Existem perto de 140 monumentos portugueses que ainda conservam pintura mural realizada entre os finais do século XV e os meados do século XVI. Por vicissitudes históricas diversas, a distribuição destes monumentos pelo território nacional é muito desigual, verificando-se uma concentração em templos rurais situados sobretudo no território de Entre-Douro-e- -Minho (c. 30%), em Trás-os-Montes (c. 25%) e na Beira Interior (c. 20%).A análise da iconografia destas pinturas permite tirar várias conclusões a respeito das principais devoções da época. Verifica-se que (...) São Sebastião era o santo mais representado, seguido por Santo António (de Pádua), Santa Catarina, São Pedro, São Miguel, São João Baptista e São Tiago, ao mesmo tempo que apenas a Anunciação e o Calvário têm uma representatividade equiparável à dos santos mencionados. Também é possível concluir que a preferência pelos santos referidos não estava dependente da invocação dos templos. Conclui-se, igualmente, que existe uma nítida diferenciação entre as imagens sacras representadas na zona dos templos cujo cuidado pertencia aos fregueses, a nave, e a zona sob a responsabilidade dos padroeiros, a cabeceira. Nesta comunicação pretende-se explicar quais os motivos que justificam a preeminência da representação de determinadas figuras do hagiológio cristão durante o período em causa, bem como a ausência de outras cuja presença seria expectável. Pretende-se explicar também as razões que ditam a diferenciação entre a iconografia das cabeceiras e a iconografia das paredes da nave. A análise conjugada destes dados permite trazer alguma luz sobre os motivos que justificam as principais devoções dos portugueses da época, sobretudo os que viviam em ambientes rurais. (shrink)

Translator's summary The translated paper is an extract, published in 1945, of an unpublished thesis, of both historical and technical import, dealing with notions of definability and their relation to invariance under automorphisms. The author develops a metamathematical Galois theory, and discusses and anticipates some aspects of higher-order model theory in an informal but conceptually rich manner.

La publicación de Filosofía de la aritmética (1891) trajo consigo un notable avance en las investigaciones fenomenológicas de E. Husserl, a la vez que se abrió paso entre las indagaciones ya existentes sobre la fundamentación de las matemáticas. Fue precisamente dentro de esta constelación de publicaciones donde se originó una de las polémicas filosóficas más interesantes de las postrimerías del siglo XIX: la recensión de Filosofía de la aritmética hecha por Frege en 1894. Lo que ofreceré en este texto son (...) algunas claves de interpretación que permitirán hacer una revisión juiciosa de aquellos aspectos filosóficos no vistos por Frege en su crítica. Todo ello a través del intercambio epistolar entre ambos, de la exposición de la reseña de 1894 y de las recensiones de Filosofía de la aritmética que han permanecido desconocidas hasta ahora. PALABRAS CLAVE: Filosofía de la aritmética, Fenomenología, Filosofía analítica, Husserl, Frege. (shrink)

Foundational ontologies, central constructs in ontological investigations and engineering alike, are based on ontological categories. Firstly proposed by Aristotle as the very ur- elements from which the whole of reality can be derived, they are not easy to identify, let alone partition and/or hierarchize; in particular, the question of their number poses serious challenges. The late medieval philosopher Dietrich of Freiberg wrote around 1286 a tutorial that can help us today with this exceedingly difficult task. In this paper, I discuss (...) ontological categories and their importance for foundational ontologies from both the contemporary perspective and the original Aristotelian viewpoint, I provide the translation from the Latin into English of Dietrich's De origine II with an introductory elaboration, and I extract a foundational ontology–that is in fact a single-category one–from this text rooted in Dietrich's specification of types of subjecthood and his conception of intentionality as causal operation. (shrink)

In this article, we will make the case for an intercultural philosophy of religion with a special focus on interculturality between Chinese and African philosophies. We will provide an overview of the kind of intercultural philosophy that has already been undertaken between the East and the South and point out that a philosophy of religion has been left out. We will then make the case for a global philosophy of religion approach and why Chinese and African philosophies of religion should (...) engage in philosophical interchanges. We will then highlight some directions for carrying out such a philosophy and explain why the problem of evil may be better addressed from an intercultural perspective. (shrink)

Ontologies are some of the most central constructs in today's large plethora of knowledge technologies, namely in the context of the semantic web. As their coinage indicates, they are direct heirs to the ontological investigations in the long Western philosophical tradition, but it is not easy to make bridges between them. Contemporary ontological commitments often take causality as a central aspect for the ur-segregation of entities, especially in scientific upper ontologies; theories of causality and philosophical ontological investigations often go hand-in-hand, (...) and were essentially inseparable in medieval thought. This constitutes the foundation for a bridge, and this article analyzes the causality-based ontology of the late medieval philosopher Dietrich of Freiberg from the viewpoint of today's upper-ontology engineering. In this bridging attempt, it offers a translation into English of the first part of Dietrich's De origine (abbreviated title) that is a compromise between traditional scholarly translations of medieval Latin philosophical texts and contemporary ontology. (shrink)

