Der Band soll beides bieten: Eine möglichst genaue Beschreibung historisch und inhaltlich unbestritten wichtiger Beispiele von Philosophie, Poetik und Literatur in der Geschichte Japans sowie eine Bewertung aus komparativer und allgemein-systematischer Perspektive. Damit soll berechtigten Forderungen nach Kontextualisierung Rechnung getragen werden, aber auch die Frage nach der Qualität der Texte und Theorien Berücksichtigung finden. Thematisch sind u. a. Konfuzianismus, Buddhismus und deren Rolle in der Entwicklung der Menschenrechtsphilosophie in Japan; Religionsphilosophie, Logik, klassische Ästhetik und Literaturtheorie, tragische wie komische Literatur und (...) Haiku."-- Back cover. (shrink)

Dieser Titel aus dem De Gruyter-Verlagsarchiv ist digitalisiert worden, um ihn der wissenschaftlichen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Da der Titel erstmals im Nationalsozialismus publiziert wurde, ist er in besonderem Maße in seinem historischen Kontext zu betrachten. Mehr erfahren Sie hier.

Der indische Mythos.--Der Brauch der Fische.--Yoga und Māyā.--Buddha.

Aus dem Inhalt: G.OBERHAMMER: Einleitendes zur Religionshermeneutik; J.REIKERSTORFER: Transzendentale Religionshermeneutik als theologische Religionstheorie; L.LEERTOUWER: Zur Definition des Objektes in der Religionshermeneutik; H.SCHWABL: Religioser Paradigmenwechsel im klassischen Altertum; E.WALDSCHUTZ: Zur Auslegung der "Mystik" Meister Eckharts in der neuzeitlichen Philosophie als Rueckfrage an die Moglichkeit dieser Auslegungen; W.HALBFASS: Tradition und Reflexion: Zur Gegenwart des Veda in der indischen Philosophie; J.C.HEESTERMAN: "I am who I am" - Truth and Identity in Vedic Ritual, T.Vetter: Zur religiosen Hermeneutik buddhistischer Texte; G.OBERHAMMER: "Begegnung" als Kategorie der (...) Hermeneutik altindischer Heilssysteme; G.H.SCHOKKER: Die Menschwerdung Gottes in der Bhakti-Poesie. (shrink)

