideolojik yönü öne çıkarılmıştır. Dolayısıyla roman 28 Şubat 1997 askeri müdahalesinden esinlenerek Türkiye’de bir karşılığa sahip dini ve siyasi kültüre ışık tutmuş ve nihayet toplumun din ve siyaset kurumlarına ait anlam şebekeleri hakkında bugüne de yansıyan önemli fotoğraflar çekmiştir.Karda din ve siyaset “darbe”, “Kemalizm”, “siyasal İslam”, “türban”, “İslamcı”, “laik” gibi kavramlara yüklenen anlamlar üzerinden işlenmiştir. Romanda “darbe” özelinde ortaya konan sosyal ve politik görüntüler 2000’li yıllar itibariyle Cumhuriyet’in yaklaşık son yarım yüzyılını gösteren bir dizi semboller taşımıştır. Nitekim romanda konu edinilen darbe özellikle 1980 sonrası yaşanan sosyoekonomik, kültürel, siyasi, dini ve etnik sorunlar etrafında örgütlenip güçlenen “dinci”lere karşı yapılmıştır. Öte yandan romanda “Kemalizm” ve onun yaydığı ideoloji, Türkiye’de siyasetin değerlendirildiği diğer önemli bir tema olmuştur. Bu bağlamda farklı kategorik özellikler taşımakla birlikte genel olarak “Kemalizm” ve askeri bürokrasinin topluma ve onun değerlerine bakışı, romanda bireysel hak ve özgürlükleri devlet lehine kısıtlayan jakoben ve elitist bir tavır içinde sunulmuştur.Romanda dinin alt sınıf örüntüsü olma, görece yoksunlukları telafi etme, yerine göre sosyal değişimi engelleme gibi özelliklerine vurgu yapılmakla birlikte daha çok onun darbe ile siyasal, ideolojik, popülist ve araçsal bir kimlik kazanması üzerinde durulmuştur. Nitekim türbanlı kızlar meselesi siyasal İslamcılar tarafından sembol bir dava olarak görülmüş ve onlar bu davayı siyasi bir malzeme yapmışlardır. Karda din ve siyaset ayrı, yerine göre birbirleriyle çatışan sosyal kurumlar olarak değerlendirilmekle birlikte özellikle Şeyh Efendi ve bazı bürokratların çıkar ilişkileri bağlamında söz konusu iki kurumun karşılıklı ilişkilerine de yer verilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Kar Türkiye’de din-siyaset ilişkisinin sembolik düzlemde yerini bulan kadim ilişkilerine de işaret etmiş olmaktadır.Gerek siyasi gerek dini her türlü dayatmaya karşı edebi bir tavır olarak kendini gösteren Kar din ve siyasete çoğulcu bir bakış önerisi getirmiştir. Türk romanı açısından yeni sayılabilecek bu durum aslında bir yönüyle de okuyucuya dinsel ve siyasal kültür konusunda yeni evrenler sunmuştur. Ancak söz konusu öneri ve bakış açıları dini ve siyasi kültürün kendi dinamiklerinden bağımsız şekillenmiş değildir. (shrink)

What has compelled Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and abroad to promote a positive image of Ottomans and Turks while they deny the Armenian genocide and the existence of anti-Semitism in Turkey? The dominant historical narrative is that Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 were embraced by the Ottoman Empire, and then later, protected from the Nazis during WWII. If we believe that Turks and Jews have lived in harmony for so long, then it is hard for (...) us to accept that the Turks could have committed genocide against the Armenians. In this article, the author confronts these convictions and circumstances to reflect on what moral responsibility the descendants of the victims of one genocide have to the descendants of victims of another. Baer delves into the history of Muslim-Jewish relations in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey to tease out the origin of these many tangled truths. He aims to bring about reconciliation between Jews, Muslims, and Christians, not only to face inconvenient historical facts, but to confront it and come to terms with it. By looking at the complexities of interreligious relations, Holocaust denial, genocide and ethnic cleansing, and confronting some long-standing historical stereotypes, the author sets out to tell a new history that goes against Turkish antisemitism and admits to the Armenian genocide. (shrink)

