The theorem of Bell states that certain results of quantum mechanics violate inequalities that are valid for objective local random variables. We show that the inequalities of Bell are special cases of theorems found 10 years earlier by Bass and stated in full generality by Vorob’ev. This fact implies precise necessary and sufficient mathematical conditions for the validity of the Bell inequalities. We show that these precise conditions differ significantly from the definition of objective local variable spaces and as an (...) application that the Bell inequalities may be violated even for objective local random variables. (shrink)

Die 1876 von Wilhelm Braune als Neudrucke deutscher Literaturwerke des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts begründete Reihe wird seit 1961 in einer neuen Folge fortgeführt. Je nach Eigenart und Bedeutung der Autoren und Werke finden Gesamtausgaben ebenso Aufnahme wie Auswahlausgaben oder Einzelwerke, für die ihrer Bedeutung und Überlieferung wegen eine kritische Edition erforderlich ist.

We estimate that 208,000 deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices have been implanted to address neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. DBS Think Tank presenters pooled data and determined that DBS expanded in its scope and has been applied to multiple brain disorders in an effort to modulate neural circuitry. The DBS Think Tank was founded in 2012 providing a space where clinicians, engineers, researchers from industry and academia discuss current and emerging DBS technologies and logistical and ethical issues facing the field. (...) The emphasis is on cutting edge research and collaboration aimed to advance the DBS field. The Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank was held virtually on September 1 and 2, 2020 (Zoom Video Communications) due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting focused on advances in: (1) optogenetics as a tool for comprehending neurobiology of diseases and on optogenetically-inspired DBS, (2) cutting edge of emerging DBS technologies, (3) ethical issues affecting DBS research and access to care, (4) neuromodulatory approaches for depression, (5) advancing novel hardware, software and imaging methodologies, (6) use of neurophysiological signals in adaptive neurostimulation, and (7) use of more advanced technologies to improve DBS clinical outcomes. There were 178 attendees who participated in a DBS Think Tank survey, which revealed the expansion of DBS into several indications such as obesity, post-traumatic stress disorder, addiction and Alzheimer’s disease. This proceedings summarizes the advances discussed at the Eighth Annual DBS Think Tank. (shrink)

Am Wiener Kreis scheiden sich die Geister, trat er doch mit dem dezidierten Anspruch auf, mit den Mitteln der modernen Logik den metaphysischen Schutt von Jahrtausenden aus dem Weg zu räumen. Statt einer homogenen Bewegung, die sich empiristischen Dogmen verschrieb, erscheint der Wiener Kreis in der philosophischen Forschung jedoch heute als eine heterogene Gruppe von eigenständigen Denkern, die gemeinsam die Grundlagen der modernen Wissenschaftstheorie legten. In jeweils spezifischer Weise setzten sie sich von der philosophischen Tradition ab oder versuchten, einzelne Teile (...) davon in die wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung zu integrieren. Der Band enthält eine repräsentative Auswahl von Aufsätzen der Mitglieder des Wiener Kreises. Sie beschränkt sich mit Ausnahme dreier Frühschriften der Gründer bewußt auf die Jahre des historischen Kreises vom Beginn der Treffen 1924 bis zur Ermordung Schlicks 1936, obwohl einige der Hauptideen erst in den USA ihre volle Wirkung entfalteten und von dort Ende der sechziger Jahre wieder in die deutschsprachige Philosophie zurückwirkten. In ihrer Einleitung skizzieren die Herausgeber die historische Entwicklung des Kreises und erläutern die zentralen thematischen Fragestellungen. Die Anmerkungen identifizieren die internen wie externen Opponenten und erklären den Kontext der zeitgenössischen Wissenschaft. (shrink)

A survey on the knowledge and attitudes towards the Austrian organ donation legislation (an opt-out solution) of selected groups of the Austrian population taking into account factors such as age, gender, level of education, affiliation to healthcare professions and health related studies was conducted.

