Partimos de una revisión crítica de la interpretación canónica del tema platónico del cuidado de la muerte propia como condición típica del filósofo: el Fedón no propone algo así como una “preparación a la muerte”, sino más bien una resistencia intensamente reflexiva del alma frente al proceso natural de la muerte. Entendemos que la fenomenología heterológica de Lévinas permite formalizar este vitalismo hiperbólico de raíz platónica a través de la categoría del “ser contra la muerte”, en sistemática polémica con el (...) famoso “ser para la muerte” de Heidegger. Lévinas permite una comprensión filosófica del natural “miedo a la muerte” de todo ser vivo: el permanente “aplazamiento” de la última hora da tiempo y posibilidad a un Deseo del Otro, impensable en cambio en las coordenadas del solipsismo existenciario heideggeriano. (shrink)

Dentro de la obra madura de Spinoza, la _Ética_ y el _Tratado Teológico-Político _ se han analizado ampliamente. Sin embargo, el _Tratado Político_ ha sido menormente estudiado por ser una obra inconclusa y con problemas estructurales. Nosotros afirmamos que la teoría política más acabada de Spinoza se encuentra en el TP. En esta obra se sacan todas las consecuencias de guiarse por una noción estrictamente inmanente de la política. En ese sentido, el TP sigue de manera más coherente el programa (...) trazado por la doctrina fundamental de Spinoza expuesta en la _Ética_, y no el TTP. Esto nos lleva a la consideración de la política como tendencia en dos direcciones opuestas: ampliación de poder y concentración de poder. (shrink)

This article shows and describes the most important discussions around the philosophy of Derrida. His philosophy could be characterized as broad and complex as far as concerned to the diversity of the issues he treated, the rigorous of his approximation to them and his particular stile. For all this the philosophical contexts that surround his ideas and the polemics derived from them are analyzed. The validity of framing the thinking of Derrida in what is today called “postmodernism” or “post structuralism” (...) is discussed, along with the equivocal readings, posterior corrected, of Derrida from Habermas. Is also discussed the disastrous interpretation of Derrida of the English analytic philosophy, represented by Searle; also are treated his deep confrontation with Foucault around the impact of cartesianism in modernity; his clash with Lacan on the new trends of psychoanalysis, rejected by Lacan and supported by Derrida; his elliptic relations with the distinct Marxist motives and the critic of Derrida to Heidegger about the metaphysic debris of the latter, especially around the modernity’s metaphysic dogma of the ontologic separation of the animal and the spiritual in the subject. Finally his contributions are evaluated, as a “rarity”, and because of that, “monstrous”. Monstrous because Derrida turns all that is classic in “aporethic”, disestablishing the tranquil world of philosophy and its essential distinctions, being “deconstruction” the main responsible of it. (shrink)

En este trabajo se arriesga una presentación muy general, atenta o sensible a la interna diversidad del pensamiento de Derrida. Característico de su escritura y de su amplísimo magisterio más o menos regular es una congruente pero complejísima diversidad temática. A lo que hay que añadir su peculiarísimo «tono». Nada se entenderá del idioma filosófico de Derrida si no se sabe acusar en su escritura, aquí y allá, todo un juego de ironías, parodias, elipsis, un juego que no le quita, (...) claro está, la mayor seriedad filosófica a su pensamiento. Por lo demás, no está mal recordar que el nacimiento de la filosofía está vinculado a ese bello tropo fecundo de la apariencia de esterilidad teórica que es la ironía socrática. La circunstancia de la reciente desaparición del filósofo francés, de origen judío argelino, como a él le gustaba subrayar, es además un motivo suplementario para intentar aquí dar lugar a ese debate sobre el valor y el significado de la aportación de la obra de Jacques Derrida al espacio filosófico contemporáneo que ha estado condicionado por toda una serie de equívocos interpretativos, y en fin, por una especie de alergia al tipo de escritura filosófica que ha ejercido Derrida durante casi medio siglo. (shrink)

El lenguaje "excesivo" de Lévinas apunta a un "exceso" reflexivo en la cultura actual. Porque "exceso" es querer pensar la Trascendencia, la presencia del Otro y del otro, la radicalidad de la responsabilidad moral y la fundamentación última de la libertad. "Exceso" de lenguaje, "exceso" de pensamiento que, quizá, la cultura de hoy necesita para recuperar la búsqueda de la verdad.