England, known as “the empire without sun settling down” and being among the final winners of the World War I (1914-1918), had one of the heaviest defeats of its history against the Ottoman Empire in the Kut al-Amara, which happened on 29 April 1916 close to Baghdad. Following the defeat of Kut al-Amara, which was the most important war trauma for England during the World War I, the Turks and Germans, as winner side of the battle were evaluated by (...) British prisoners from military, political, cultural and socio-psychological aspects in their memories. Content analysis method is used in the article for qualitative evalution of the data related to the Turkish and German image reflected in the memories of British prisoners after the siege of Kut al-Amara. The alliance between Turks and Germans is regarded as contrast in terms of important elements as national and ethnic identity, language, religion and culture in the main sources of the research as My Compain by Charles Townshend, Besieged in Kut and After by Barber, A Kut Prisoner by Bishop, In Kut and Captivity with the Sixth Indian Division by Sandes, The Secrets of a Kuttite by Mousley which occationally use exaggerated language and the subjective information due to the impact of traumatic defeat.Summary: Being a heroic epic in the war history of Turkey, Kūt al-‘Amāra has been the subject of very fewer researches until recently, despite its importance in Turkey’s history. This argument is supported by the fact that the memoirs by Ottoman soldiers related to the WWI, which also encompass information about Kūt al-‘Amāra, were published half a century after the war at the earliest. Unlike the records of Turkish soldiers participating in Kūt al-‘Amāra, the memoirs and the war diaries of British soldiers were published shortly after the war, as early as possible, between the years of 1918-1921. The authors of these memoirs and war diaries informed the public on the reasons for the defeat of Kūt al-‘Amāra on the one hand, and on the other hand created the Ottoman and Turkish image which was concidered differently in the British society in terms of culture and civilization. They also strengthened this image over that of German’s, with whom they shared many common values despite the fact that they represented the opposite fronts of the war.It is worthy mentioning that the role of the Ottoman army in the victory of Kūt al-‘Amāra was highly underestimated by the memoirs of the British prisoners. According to the authors, it is not the Turkish army that has achieved real victories over the British, but Germany’s support, notably General von der Goltz, the great strategist of Europe. The effects of bad weather conditions and geographical situation are also emphasized among the reasons of the defeat of Kūt al-‘Amāra. Consequently, the success of the Turkish army in the victory of Kūt al-‘Amāra was ignored, except for the role of Halil Pasha. The image of an army that knows the trench and defence techniques well, but fails to attack is one of the prominent evaluations in the memoirs related to the Turkish military characteristics.The British prisoners of war, who evaluate the Turkish and German image through the economic and political situation, draw a very desperate picture of the situation of the Turks in the mentioned areas. According to this image, corruption and bribery prevails at every stage of the Turkish government. The Turks are unable to repay their dept to Germany, which dominates the economy of the country completely. According to these records, besides ordinary people, the army is also facing great difficulties in meeting basic requirements. To convert the Ottoman Empire into their own property and keep the Turks under their control in military, economic and political spheres, the Germans lend a high amount of money.On the basis of Turkish soldiers encountered in Kūt al-‘Amāra, the British prisoners characterizes the Turks as physically large, hard and strong-bodied people. The authors also note that the Turks are not as cold-blooded, calm and obedient as they seem at first sight, rather they become rude people when they get angry. Another feature that British prisoners evaluate as a potential of the Turks, is their childish spirit. In as much as they are happy with small things and can be offended by small things. According to the memoirs, the Germans should not be allowed to benefit from these characteristics of the Turks, but the British should take the advantage of their potential power.The moral characteristics of the Turks and the Germans are among the most emphasized subjects. Written in exceptional time such as war, sometimes the diaries include exaggerated and sentimental phrases related to the moral attitudes enemy soldiers exhibited during siege, as well as captivity. Turks are regarded as negligent and careless rather than cruel or ruthless. They owe these characteristics to their Eastern identity, which is different from the Europeans having virtues such as task responsibility and diligence. The moral characteristic of the Turks regarding the duty, responsibility and kindness is evaluated comparatively with the civilized and humanistic behaviors of the Germans towards the prisoners. Being Europeans, the Germans often come to the fore because of their more polite treatment towards the British prisoners. Although the Germans as an enemy fought against the British on the front, they were kind to them in the Ottoman territories as the only civilized people among the barbarian peoples of the East.The Turks and the Germans are compared in the field of education, as well as other areas of development. The authors emphasize that the education level of the Turks is very low; Armenian and Greek subjects of the Empire are its brain and financial resources, which is the reason why the Turks are anxious about them. The Germans have the superiority in both transportation and communication technology in the Ottoman territories. One of the reasons they had a huge investment on the Ottoman territories is the Berlin-Istanbul-Baghdad-Basra railway. The British prisoners give details on the German communication technology they encountered during both the battle and the captivity days in Anatolia. In addition to the transport and communication technology, they also record much German-made military equipment, from weapons to maps.Evaluating the Turks and the Germans as opposites, the British prisoners draw an image for the latter, with whom they share a common cultural legacy, as a fully equipped enemy in terms of technology and strategy on the front, and the civilized Europeans characterized with their virtue in non-war situations. On the contrary, the Turks are described as a strong defender and daredevil soldiers on the front line, but strategically weak on the front. In terms of duties and responsibilities, the Turkish soldiers are presented with negligent and irresponsible approach towards their prisoners. The images of the Turks and the Germans, which are compared by the British prisoners, are often based on their Eastern and Western identity. The Turks symbolize the East with economic, political and cultural backwardness, yet quite the contrary, the Germans symbolize the West in terms of development, modernity and civilization. The British prisoners sometimes used exaggerated expressions in their approaches regarding both sides, as well as different details in terms of information and interpretation about the same event, due to the trauma of defeat. (shrink)