Na Idade Média, havia um problema conhecido como “Querela dos Universais”, com a discordância entre o realismo, conceitualismo e nominalismo sobre estatuto ontológico e epistemológico dos universais. Tomás de Aquino é um realista moderado porque admite que o universal tem um ser nos indivíduos, na realidade e fora da mente. Quando falamos de um “universal na realidade”, nós nos referimos a aquilo que é comum a mais de um indivíduo. Depois, os modos de ser do conceito universal do intelecto e (...) do aspecto comum na realidade precisarão ser distinguidos, pois temos que esclarecer que o universal no intelecto não é exatamente igual ao comum na realidade, embora o primeiro seja tomado deste último. Uma vez que o aspecto comum não existe por si, mas apenas nos indivíduos, faremos uma breve análise acerca da individuação também. (shrink)

The van Wijngaarden grammars are two-level grammars that present many interesting properties. In the present article I elaborate on six of these properties, to wit, (i) their being constituted by two grammars, (ii) their ability to generate (possibly infinitely many) strict languages and their own metalanguage, (iii) their context-sensitivity, (iv) their high descriptive power, (v) their productivity, or the ability to generate an infinite number of production rules, and (vi) their equivalence with the unrestricted, or Type-0, Chomsky grammars.

Sustainable development is often framed as a social issue to which corporations should pay attention because it offers both opportunities and challenges. Through the use of institutional theory and the resource-based view of the firm, we shed some light on why, more than 20 years after sustainable development was first introduced, we see neither the adoption of this business model as dominant nor its converse, that is the total abandonment of the model as unworkable and unprofitable. We focus on multinational (...) corporations (MNCs) because they were among the organizations first called to take action. In order to illustrate the institutional pressures MNCs face and their strategic response to these pressures, we analysed four major oil and gas multinationals subject to similar sustainable development pressures – climate change, biodiversity, renewable energy development and social investment. We argue that normative and coercive isomorphism does not occur at the global level because sustainable development is largely a stakeholder-driven rather than a broad social pressure. That is, host country interpretation of sustainable development pressures varies across an MNC’s subsidiary network. Based on the analysis of the four major MNCs’ annual reports from 2000 to 2005, we argue that mimetic isomorphism may occur, but since it implies the use of complex and intangible resources, mimetic processes are slow, rare and discretionary. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo com o texto é o de apresentar o projeto Filosofia na Escola aos leitores, visando uma melhor compreensão dos demais textos que constituem o “Dossiê Filosofia na Escola”. Nessa apresentação destacamos, primeiro, aspectos históricos e estatísticos; em seguida, alguns princípios norteadores da produção teórica e prática, bem como momentos e atividades da organização do projeto e, por fim, procuramos indicar os sinais que orientaram as investigações no ano de 2004 e que resultaram nos textos constituintes do Dossiê.

O trabalho com diversas perspectivas disciplinares na sala de aula é um desafio. Trabalhá-las desde a perspectiva da transversalidade é uma empreitada ainda mais dificultosa para o cotidiano docente. O que este texto procura é esboçar, a partir da reflexão sobre a complexidade e da multireferrencialidade, a proposição de espaços problematizadores, investigativos, dialógicos, que auxiliem no envolvimento com o desafio do trabalho com a transversalidade em educação.

3rd ed, 2021. A circumscription of the classical theory of computation building up from the Chomsky hierarchy. With the usual topics in formal language and automata theory.

For millennia, knowledge has eluded a precise definition. The industrialization of knowledge (IoK) and the associated proliferation of the so-called knowledge communities in the last few decades caused this state of affairs to deteriorate, namely by creating a trio composed of data, knowledge, and information (DIK) that is not unlike the aporia of the trinity in philosophy. This calls for a general theory of knowledge (ToK) that can work as a foundation for a science of knowledge (SoK) and additionally distinguishes (...) knowledge from both data and information. In this paper, I attempt to sketch this generality via the establishing of both knowledge structures and knowledge systems that can then be adopted/adapted by the diverse communities for the respective knowledge technologies and practices. This is achieved by means of a formal–indeed, mathematical–approach to epistemological matters a.k.a. formal epistemology. The corresponding application focus is on knowledge systems implementable as computer programs. (shrink)

To most of us – believers and non-believers alike – the possibility of a perfect God co-existing with the kinds of evil that we see calls out for explanation. It is unsurprising, therefore, that the belief that God must have justifying reasons for allowing all the evil that we see has been a perennial feature of theistic thought. Recently, however, a growing number of authors have argued that the existence of a perfect God is compatible with the existence of gratuitous (...) evil. Given powerful, millenia-long sensibilities about power and love and justice, it isn’t hard to find that suggestion simply incredible. Nonetheless, in this paper I will argue that the most prominent theistic alternatives to what has seemed incredible to most of us throughout most of history are themselves patently unacceptable for the theist as well. On any of the most widely accepted accounts of how God could have justifying reasons for permitting some evils, God’s existence means that we have justifying reasons for perpetrating and allowing every evil that we see. That's hard to swallow too. If I’m right about all of this, then two competing outcomes seem to present themselves as a possible result. On the one hand, for the theist, the apparently outrageous suggestion that the existence of a perfect God is compatible with gratuitous evil no longer looks like it faces a formidable, hard-to-resist alternative. On the other hand, some like me might think that my arguments go no distance at all towards dispelling the incredibility of the gratuitous evil nouvelle vague. On this line, theism may seem now to be between the rock and the hard place: it seems hard to make sense of the existence of a perfect God whether or not He has justifying reasons for allowing all the evil that we see. (shrink)