Whereas the Upanishads contain much which is, strictly speaking, of little interest to the historian of Indian thought, the Pre-Upanishadic texts are not completely devoid of passages which are of special importance for anyone who endeavours to trace the origin and oldest form of the main texts of classical Indian philosophy. Too often the difference between Upanishads and Pre-Upanishadic literature has been exaggerated ; too often the philosophical importance of the ritualistic speculations contained in the Brahmanas has been undervalued ; (...) too often these texts have been neglected by the compilers of handbooks. One of those points which have not always received due attention concerns the theoretic foundation of the belief in the possibility of gaining the victory over death and of the efforts to realize this ambition. One of the most important problems in which the Indians have always been interested is the relation between the One and the Many, between this phenomenal world and its source and ground. Already in the Rgveda opinions differ : it has been a divine architect who made the phenomenal world ; it has been an anonymous primeval deity who became a golden germ from which a demiurge was born ; the world has arisen from the impersonal One who desired to create the world, etc. In the course of time these creators and ideas of the original One fused into the great figure of Prajapati, „the Lord of Creatures”. This God, who occupies a central position in the Brdhmawa-texts originally was what he was to remain in popular belief : the deity presiding over biological creation. In the ritualistic speculations of the authors of the Brahmanas he is the Creator, the Father of gods and anti-gods, the origin of creation. In the beginning Prajapati was alone, he was ,all this’, he was the universe in ,concentrated’ and unmanifested form. By way of emanation and self-differentiation he became the manifested universe, including the creatures. After this creative activity he is empty and exhausted, because he has ,entered the universe' or rather transformed himself into the universe. His strength, force and health can however be recovered and restored by means of rites. The world and the creatures which emanated from Prajapati were not perfect ; they were a discontinuum, disintegrated, in the power of death. In order to make life possible and to make the world habitable Prajdpati instituted rites. Prajapati is in the Brahmanas identified with the highest and most general categories ; he is the year, i.e. the complete cycle of time comprising the past and the future, totality and completeness. The year, viewed as an integral structure is the fundamental basis of all that happens. Being also the rite, the sacral act, Prajapati is on the other hand the earthly counterpart of the great cosmic drama. On these two identifications the ritualistic system of these authors is constructed. Among these authorities Sandilya. occupies a prominent place. The mundane events oscillating between the poles of birth and death, of genesis and decay, rites are needed to reintegrate what has become decomposed. They are however also to restore the original unity and totality, to co-ordinate the non-co-ordinated phenomena, to reconstruct Prajapati, to restore his original oneness. The rites reduce, temporarily it is true and with regard to the individual who has them performed, the phenomenal multiplicity to a reintegrated totality, in which the diversity of Prajapati's emanation has been destroyed, and the original unity and oneness has been restored. This theory underlies the structure of the great Fire-altar , by which the sacrificer identifies himself with Prajapati whose original unity is restored. By performing this elaborate ritual the personality of the sacrificer was transformed into a new and divine existence, which was no longer subject to the imperfections proper to this world. That is to say : the sacrificer acquires ,immortality' , he transcends the limits of phenomenal time, he becomes sarva, i.e. safe-andsound, whole. Prajapati-the year will not destroy the man who identifies himself with the totality, with Prajapati-the year, and who has acquired an insight into the meaning of this identification ; that man overcomes disintegration and discontinuity, he gains the victory over death, that is to say : he attains to a sound and complete condition. In the course of time the personal Prajapati and the impersonal Brahman are identified. In the early Upanishads the latter becomes the great fundamental principle. These works resume on the one hand ancient speculations a part of which has been preserved in the Rg- and Atharvavedas, and utilize, on the other hand, the ritualistic theories of the Brdhmawas. The tendency of their authors is however to dissociate themselves from ritualism. Emphasizing the quest for the salvation and spiritual welfare of the individual they go into the problem of the ,Soul' , that is the ,self' or the very core of the personality, which is essentially different from all phenomenal plurality. The hitman is identified with the Punira, the primeval man out of whom the universe arose. It follows that the Atrmn is also cosmic. According to Udddlaka Arum it is the subtle essence of all that exists. All the important potencies in the universe are said to be its manifestations. However, in these works . Htman and Brahman tend to fuse and the great teacher Ydjwavalkya concluded to their being identical. Ordinary men do not understand this identity, but the few who are able to arrive at this highly important insight gain the victory over the imperfections and contingencies of empirical existence. They experience the ecstatic and unanalysable condition of unity, the undifferentiated Plenum or Totality, the ,All'. They know that they are truly Brahman or Sarvam. Now, it is most important to attain to this condition, which implies the victory over death, before one is to die the worldly death. The man who dies without having escaped death will die again and again in the hereafter. Whereas the ritualists attempt to protect themselves from this much feared ,repeated death' by means of rites, especially by the construction of the Fire-altar, the teachers whose words are recorded in the early Upanishads ascribed the delivering power to the esoteric knowledge of the ,under lying theory', to the knowledge of the ritual-cosmic interrelations : the man who knows the relevant speculations will be released. This belief in the redeeming power of the rites and the ,theory' on which they are based was also of special importance with regard to the development of the Karman-doctrine. Thus ritual and spiritual identification with the One which is the Totality, the Primeval Being, the Creator, the Atman enables man by experiencing a transformation to conquer phenomenal time and death. (shrink)