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from (...) social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-negligible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic. (shrink)

A discussão sobre a existência ou não da Filosofia Africana, associada à negação do direito à Filosofia caracterizou seis décadas: 1940-2000. A necessidade de apagar o espectro que as representações ocidentais (europeias) atribuem à África foi, de certa forma, respondida com várias publicações. O presente artigo pretende mostrar que existiram, também, pensadores individuais, preciamente no antigo Kôngo.

Resumen Este escrito es fruto de una investigación documental y bibliográfica realizada en el Archivo General del Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano. Busca presentar una síntesis del impulso que ha realizado el CELAM en orden al diálogo interreligioso. Este no ha sido un camino fácil y aún hay mucho por hacer. No obstante, en el ámbito de la Iglesia Católica, el CELAM ha sido un permanente animador de las orientaciones de los obispos en esta temática, plasmadas en el Concilio Vaticano II y (...) las Conferencias Generales del Episcopado Latinoamericano.This paper is the product of documentary and bibliographic research in the General Archives of the Latin American Bishops’ Council and it endeavors to provide a synthesis of the efforts that CELAM has made in regard to interreligious dialogue. This has not been an easy path to follow and there is still much more yet to be done. However, in the context of the Catholic Church, CELAM has been a persistent dynamic force, encouraging bishops on this topic, according to the guidelines found in the documents of Vatican II and the General Conferences of Latin American Bishops. (shrink)

Faced with an Alexandrian (Arian) anthropology of Neoplatonic inspiration, Eustathius adopts a strong position in several statements that is similar to astoic Aristotelianism of the 4th century. Nevertheless, Eustathius's reflection is more genuinely theological, than it is reflective of any particular philosophical trend. For him, the human body is a dynamic concept which finds its full meaning in light of the history of salvation, wherein the incarnate and glorified Logos, the second Adam, brings to completion the perfection and incorruptibility of (...) the humble body formed from clay in the first Adam, the protoplast. (shrink)

Pourquoi s'interroger sur la possibilité de l'existence d'une philosophie au Chili? Voici la question traitée ici, en prenant comme axe le travail intellectuel du philosophe chilien Jorge Eduardo Rivera, décédé en janvier 2017, après l'écriture de cet ouvrage. Jorge Eduardo Rivera représente parfaitement le travail philosophique et universitaire. Celui qui se réalise dans le plus grand silence, hors de toute stridence ou de toute mode. Etranger au raffut des bavardages qui nous inonde. Une méditation sobre, loin de toute bouffonnerie. Peut-être (...) est-ce cela qui amena Rivera à décrire simplement et profondément des zones inconnues, éclairées par une parole qui, sans être poétique, nous renvoie à l'être en tant que tel et sous toutes ses formes. Ce livre présente l'exercice philosophique de Jorge Eduardo Rivera sous un horizon de réflexion à la fois propre et inspiré de la tradition européenne. Il expose sa biographie et son histoire intellectuelle, les différents espaces dans lesquels sa pensée s'est formée, depuis son noviciat et son scolasticat chez les Pères Français, jusqu'à ses études philosophiques et théologiques en Allemagne et ses rencontres avec Heidegger, Gadamer, Fink, Welte, Von Herrmann et Xavier Zubiri. (shrink)

BackgroundThis article aims to contribute to a better conceptualization of pain and suffering by providing non-essential and non-naturalistic definitions of both phenomena. Contributions of classical evidence-based medicine, the humanistic turn in medicine, as well as the phenomenology and narrative theories of suffering and pain, together with certain conceptions of the person beyond them are critically discussed with such purpose.MethodsA philosophical methodology is used, based on the review of existent literature on the topic and the argumentation in favor of what are (...) found as better definitions of suffering and pain.ResultsPain can be described in neurological terms but cognitive awareness, interpretation, behavioral dispositions, as well as cultural and educational factors have a decisive influence on pain perception. Suffering is proposed to be defined as an unpleasant or even anguishing experience, severely affecting a person at a psychophysical and existential level. Pain and suffering are considered unpleasant. However, the provided definitions neither include the idea that pain and suffering can attack and even destroy the self nor the idea that they can constructively expand the self; both perspectives can b e equally useful for managing pain and suffering, but they are not defining features of the same. Including the existential dimension in the definition of suffering highlights the relevance of suffering in life and its effect on one’s own attachment to the world. An understanding of pain and suffering life experiences is proposed, meaning that they are considered aspects of a person’s life, and the self is the ever-changing sum of these experiences.ConclusionsThe provided definitions will be useful to the identification of pain and suffering, to the discussion of how to relieve them, and to a better understanding of how they are expressed and experienced. They lay the groundwork for further research in all these areas, with the twofold aim of a) avoiding epistemological mistakes and moral injustices, and b) highlighting the limitations of medicine in the treatment of suffering and pain. (shrink)