Newly edited by Konrad Koerner (University of Ottawa), with an introduction by Clemens Knobloch (Universitat Siegen)The importance of Wegener's Untersuchungen uber die Grundfragen des Sprachlebens can only be compared to that of Karl Buhler's Sprachtheorie. Even now, however, Wegener's work remains virtually unknown to the English speaking world. Wegener's main work was published in 1885. It has its origin in two lectures given in 1883 and 1884 at school teacher meetings held in the Magdeburg area and it still recalls (...) those original occasions and maintains much of the oral style. Part of the volume treats the subject in a systematic and theoretical manner; other sections contain vivid examples and are characterized by a considerable didactic effort. The book is held together by leitmotif-questions, such as 'How do we understand language?' and 'How does language function as a means of everyday communication?'. We witness the experiences of the talented school teacher and the observations of the innovative dialect researcher combined, condensed, and conceptually ordered.In spite of the relatively unsystematic form of presentation, the book remains thoroughly consistent in thought and argument. In the Untersuchungen we have before us the outline of a communicative and functional view of language structure, of the analysis of speech, and of semantics. (shrink)

Par-delà leurs irréductibles différences, le philosophe Karl Jaspers, l’historien d’art Siegfried Giedion et le théologien Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ont ceci de commun qu’en élaborant chacun une pensée de l’histoire, ils ont su porter attention au concept de « préhistoire ». Et ils l’ont fait à une époque où seuls les préhistoriens s’intéressaient à la question. Que nous apprennent leurs analyses? En quoi nous permettent-elles, aujourd’hui, de remettre en question l’opposition ordinairement admise entre histoire et préhistoire? Peut-on voir en (...) ces pensées un appel à refonder une philosophie de l’histoire? (shrink)

How is it possible, at the same time, to claim that there is a causal primacy of the productive forces over the relations of production and to recognize that the development of the productive forces causally depends on the nature of the relations of production? This irritating puzzle, which threatens the very core of historical materialism, had never received a satisfactory solution until G. A. Cohen's Karl Marx's Theory of History. The latter asserts that only a functional interpretation of (...) historical materialism can effect the required reconciliation. On one reading of the "primacy puzzle", however, this claim turns out to be trivial, while on the only other plausible reading it turns out to be false. Having delineated this dilemma, the article sketches an alternative solution. (shrink)

This doctoral thesis was prepared in 1975-77 at Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, under the supervision of Prof. Raymond ARON. It was submitted in 1977 in fulfilment of the requirements for a Ph.D. degree in Social Sciences (Doctorat de 3e cycle en sciences sociales). The oral examination (soutenance de thèse) was held in January 1978, with the examination committee consisting of Prof. Aron, Bartoli, Boudon and Brochier. This 250 page unpublished dissertation was the first study ever written (...) in French on Karl Marx's Grundrisse - a 1857-58 manuscript preparatory to Marx's main economic work, Capital. The dissertation reviews Marx's successive projects for his economic work since the 1844 Manuscripts and then proceeds to a presentation and critical discussion of Grundrisse. The proposed interpretation explains the linkage that Marx operated in 1857-58 between Ricardo's economics and Hegel's dialectics, and it emphasizes that Marx was at that time primarily trying to reconstruct the dynamics of capitalism, without going to the stage of developing a formal theory of value and exploitation, as he will eventually do in Capital. (shrink)

Professeur de philosophie et de psychiatrie à l’université de Heidelberg, titulaire de la chaire Karl Jaspers, Thomas Fuchs demeure relativement peu connu en France en dépit de sa notoriété internationale et l’importance de ses travaux d’inspiration phénoménologique. Ecology of the Brain correspond à une version remaniée d’un premier ouvrage écrit tout d’abord en allemand, Das Gehirn – ein Beziehungsorgan. Eine phänomenologisch-ökologische Konzeption (2008), traduit une première fois en angla...

Les rares réflexions de Karl Marx sur la société socialiste sont imprégnées de la volonté de se prémunir contre l’idéalisme du socialisme utopique. Marx pense l’émancipation à partir de la critique de la théorie économique classique et de celle des limites du libéralisme politique. Mill ne s’inscrit pas dans cette double critique marxiste. S’il radicalise certaines conclusions de l’économie ricardienne et affirme le caractère provisoire des rapports de production de son époque, il demeure prudent : il vise un dépassement (...) du salariat par le développement graduel de coopératives de production et se tient à grande distance du socialisme révolutionnaire considéré comme « davantage un produit du continent que de la Grande-Bretagne ». (shrink)

Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Eberhard Karls Universit'at T'ubingen, 2007. Cf. Page 9.