In his disputatio, Johann Peter von Ludewig provides a history of rational philosophy among the Arabs and sets out to contextualize the Turks’ attitude to it. Like many Lutheran scholars of the time, Ludewig believed that Islam, as a religion, impeded the development of rational philosophy in the Arab world. However, unlike those philosophers, he examines external influences that may have fed the interest of Arab Muslims in rational philosophy, especially dialectic. Unlike Orthodox Lutherans, such as Pfeiffer and (...) Kromayer, in his conclusion, Ludewig prays that Muslim philosophers cultivate reason to overcome the "deceit of Muhammadanists" toward rational worship. The use of the contentious and seemingly oxymoronic phrase “rational worship” (logikē latreia: λογική λατρεία, from Rom. 12:1), combining “rationality” and “worship” together refects, to a certain extent, the Enlightenment belief that reason could be used to understand the nature of God against any type of irrational religiosity. The idea of worshipping God rationally and equating God with reason shows the intellectual engagement of Protestant scholars with Enlightenment rationalism. (shrink)

This paper describes some results of a multi‐decade study of the drums of Altai shamans, begun in 1922 with the active cooperation of shamans from several ethnic groups and in several regions of the Altai mountains. These studies were a part of broad scale research of Altai culture. Knowledge of the customs and language of these people, along with my sincere interest, was the principal reason the Altai shamans developed significant trust in me, and this feeling of trust by the (...) Altai people led to my adoption as a member of the Mundus clan. The adoption was confirmed with a shaman's prayer ceremony, followed by a horse sacrifice.The 1920s were a period of renaissance of shamanism in the Altai, which undoubtedly favored my research. I was able to study and photograph drums, to ask about their construction and ornamentation, and to discuss in detail their designs. This renaissance of shamanism developed as a result of Bolshevik pressure on the Russian Orthodox church after 1917, the Church having been the primary opponent of shamanism in the Altai region. Spiritual missions and churches were closed by the government, but shamanistic cults were not interfered with. The Communists were fighting all religions, but did not regard shamanism as a religion, considering it instead as a survival of the local clan system. My work in the Altai at this time was particularly productive thanks to exactly this fortunate coincidence of circumstance. (shrink)

An extensive literature has demonstrated that encoding information in a self-referential manner enhances subsequent memory performance. This ‘self-reference effect’ is generally elicited in paradigms that require participants to evaluate the self-descriptiveness of personality characteristics. Extending work of this kind, the current research explored the possibility that explicit evaluative processing is not a necessary precondition for the emergence of this effect. Rather, responses to self cues may enhance item encoding even in the absence of explicit evaluative instructions. We explored this hypothesis (...) by testing memory for items encoded in either an evaluative or relational context. The relational context was achieved by requesting participants to report the spatial relationship between target stimuli, and visual or verbal referent cues. The results revealed a self-referent memory advantage, regardless of the encoding context or triggering cue. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered. (shrink)