Mirativity is a grammatical category or a linguistic strategy that makes explicit the surprising aspect of a piece of information. Different mirativity strategies appear in different languages. Evidentiality is a grammatical category that explicitly expresses the source of information, i.e. if something has been seen, heard or inferred. Whether mirativity forms part of evidentiality is an open question. An agent makes use of a mirativity marker when she or he expresses something about a surprising fact with respect to her or (...) his background knowledge. But there are different kinds of mirativity markers. Some of them are simple and direct and others, more complex, involve inferential processes. Here, we focus on complex mirativity and we compare it with inferred evidentials and deferred realizations. Our proposal goes beyond the purely linguistic analysis, since we try to interpret mirativity, and its role in interaction, as forming part of or involving a particular kind of inference, namely abduction. Mirativity can be used to express the surprising state that triggers an abductive reasoning but it can also encapsulate its result in such a way that it can be understood in relation to evidentiality. Thus, at least in some cases of complex mirativity, mirativity may convey indication about the source of information. Interesting for studies on dialogue is that they also indicate the degree of commitment of the speakers with the content of their own utterances. (shrink)

The present study focuses on a grammatical category called evidentiality. The primary meaning of evidentiality is concerned with information source. That is, it expresses whether something has been seen, heard or inferred. The aim here is to conduct a conceptual study of evidentiality in which use is made of formal tools. The fundamental intuition is that the distinction between ‘evidence’as ‘proof’and ‘evidentiality’as ‘to do with proof’is a crucial one. Evidentiality is a dynamic notion to be analysed through the use of (...) knowledge by the agents, a knowledge in action, which involves an in-coming state and an out-coming state that is typical of the transmission of information. We propose our own approach in which the dynamics of knowledge in action is grasped in the context of a dynamic epistemic logic. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo dilucidar la función que cumple el temor reverencial en el Leviatán de Thomas Hobbes y en la Ciencia Nueva de Giambattista Vico como principio del mundo civil. Se centra la atención en la imaginación y en la religión como elementos fundantes de las instituciones humanas, analizando sus implicaciones.Palabras clave: Vico, Hobbes, política, temor, “terror”.This article aims to elucidate the role of ‘awe’ in Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan and in Giambattista Vico’s Scienza Nuova as a principle of (...) civilian world. The focus is on imagination and religion as foundational elements of human institutions, analyzing its implications.Keywords: Vico, Hobbes, politics, fear, “awe”. (shrink)

Ciencias sociales : saberes coloniales y eurocéntricos / Edgardo Lander / - Europa modernidad y eurocentrismo / Enrique Dussel / - La colonialidad a lo largo y a lo ancho : el hemisferio occidental en el horizonte colonial de la modernidad / Walter D. Mignolo / - Naturaleza del poscolonialismo : del eurocentrismo al globocentrismo / Fernando Coronil / - El lugar de la naturaleza y la naturaleza del lugar : ¿globalización o postdesarrollo? / Arturo Escobar / - Ciencias sociales, (...) violencia epistémica y el problema de la invención del otro / Santiago Castro-Gómez / - Superar la exclusión, conquistar la equidad : reformas, políticas y capacidades en el ámbito social / Alejandro Moreno / - Abrir, impensar, y redimesionar las ciencias sociales en América Latina y el Caribe. ¿Es posible una ciencia social no eurocéntrica en nuestra región? / Francisco López Segrera / - Colonialidad del poder, eurocentrismo y América Latina / Aníbal Quijano. (shrink)

Aristotle famously distinguishes between merely doing a virtuous action and acting in the way in which a virtuous person would. Against an interpretation prominent in recent scholarship, I argue that ‘acting virtuously,’ in the sense of exercising a virtue actually possessed, is prior to ‘virtuous action,’ understood generically. I propose that the latter notion is best understood as a derivative abstraction from the former, building upon a reading of a neglected distinction between per se and coincidentally just action in Nicomachean (...) Ethics 5, and thus shed light on the meaning and philosophical significance of the priority of acting from virtue. (shrink)