This paper discusses Marx's "critique of political economy" by using his Grundrisse manuscript as a pivotal reference.

Im Verlauf vieler Diskussionen über die sowjetische Philosophie am Osteuropa Institut der Universität von Fribourg wurden immer wieder zwei Probleme berührt. Erstens die Schwierigkeiten, denen der sowjetische Diamat bei der Beantwortung der sogenannten 'Grundfrage der Philo sophie' begegnet. Zweitens das Pro blem der Abhängigkeit der sowjetischen Philosophie von vorausgehenden Philosophien in der Geschichte: man kann in der heutigen sowjetischen Philosophie vor allem hegelianische und aristotelische Tendenzen unterscheiden. Diese Diskussionen wurden zur direkten Anregung für die vorliegende Arbeit. Zunächst wollte ich vor (...) allem die aristotelischen Tendenzen in der sowjetischen Philosophie untersuchen. Beim Studium der sowjetischen Literatur über die 'Grundfrage' wurde es aber immer klarer, daß gerade die neuere sowjetische Philosophie auf diesem Gebiet unter einem so starken Einfluß Hegels steht, daß die aristotelischen Tendenzen ver schwindend klein sind. Daher wurde die Arbeit zur Untersuchung dieses sehr grundlegenden Teils der sowjetischen Philosophie unter dem Ge sichtspunkt der Abhängigkeit von und Ähnlichkeit mit Hege!. Für die in vielen Diskussionen erhaltenen Anregungen möchte ich den Mitgliedern des Instituts danken. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt Professor J. M. Bochenski, unter dessen Leitung diese Arbeit entstanden ist. Nicht nur was das Verständnis der sowjetischen Philosophie, sondern auch besonders was die Interpretation Hegels betrifft, verdanke ich ihm viel mehr, als durch direkte Bezugnahmen im Text ausgedrückt werden konnte. Professor M. D. Philippe möchte ich für viele Anregungen und Ratschläge danken, die ich auch für diese Arbeit von ihm erhalten habe. (shrink)

One important claim of G.A. Cohen's Karl Marx’s Theory of History is that only its functional interpretation of historical materialism can solve the “primacy puzzle”, i.e. can reconcile the primacy of the productive forces with the controlling role of the production relations. Cohen’s recent “Reply to Four Critics” (in this journal) does not salvage this claim against my earlier critique that it is either false or trivial. He only avoids falsehood by substantially redefining the terms of the puzzle. And (...) with the redefined puzzle, the claim becomes trivial in the sense that one of the two terms which the primacy puzzle consists in reconciling requires a functional interpretation on its own. The “Veblenian scenario” which I put forward in my earlier text and whose full force Cohen has been prevented from appreciating by two misunderstandings, illustrates what I claim to be the general solution to the only genuine primacy puzzle. (shrink)

The geometric shapes and natural forms, captured with exceptional precision in Ernst Haeckel's prints, still influence artists and designers to this day. This volume highlights the research and findings of this natural scientist. Powerful modern microscopes have confirmed the accuracy of Haeckel's prints, which even in their day, became world famous. Haeckel's portfolio, first published between 1899 and 1904 in separate installments, is described in the opening essays. The plates illustrate Haeckel's fundamental monistic notion of the "unity of all living (...) things" and the wide variety of forms are executed with utmost delicacy. Incipient microscopic organisms are juxtaposed with highly developed plants and animals. The pages, ordered according to geometric and "constructive" aspects, document the oness of the world in its most diversified forms. This collection of plates was not only well-received by scientists, but by artists and architects as well. Rene Binet, a pioneer of glass and iron constructions, Emile Galle, a renowned Art Nouveau designer, and the photographer Karl Blossfeld all make explicit reference to Haeckel in their work. (shrink)