Translations into a modern Western language can hardly by expected to give a correct idea of the contents of the most important dharma idea in Indian culture. « Law, moral and religious duties, rule, norm, truth etc. etc. » are, like « element, category » only aspects of a concept for which our languages have no word because it is foreign to our „ philosophy” and „Weltanschauung”. The term obviously derives from the root dharor dhr-which is also the basis of (...) verb forms expressing such ideas as « to hold, bear, preserve, maintain ; to remain in a certain condition, to continue existing, to be faithful to its nature etc. ». In the Rgveda the subject of the verb often is a divine power and the object one or more of those highly important entities in the universe which are fixed, supported, maintained, preserved, and the continuance and maintenance of which is of the utmost consequence to human life, physically, economically, socially and psychologically. It expresses the notion of stability. The substantive dharman, the Rgvedic predecessor of dharma, belongs to a group of ancient nouns ending in -men- denoting ideas of religious or „weltanschauliches” interest . In the ancient Indian texts these words stand for intuitively felt, associatively combined, emotionally determined vague ideas which in the course of time were deepened and adopted more precise and specialized meanings. The semantic relation between the noun and the above verb is often perfectly evident. The noun generally speaking expresses the idea of « a stabilizing, supporting, preserving power, a power of maintenance and stability, a faithfulness to nature or condition, to inherent qualities, to truth and reality ; the innate principle of anything in virtue of which it continues existing, is or remains what it is etc. ». The opinion pronounced by some authorities that the term originally was merely ritualistic should not be adhered to ; the ritualists knew it, of course, and applied it to those entities and phenomena in which they were interested. So did the specialists in social relations who applied the same term with the same general sense to the rules of conduct, the moral, social, and religious duties of the members of the classes in society, of the sexes and high functionaries such as the king. A thorough examination of the relevant texts however shows that it always was the same almost untranslatable central idea which was expressed by dharma, whether it related to cosmic powers or entities or to human beings. It is no correct method to suppose the term to have evolved semantically in the chronological order of the texts in which the different aspects of the general idea attracted the attention of the authors. After a discussion of the implications of dharma in the dharmajvzstras or so-called lawbooks and its intimate relations to the karman theory, some observations are made on the Purvamimamsa which, dealing with the exegesis of the Veda, made a special study of dharma, because it was considered a necessity to discover how the Vedic texts enjoin man to behave under the ever varying circumstances of mundane existence, in short to know what is the scheme of right living. The great diversity of „meanings” occurring in Pali and Sanskrit Buddhism are likewise really one and not essentially different from the above. Dharma on the one hand expresses the idea of law and norm in nature, society and human existence, the idea that under definite conditions definite consequences are, or are not, to follow. On the other hand it stands, here also, for the innate principle of anything in virtue of which it is what it is and is used in its above „social” sense. Because dharma also is the « prescribed course of action for anything which may follow a natural or normal process » it could also denote the doctrine professed by Buddha and other teachers, which was the very reason and justification for their existence. Because Buddha's doctrine was, in the eyes of his followers, truth, dharma is also equivalent to this term. In some respects the ancient Vedic « Daseinsmächte » or power-substances which were, to a certain extent, regarded as fundamental realities may be considered identical with the « realities » called dhammas in the Pali canon. Here dharma is an irreductible reality or existence which whilst existing in virtue of a fundamental law has definite results or effects. In the fully developed Mahayana philosophy the term under discussion implies that every element is a separate power or entity ; that there is no substance without its qualities, because no dharma is inherent in another dharma ; that dharmas are without duration ; that they co-operate in virtue of the basic law of the pratityasamutpada which determines the mundane process. From the philosophical point of view Buddhism is therefore a dharma-theory based on the pratityasamutpada. In modern Hinduism dharma may always be said to be a living force.. Some poets, philosophers and politicians attempted to adapt it to the exigencies of modern times : B. Ch. Chatter jee, R. Tagore, A. Ghose, S. Radhakrishnan and others. According to Radhakrishnan dharma is « to exist in accordance with the truth of things or in harmony with that truth that supports, controls and encompasses the universe » . To follow one's dharma means to be faithful to one's innate character, because dharma is truth's embodiment in life. (shrink)