The proposed model consists of 1) a Phonological Planning Component to plan the symbolic and relational goals for an utterance, 2) a Phonetic Planning Component to plan the quantitative details of the acoustic goals and how they will be achieved articulatorily, and 3) a Motor-Sensory Implementation Component to ensure that the goals are achieved on time. The temporal characteristics specified in the Phonetic Planning Component include durations between acoustic landmarks, as well as parameters of Lee’s TauG-Guidance equation, which determine how (...) a movement evolves over time. Movement coordination is assumed to be based on movement endpoints (rather than onsets) and accomplished via Tau-coupling (Lee 1998). Both the Phonetic Planning and Motor-Sensory Implementation components are assumed to make use of general-purpose, phonology-extrinsic, timekeeping mechanisms to represent, specify, and track time. Supporting evidence includes greater timing precision at movement endpoints compared to other parts of movements, suggesting the separate control of the timing of movement endpoints compared to other parts of movement. This evidence challenges models in which all parts of a movement trajectory are controlled by the same equation of motion, but supports models in which a) each abstract, symbolic phonological representation maps onto spatial and temporal characteristics of the part(s) of movement most closely related to the goal of producing a planned set of acoustic cues to signal the phonological contrast (often the endpoint), b) movements are coordinated primarily based on the goal-related part of movement, and c) speakers give priority to the accurate implementation of the part(s) of movement most closely related to the phonological goals. Further support for phonology-extrinsic timing comes from three types of evidence suggesting that surface durations are represented during speech production. Finally, phonology-extrinsic timing is supported by greater timing variability for repetitions of longer intervals, assumed to be due to noise in a general-purpose (and phonology-extrinsic) timekeeping process. The evidence appears to be incompatible with models that have a unified Phonology/Phonetics Component, with models which do not represent the surface timing of phonetic events, nor with models in which timing in speech production is not represented, specified and tracked by a general-purpose timekeeping mechanisms. (shrink)

Attention is strongly influenced by both external stimuli and internal goals. However, this useful dichotomy does not readily capture the ubiquitous and often automatic contribution of past experience stored in memory. We review recent evidence about how multiple memory systems control attention, consider how such interactions are manifested in the brain, and highlight how this framework for ‘memory-guided attention’ might help systematize previous findings and guide future research.

La Cnil est confrontée à une évolution technologique incessante et considérable face à laquelle elle doit rester vigilante. La question des usages se pose au regard des menaces vis-à-vis de l'exercice des libertés. Un double traçage dans le temps et dans l'espace se produit, cristallisant les discours et la personnalité d'un individu de manière indélébile. La protection des données personnelles est appliquée de manière très inégale dans le monde tandis que le G29 fait respecter la législation de l'Union européenne sur (...) son territoire. Alors que la Cnil est amenée à assurer de plus en plus de contrôles, elle manque de moyens qu'il faudrait lui procurer en demandant des contributions aux collectivités territoriales et aux entreprises.To exercise the vigilance required of it, the CNIL - the French Data Protection Authority - has to deal with a continuous stream of technological development, which is often of major significance. The issue of data use needs to be addressed because it raises potential threats to civil liberties. Data leave traces both in space and time, generating indelible snapshots of individual discourses and personalities. Personal data protection is unevenly applied around the world, while the G29 enforces European data protection legislation within Europe. The CNIL is required to apply ever more controls, but lacks the financial resources do to so. These should be provided by contributions from territorial authorities and private companies. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft Jahrgang: 23 Heft: 1 Seiten: 133-158.

Notre article propose d’explorer la réception de Pierre Poiret au sein du piétisme radical en Allemagne. Dans ce milieu spirituel a émergé une traduction allemande de l’Œconomie Divine (1687) (7 vol. 1735-1742). Nous souhaitons donner quelques éclairages sur la réalisation de ce projet, les personnes qui y ont été associées, ainsi que sur la manière dont le texte de Poiret a été transposé en langue allemande. Poiret et ses traducteurs piétistes partagent la conviction que la vérité religieuse n’est accessible que (...) par l’illumination divine. Mais la tension entre l’inspiration divine de la vérité et son agencement systématique et rationnel dans le volumineux traité de Poiret se trouve encore renforcée par les stratégies érudites mises en place par les traducteurs, notamment par Johann Christoph Edelmann qui se muera de piétiste radical en représentant des Lumières radicales. (shrink)

The facts are known: The death of the queen seems imminent, while the decision on her successor has not yet been made. And while Queen Elizabeth's end, and with it the transition of power, is anticipated, political complications arise: the most apt successor of the childless heir is the Scottish prince James, whose great-grandmother was a daughter of Charles VII of England. But his mother's lover, the Earl of Bothwell, has killed James's father, Lord Darnley. And Maria Stewart has married (...) her husband's assassin three months later. It is a story that is known to all and that puts considerable…. (shrink)

One way speakers can refer to themselves in conversation is with a stressed first-person pronoun accompanied by a movement of the hand to or toward the chest. This can be produced alone or in tandem with a reference and gesture to another person. Close analysis of several instances of self-referential gesture demonstrates that this form of self-reference is designed to achieve interactional work beyond simple reference, specifically relational disaggregation and self-referential extraction.