La concepción de _disciplina_ y la reflexión sobre las disciplinas liberales en la filosofía temprana de Agustín se encuentran mayormente en su obra _De ordine_. Allí, el Hiponense describe la sabiduría de las artes liberales como modesta y sucinta, de modo más prescriptivo que descriptivo. Por otra parte, en _Retractationes_, el autor reseña su proyecto de volver a pensar las disciplinas liberales dedicando una obra a cada una de ellas. Esta empresa inconclusa dio lugar a una obra sobre la gramática, (...) perdida en tiempos de Agustín, y otra sobre la música. En _De musica_, Agustín describe el funcionamiento de la sensibilidad y su articulación con la racionalidad que culmina en el reconocimiento de Dios en el alma. Intentaremos mostrar cómo la dimensión psicológica del funcionamiento de la sensibilidad permite volver sobre el concepto de disciplina y comprender las disciplinas liberales mediante el desarrollo de una de ellas en particular tomando como eje el acercamiento a lo divino por la vía racional. (shrink)

Aristotle’s soul is a first principle (an ‘efficient cause’) of every vital change in an animal, in the way that a craft is a cause of its product’s coming-to-be. We argue that the soul’s causal efficacy cannot therefore be reduced to the formal constitution of vital phenomena, or to discrete interventions into independently constituted processes, but involves the exercise of vital powers. This reading does better justice to Aristotle’s conception of craft as a rational productive disposition; and it captures the (...) soul’s continuous causal role as that which brings about all forms of vital change and underwrites their unity. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la equidad natural como criterio de interpretación jurídica. Contadas las excepciones, es posible aseverar que no ha sido objeto de un estudio sistemático y profundo por parte de filosofía del Derecho; no existe claridad respecto a cómo funciona la equidad natural, cuál es su naturaleza, cómo se aplica, si acaso es un concepto moral, jurídico o participa de ambas categorías. Frente a este panorama en este trabajo se busca responder a estas interrogantes, proponiendo un (...) análisis de las propiedades que constituyen la idea de equidad interpretativa. Ello no para alcanzar una definición final, sino para entregar claridad conceptual a los operadores jurídicos cuando hacen uso de este elemento hermenéutico. Para lograr este objetivo se realizará un análisis crítico de la bibliografía especializada en el tema, con la finalidad de repensar ciertos lugares comunes en torno a este concepto. (shrink)

Quadruple Helix Collaborations (QHCs) is a cooperation model in which industry, government, academia, and the public interact to innovate. This paper analyses the impact of a training intervention to provide specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deal with barriers commonly found in the progress of QHCs. We designed, implemented, and evaluated three training programs in Austrian, Colombian, Danish, and Spanish institutions. We analysed trainees’ (n = 66) and trainers’ (n = 9) perceptions to identify the competencies acquired with the intervention (...) and the approach’s limitations. We used online questionnaires (35 trainees; 9 trainers), semi-structured interviews (10 trainees), and a focus group (6 trainers). Trainees answered positively regarding their self-perception about the impact of the course and highlighted the acquisition of inspiration for their practice (score 4.1 out of 5.0) and knowledge (3.7). In contrast, they perceived that a deeper interaction with other participants (2.7) was challenging. After the courses, 74% of respondents indicated that they know more about how QHCs work in practice, and 86% about collaboration or engagement methods. Moreover, participants plan to be more sensitive towards setting common goals (71%) and power imbalances (63%). Trainers’ perceptions align with those expressed by participants, except that they considered that the interaction amongst participants during the course was higher. Qualitative analysis of interviews with participants and the focus group with trainers provides more detail about the strengths and weaknesses of the intervention. Our study shows that the collaborative design and implementation of training impact the participant’s learning competencies, with potential implications in their medium- to long-term practice. (shrink)

Widespread conceptions of practical reasoning confront us with a choice between its practicality and its objectivity: between its efficacious, world-changing character and its accountability to objective rational standards. This choice becomes unnecessary, I argue, on an alternative view embodied by the thesis that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an action. I lay bare and challenge the assumptions underlying the rejection of that thesis and outline a defense of its picture of practical reasoning against common objections. On such a picture, (...) practical reasoning provides a principle not externally imposed upon an action but rather constitutive of it. (shrink)

Diseases of complex origin have a component of quantitative genetics that contributes to their susceptibility and phenotypic variability. However, after several studies, a major part of the genetic component of complex phenotypes has still not been found, a situation known as “missing heritability.” Although there have been many hypotheses put forward to explain the reasons for the missing heritability, its definitive causes remain unknown. Complex diseases are caused by multiple intermediate phenotypes involved in their pathogenesis and, very often, each one (...) of these intermediate phenotypes also has a component of quantitative inheritance. Here we propose that at least part of the missing heritability can be explained by the genetic component of intermediate phenotypes that is not detectable at the level of the main complex trait. At the same time, the identification of the genetic component of intermediate phenotypes provides an opportunity to identify part of the missing heritability of complex diseases. (shrink)