Neste artigo considerarei as principais objeções marxistas ao modelo de Honneth para uma Teoria Crítica da sociedade e também as objeções centrais de Honneth aos modelos inspirados em Marx. Depois tentarei esboçar uma reaproximação entre ambas posições ao mostrar como o conceito normativo de reconhecimento de Honneth não é oposto a argumentos funcionalistas, e sim que ele contém uma dimensão socioteórica: a ideia de que a reprodução social e a evolução social revolvem ao redor de lutas pela interpretação de normas (...) sociais centrais. Ao iluminar o lado socioteórico do reconhecimento, é possível esboçar um modelo de Teoria Crítica da sociedade que, de fato, corresponda às características descritivas e normativa delineadas pelo próprio Marx. No entanto, o preço desta reaproximação para a Teoria Crítica de Honneth é uma ênfase maior na divisão do trabalho como o mecanismo central da reprodução social. (shrink)

Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872) was born in Landshut, Bavaria, the son of Paul Johann Anselm, a renowned legal theorist who had been called from Jena by the king of Bavaria to modernize the kingdom’s penal code. Feuerbach’s brothers all became distinguished scholars in their fields and his nephew Anselm a renowned classicist painter. After enrolling in theological studies in Heidelberg, Feuerbach became enthralled in Hegel’s philosophy and moved to Berlin to study with him. He presented his dissertation in 1828 at the (...) university of Erlangen and began his career there as a young Privat Dozent. Posterity has associated Feuerbach’s name to his anthropological critique of religion, presented in the 1841 The Essence of Christianity. Yet his writings touched on many other areas of philosophy. His life-long interest in religion arose from his attempt to solve the classical, fundamental questions of philosophy, of the human being’s place in the world, the relationships between thinking and being, reason and nature, mind and body, and the epistemological implications entailed in answering these questions. (shrink)

Conhecido por textos que promoveram uma concepção autônoma de obra de arte, Karl Philipp Moritz foi também um destacado representante da tradição da psicologia – posições que pareceriam contraditórias a princípio, quando assumimos o desenvolvimento da estética na segunda metade do século XVIII. Seu ensaio Sobre a imitação formadora do belo possibilita, todavia, uma compreensão mais matizada da passagem entre essas perspectivas. Partindo de uma análise psicológica “profunda”, por assim dizer, da produtividade artística, Moritz aponta para uma força (...) plástica e objetiva atuante na subjetividade criadora, anterior à força representativa e dotada de sua própria lógica e linguagem. (shrink)

Karl Philipp Moritz (1756-1793) ist bekannt als Autor des Anton Reiser und als Ästhetiker der Klassik. Heute vergessen hingegen ist der Arbeitsbereich, der ihm neben seiner Beschäftigung mit dem Schönen der wichtigste war: seine Auseinandersetzung mit der Sprache. Das vorliegende Buch zeigt Moritz als originellen Grammatiker und Sprachphilosophen vor dem Hintergrund der europäischen Geistesgeschichte. Und es beleuchtet, wie sich in den Sprachreflexionen diejenigen Denkfiguren entwickeln, die er später seiner Ästhetik zu Grunde legt: So wird das Theorem des "in (...) sich selbst vollendeten Schönen" auf die Erklärung der Verba neutra zurückgeführt, die Figur des "Gesichtspunktes] auf die Erkenntnisse über die Taubstummensprache und das zentrale Theorem der "bildenden Nachahmung des Schönen" auf die Sprachursprungshypothese. Das Buch ergänzt damit die Disziplingeschichte der Linguistik um einen eigenwilligen Sprachforscher und erfüllt, indem es Moritz' Sprachschriften in den Kontext des Gesamtwerkes stellt, eine seit 20 Jahren erhobene Forderung der Moritzforschung. "Die Sprache und das Schöne" zeigt Moritz in einem neuen Licht. (shrink)

Largely neglected today, the work of Karl Philipp Moritz was a highly influential source for Early German Romanticism. Moritz considered the form of myth as essential to the absolute nature of the divine subject. This defence was based upon his aesthetic theory, which held that beautiful art was “disinterested”, or complete in itself. For Moritz, Myth, like art, constitutes a totality providing an idiom free from restriction in the imitation of the divine. This examination offers a consideration of (...) Moritz’s aesthetics and mythography, before turning briefly to consider his influence on the authors of Early German Romanticism. An understanding of the role of Moritz’s thought supports a number of recent claims that challenge the conventional reading of Romanticism. At the same time it allows us to see Romanticism’s unconventional realist theological programme, permitting us to overcome the problematic secularising readings of the movement. I would like to thank Kurt Mueller-Vollmer, as well as Fredrick Beiser and Lars Fischer for their help with this project. (shrink)