The Oxford Handbook of Indian Philosophy tells the story of philosophy in India through a series of exceptional individual acts of philosophical virtuosity. It brings together forty leading international scholars to record the diverse figures, movements, and approaches that constitute philosophy in the geographical region of the Indian subcontinent, a region sometimes nowadays designated South Asia. The chapters provide a synopsis of the liveliest areas of contemporary research and set new agendas for nascent directions of exploration. Each of the chapters (...) provides compelling evidence that in the global exercise of human intellectual skills India, throughout its history, has been a hugely sophisticated and important presence, host to an astonishing range of exceptionally creative minds engaged in an extraordinary diversity of the most astute philosophical exploration conceivable. It spans philosophy of law, logic, politics, environment, and society, but is most strongly associated with wide-ranging discussions in the philosophy of mind and language, epistemology and metaphysics, ethics, meta-ethics, and aesthetics, and meta-philosophy. The reach of Indian ideas has been vast, both historically and geographically, and it has been and continues to be a major influence in world philosophy. In the breadth as well as the depth of its philosophical investigation, in the sheer bulk of surviving texts and in the diffusion of its ideas, the philosophical heritage of India easily stands comparison with that of China, Greece, the Latin West, or the Islamic world. (shrink)

1. Altertum. Indische, chinesische, griechisch-römische Philosophie -- 2. Mittelalter -- 3. Renaissance -- 4. Frühe Neuzeit -- 5. Bibliographie 18. und 19. Jahrhundert -- 6. Bibliographie 20. Jahrhundert.

Richard Garbe: Die Samkhya-Philosophie Lesefreundlicher Großdruck in 16-pt-Schrift Neben dem Vedanta ist das Samkhya die maßgebliche Richtung vedischen Denkens. Der Mathematiker und Indologe Richard Garbe analysiert die Ursprünge dieses ältesten philosophischen Systems indischer Herkunft. Großformat, 210 x 297 mm Berliner Ausgabe, 2019 Durchgesehener Neusatz bearbeitet und eingerichtet von Theodor Borken 1894 nach den Quellen von Richard Garbe. Als Kernzeit der Samkhya-Strömung gilt die Zeit von 400 bis 700 n. Chr. Textgrundlage ist die Ausgabe: Die Sâṃkhya-Philosophie. Eine Darstellung des indischen Rationalismus. (...) Nach den Quellen von Richard Garbe. Zweite umgearbeitete Auflage, Leipzig: H. Haessel Verlag, 1917 [hier Abschnitte 2-4 wiedergegeben]. Umschlaggestaltung von Thomas Schultz-Overhage. Gesetzt aus der Times New Roman, 16 pt. Henricus Edition Deutsche Klassik UG (haftungsbeschränkt). (shrink)

1. Altertum. Indische, chinesische, griechisch-römische Philosophie -- 2. Mittelalter -- 3. Renaissance -- 4. Frühe Neuzeit -- 5. Bibliographie 18. und 19. Jahrhundert -- 6. Bibliographie 20. Jahrhundert.