A literatura é uma das expressões artísticas mais significativas na história das civilizações, porque o homem constrói o mundo real e imaginário. Ao analisarmos o ensino da literatura, nota-se o quanto o trabalho com essa arte, em sala de aula tem demonstrado um tanto quanto ineficaz, haja vista falta de cultura literária por parte dos estudantes. Nesse contexto, é visto na Literatura de Cordel uma fonte alternativa de trabalho com a prática literária, pois esta carrega importantes marcas e traços de (...) nossa história e cultura popular. O capítulo propõe uma intervenção pedagógica em turmas de 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental, a partir da utilização da Literatura de Cordel, fundamentada pela metodologia da Sequência Básica sugerida por Cosson (2021). Por meio de ações organizadas e sistematizadas somos capazes de proporcionar o acesso a outras leituras contribuindo para a formação do futuro leitor.Palavras chaves: Leitura. Literatura de Cordel. Letramento Literário. (shrink)

El autor recorre los diversos mundos de la espiritualidad, desde sus manifestaciones en la vida cotidiana expresadas en las ideas fuerza de amor, de paz, de libertad, hasta su relación con lo trascendente; y nos propone una espiritualidad existencial y un cambio de mentalidad colectiva conducente a ecología del yo que se ancla en la necesidad humana de sentido. Postula finalmente una espiritualidad llevada en una militancia en la vida, que nos sitúa en la profundización interior y la integración, el (...) encuentro de lo individual y lo social, lo inmanente y lo trascendente, el misterio y el compromiso imperativo de cambiar la vida. (shrink)

Espirales que nos rondan: La llave de la confianzaVivimos con la sensación de estar perdiendo algo muy esencial. No alcanzamos a conversar en profundidad con la persona más significativa, llegamos tarde a los amaneceres y a los crepúsculos, cerramos rápido el periódico saturado de crímenes y de noticias de dolorosos enfrentamientos, nos sentimos secos, fantasmales, después de ver el programa frívolo de la televisión o el mensaje comercial que encontramos en el computador. Una vivencia de de..

***Al principio fue la poesía,Antes del caos,Antes de la palabra.Poesía de ser,Del nacer,Del compadecer.Poéticamente vive el sentidoEn el secreto del mar,En las galerías de miradas,En el asombroso afán por alcanzar al ser humano,En la certeza de no estar solos en el universo,En el coraje de confiar en el misterio.Poéticamente vive el sentidoVolando en el mensaje soñador de los pájaros,Atónito, abisal, en la llegada al otro,Atento a la lujuria del crepúsculoAbrazando sus estrellas al amanec..

El autor plantea la validez de interpelarse en estos tiempos como bolivarianos, afirmando que el Bolívar esencial no ha muerto; y recuerda un verso de Neruda en que Bolívar dice: “Despierto cada cien años...” . El sueño de Bolívar se llamaba integración; era el llamado a su identidad auténtica de formar una gran nación. A esto subyace una emoción, señala el autor, y postula que ellas sean el cimiento necesario para la gran utopía de fondo, la de la especie, la (...) humanitaria: una política de humanización. (shrink)

El libro y el autor(. Una obra ante nosotros y un autor fecundo, generoso, el cual todavía joven, ha hecho sorprendentes aportes. Hay textos, son los menos, que necesitan el conocimiento del autor. Otros en que el autor es más grande o más pequeño que su trabajo. Estamos ante un creador y un libro relativamente autónomos, los dos muy relevantes.Horacio, psiquiatra cultural, exiliado en Alemania, que alcanza allí estatus de docente e investigador, junto con proyectarse hacia América Latina co..

Paul Silva has recently argued that doxastic justification does not have a basing requirement. An important part of his argument depends on the assumption that doxastic and moral permissibility have a parallel structure. I here reply to Silva's argument by challenging this assumption. I claim that moral permissibility is an agential notion, while doxastic permissibility is not. I then briefly explore the nature of these notions and briefly consider their implications for praise and blame.

Not focusing on the history of classical logic, this book provides discussions and quotes central passages on its origins and development, namely from a philosophical perspective. Not being a book in mathematical logic, it takes formal logic from an essentially mathematical perspective. Biased towards a computational approach, with SAT and VAL as its backbone, this is an introduction to logic that covers essential aspects of the three branches of logic, to wit, philosophical, mathematical, and computational.

Given plausible assumptions about the nature of evidence and undercutting defeat, many believe that the force of the evidential problem of evil depends on sceptical theism’s being false: if evil is...

Cognitive Science, Volume 45, Issue 11, November 2021.