An important function of the self is to identify external objects that are potentially personally relevant. We suggest that such objects may be identified through mere ownership. Extant research suggests that encoding information in a self-relevant context enhances memory , thus an experiment was designed to test the impact of ownership on memory performance. Participants either moved or observed the movement of picture cards into two baskets; one of which belonged to self and one which belonged to another participant. A (...) subsequent recognition test revealed that there was a significant memory advantage for objects that were owned by self. Acting on items had no impact on memory. Results are discussed with reference to the importance of self-object associations in cognition. (shrink)

Back injuries have a bad reputation. The workman looks upon them with apprehension, the insurance company with doubt, the medical examiner with suspicion, the lawyer with uncertainty. The medical examiner is faced with the difficulty of estimating the true value of the subjective symptoms in the comparative absence of physical signs. His suspicion is born of the frequent disparity between these two. This prophetic statement made almost 100 years ago highlights an ongoing problem - how people who are incapacitated by (...) painful conditions such as chronic low back pain can be evaluated consistently and equitably for purposes of disability compensation. We confronted this vexing problem when we participated in writing the chapter devoted to impairment associated with pain of the American Medical Association s Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5th edition AMA Guides 5th Our purposes in this essay are to clarify several important conceptual issues associated with the assessment of pain among disability applicants, and to articulate reasons why pain should be considered in impairment and disability ratings. (shrink)

Back injuries have a bad reputation. The workman looks upon them with apprehension, the insurance company with doubt, the medical examiner with suspicion, the lawyer with uncertainty. The medical examiner is faced with the difficulty of estimating the true value of the subjective symptoms in the comparative absence of physical signs. His suspicion is born of the frequent disparity between these two. This prophetic statement made almost 100 years ago highlights an ongoing problem - how people who are incapacitated by (...) painful conditions such as chronic low back pain can be evaluated consistently and equitably for purposes of disability compensation. We confronted this vexing problem when we participated in writing the chapter devoted to impairment associated with pain of the American Medical Association s Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 5th edition AMA Guides 5th Our purposes in this essay are to clarify several important conceptual issues associated with the assessment of pain among disability applicants, and to articulate reasons why pain should be considered in impairment and disability ratings. (shrink)

mit Beitr. v. Günter C. Behrmann. hrsg. v. Günter Saße. ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Z 65.262-1447.

Ontology has been proposed as a solution to the 'Tower of Babel' problem that threatens the semantic interoperability of information systems constructed independently for the same domain. In information systems research and applications, ontologies are often implemented by formalizing the meanings of words from natural languages. However, words in different natural languages sometimes subdivide the same domain of reality in terms of different conceptual categories. If the words and their associated concepts in two natural languages, or even in two terminological (...) traditions within the same language, do not have common referents in the real world, an ontology based on word meanings will inherit the 'Tower of Babel' problem from the languages involved, rather than solve it. In this paper we present evidence from a preliminary comparison of landscape terms in English with those in the Yindjibarndi language of northwestern Australia demonstrating that this problem is not just hypothetical. Some possible solutions are suggested. (shrink)

Current accounts suggest that self-referential thought serves a pivotal function in the human ability to simulate the future during mind-wandering. Using experience sampling, this hypothesis was tested in two studies that explored the extent to which self-reflection impacts both retrospection and prospection during mind-wandering. Study 1 demonstrated that a brief period of self-reflection yielded a prospective bias during mind-wandering such that participants’ engaged more frequently in spontaneous future than past thought. In Study 2, individual differences in the strength of self-referential (...) thought — as indexed by the memorial advantage for self rather than other-encoded items — was shown to vary with future thinking during mind-wandering. Together these results confirm that self-reflection is a core component of future thinking during mind-wandering and provide novel evidence that a key function of the autobiographical memory system may be to mentally simulate events in the future. (shrink)