El concepto de igualdad articula el análisis de Agustín de Hipona en su diálogo De musica. Agustín comienza por el estudio técnico del ritmo de los versos latinos con la función de organizar los pies métricos de acuerdo con su cercanía a la igualdad. La cercanía a la igualdad es el criterio de la delectación, entendida como respuesta de los sentidos ante las proporciones simples. El análisis racional de la experiencia estética da lugar al ascenso del alma hacia Dios, identificado (...) como fundamento de la belleza y de la delectación por las cosas proporcionadas y bellas. Este pasaje de la teoría musical a la filosofía de la música con alcances teológicos articula una teoría estética que aborda la experiencia estética y la reflexión sobre esta experiencia. Sostendremos que los tres momentos del diálogo permiten comprender el concepto de aequalitas de acuerdo con tres perspectivas: aritmética, estética y teológica. La igualdad aritmética es la relación entre dos cantidades iguales. La igualdad estética refiere a las relaciones entre las cantidades de la realidad temporal en tanto que son percibidas y respecto de su belleza. Por último, la igualdad teológica es una igualdad suprema, divina y ajena a la multiplicidad. (shrink)

El texto aborda la existencia de una tradición filosófica conocida como “conocimiento del hacedor”, que sostiene que conocer implica crear o producir lo que se conoce. Esta concepción experimenta un cambio significativo en el siglo XVII. La identidad entre la verdad y el hacer, que durante la Edad Media caracterizaba el conocimiento de Dios, se convierte en la marca del conocimiento humano. Danilo Marcondes ubica esta tradición en la problemática escéptica de la Modernidad. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar si (...) esta perspectiva es solo una de las múltiples variantes posibles o si representa adecuadamente la contextualización de la tradición como expresión pura del escepticismo moderno. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre uma metodologia para analisar a relação entre pós-modernidade e comunicação. Com isso, busca fortalecer um método que pode auxiliar na compreensão da organização da sociedade pós-moderna, relacionada ao uso de dois meios de comunicação. Para atender a esses objetivos, pretendemos partir das visões de Marshall Mcluhan, estudamos dois meios de comunicação; Michael Foucault, sua Arqueologia do Saber constitui dois paradigmas de uma época; e por Giorgio Agamben e seu método baseado na (...) relação entre paradigma, arqueologia e matéria. Este debate torna-se relevante para que seja possível desenvolver um método científico das Ciências da Comunicação que questione o contexto contemporâneo de dois saberes académicos. (shrink)

At least for those who uphold the rationality of morality, ethics and practical reason are not two distinct topics: an ethically sound agent is one whose practical reason functions as it should. Take, for instance, the greatest historical figures. Aristotle claimed that no virtue of character can exist without practical wisdom—the excellence of practical, deliberative reason. And Kant thought that the categorical imperative, the ultimate moral principle that governs a good will, was at the same time the fundamental principlof practical (...) reasoning because the will simply ispractical reason. Even before any philosophical theory of the connection between acting well and the exercise of a rational power is in view, our moral practices strongly suggest that there is one. For we take it for granted that, in an important range of cases, when an agent fails to act as she should, something has gone awry with the agent and not just with her acts, and, furthermore, that the agent herself may be held responsible for this. In calling an agent who acts unethically "irrational," we are saying these two things. (shrink)

La objeción que Simmias formula en el Fedón (85e-86d) responde al tercer argumento presentado por Sócrates acerca de la inmortalidad del alma, a saber, el argumento de la afinidad (78b-84b). Allí Simmias sugiere que el alma es una especie de armonía. Como la armonía desaparece tras la destrucción de la lira, entonces hay que afirmar que el alma desaparece tras la destrucción del cuerpo. O bien, habría que afirmar que la armonía sobrevive a la destrucción de la lira, lo cual (...) es absurdo. Ante la objeción, Sócrates formula tres refutaciones que se dirigen específicamente contra la tesis del alma como armonía. Proponemos que ἁρμονία debe entenderse como afinación para comprender el sentido de la objeción de Simmias y de las refutaciones de Sócrates. Esta tesis del alma como ἁρμονία fue atribuida mayormente al pitagorismo, especialmente a Filolao. No obstante, si se entiende el término ἁρμονία como afinación, se presentan problemas teóricos para aceptar la atribución. (shrink)