This paper examines medical writing in Karl Philipp Moritz’ Journal of Empirical Psychology by looking at the alterations Moritz made to his sources. It shows how he rearranged the data in order to introduce a new type of text into psychology: the case or case study. He did so by altering the main parts of a report that had been published a few years earlier. In rewriting the report, Moritz introduced not only a new type of text but (...) also a style of reasoning; i.e. the casuistic form of thinking that became more widely acknowledged only later in the course of experiential psychology. The paper thus links writing techniques in psychology to the rise of a type of text and a new style of reasoning. (shrink)

Die nachfolgenden Überlegungen beschäftigen sich mit der Frage, wie Karl Philipp Moritz' Rede von jener ,,Art eines höheren Daseins" zu verstehen ist, welches der Mensch über den Genuß eines Kunstwerks erreicht und in dem er seines ,,wahren und vollen Daseins" ansichtig wird. Es stellt sich heraus, daß dieses ,höhere Dasein' zwar als ein ästhetisches Vergnügen bezeichnet werden kann, daß es in recht eigentlicher Weise jedoch als jener Ort zu beschreiben ist, an dem Freiheit, Würde und Autonomie des Menschen (...) grundgelegt sind. Damit mündet die vermeintlich nur ästhetische Betrachtung eines Kunstwerks ein in das Wissen um die allgemeine politische Freiheit des Individuums. (shrink)

La distinction entre hasard « littéraire » et hasard vécu (E. Köhler) permet de dégager l'originalité du roman autobiographique de Karl Philipp Moritz. L'étude du motif du hasard dans le livre II d' Anton Reiser montre la mise en place d'un dispositif narratif caractérisé par le refoulement du traitement «littéraire» du hasard et le maintien de la perspective du hasard comme catégorie du vécu. Les hasards heureux et malheureux ne fondent pas ici la nécessité littéraire d'un destin exemplaire, (...) mais sont l'occasion d'éclairer la double détermination, extérieure et intérieure, qui affecte l'existence du personnage, vécue sous le signe de la contingence radicale. C'est dans cette obscurité première que l'analyse psychologique opère, non pour restaurer l'horizon de la Providence, mais pour dégager les leçons générales d'une existence, et donner, à ce moment, à son héros la consistance d'un personnage de roman. (shrink)

ResumenSe analiza aquí detenidamente y se trata de entender el papel que la naturaleza tiene en el principal escrito estético de K. Ph. Moritz, escritor y teórico bastante olvidado durante largo tiempo, en España casi desconocido, cuyas ideas, sin embargo, vistas en la distancia, recobran una posible actualidad que conviene investigar. En este primer texto a ello dedicado me limito a leer dicho texto y a situar dicho concepto.Palabras claveNaturaleza, creación, autonomía de lo bello, ser.AbstractThe aim of this paper is (...) to carefully analyse and understand the role of Nature in the most important of the aesthetic writings by K. Ph. Moritz, a long-time neglected writer and thinker practically unknown in Spain, whose ideas may now regain modernity after a deserved closer study. In this first paper we just read the text and place the concept in context.KeywordsNature, creativity, autonomy of the beautiful, Being. (shrink)

ResumenSe analiza aquí detenidamente y se trata de entender el papel que la naturaleza tiene en el principal escrito estético de K. Ph. Moritz, escritor y teórico bastante olvidado durante largo tiempo, en España casi desconocido, cuyas ideas, sin embargo, vistas en la distancia, recobran una posible actualidad que conviene investigar. En este primer texto a ello dedicado me limito a leer dicho texto y a situar dicho concepto.Palabras claveNaturaleza, creación, autonomía de lo bello, ser.AbstractThe aim of this paper is (...) to carefully analyse and understand the role of Nature in the most important of the aesthetic writings by K. Ph. Moritz, a long-time neglected writer and thinker practically unknown in Spain, whose ideas may now regain modernity after a deserved closer study. In this first paper we just read the text and place the concept in context.KeywordsNature, creativity, autonomy of the beautiful, Being. (shrink)