1. Die Grundlage des Verständnisses der Reinkarnation, wie sie hier vorliegt, ist nicht die hinduistische Seelenwanderungslehre oder gar die buddhistische Karma-Lehre, sondern die christliche Auffassung und Bewertung des menschlichen Personseins, eine Auffassung, hinter der letzthin der Gedanke vom Menschen als der imago dei, dem Bild Gottes, steht. Deshalb spielt auch die indische Lehre von der Wanderung einer Seele durch Tier- und Menschenleiber so gut wie gar keine Rolle; wichtig erscheint nur die Idee einer wiederholten Inkarnation menschlichen Person-Seins. 2. Die (...) Grundlage des Verständnisses der Reinkarnation, wie sie hier vorliegt, ist nicht die Auffassung der Reinkarnation als eines Fluches oder Verhängnisses, sondern als eines Weges der Vervollkommnung, als einer höheren und vollständigeren Entfaltung der imago dei. 3. Christliches Erbe an dieser Deutung ist auch die Blickrichtung nach vorwärts, nach dem Endziel der Vollkommenheit hin, und nicht die Blickrichtung nach rückwärts, der lähmende Blick auf den Kreislauf der Geburten. Dementsprechend ist diese Idee der Reinkamation verbunden mit dem Gedanken der aktiven Entwicklung der menschlichen Persönlichkeit. Die Vollendung und Vervollkommnung des Menschen erscheint nicht als ein überirdisches Gnadengeschenk, das dem Menschen als ein Fremdes übergestülpt wird, sondern als das Ergebnis einer Reifung auf dem Weg des Leidens, der Erfahrung, der Überwindung, auf dem Weg einer immer neuen Erprobung der menschlichen Freiheit. 4. In dieser Auffassung ist ohne Zweifel ein Protest gegen den Mechanismus der Prädestinationslehre, die die Erreichung des Zieles der menschlichen Persönlichkeit völlig unabhängig von dem Verhalten dieser Persönlichkeit selber macht und den Menschen lediglich als das Objekt eines göttlichen Ratschlusses versteht, der sich über die Bemühungen dieses Objekts selbst vollständig hinwegsetzt; ebenso maßgeblich ist der Protest gegen die Lehre von der ewigen Verdammnis, die letzthin den Teufel zum eigentlichen Gewinner der Heilsgeschichte macht. 5. Das Grundanliegen der so verstandenen Reinkarnationslehre ist die Bemühung um eine tiefere Einsicht in das Woher und Wohin des Menschen und in die Kontinuität innerhalb des menschlichen Personseins und seiner Entwicklung vor der Geburt und nach dem Tode. Diese Bemühung setzt gerade an den Punkten ein, an denen die dogmatische christliche Auffassung von den letzten Dingen viele Fragen offen läßt. Ich erwähne nur zwei dieser Punkte: a) Die Veränderung des Geschichtsbildes. Die christliche Endzeiterwartung ist in der ältesten Kirche bestimmt durch die Naherwartung des Endes, durch die Erwartung, daß das Kommen des Menschensohnes, die allgemeine Auferstehung der Toten, das Gericht, der Anbruch des Gottesreiches unmittelbar bevorstehen. Angesichts einer solchen Naherwartung kann natürlich ein solcher Gedanke wie die Idee der Reinkarnation gar nicht aufkommen. Die Verzögerung der Parousie, die Tatsache, daß die Erfüllung der Endzeiterwartungen inzwischen fast zweitausend Jahre auf sich warten läßt, hat eine ganz neue Problematik auch für die Beurteilung der Entwicklung des Menschen nach dem Tode mit sich gebracht. Die römisch-katholische Kirche hat die Lehre vom Fegefeuer entwickelt und dadurch dem Sünder die Chance offengelassen, auch nach dem Tod seinen Heilsstand zu verbessern. Die Reformation hat diese Lehre abgelehnt, hat aber ihrerseits nichts getan, um die Lehre von den letzten Dingen im Hinblick auf unser verändertes Geschichtsbewußtsein weiterzuentwickeln. Nie wurde so viel von Eschatologie gesprochen wie heute, und nie wurde die Frage nach den letzten Dingen vom Standpunkt unseres heutigen Geschichtsbewußtseins her so wenig konkret durchdacht. b) Die altchristliche Endzeiterwartung ist ganz geozentrisch orientiert. Unsere Erde erscheint als Hauptgegenstand des göttlichen Heilswillens, als der eigentliche zentrale Ort der Heilsgeschichte; die Schöpfung und Erlösung des Menschen dieser Erde erscheinen als das zentrale Anliegen des göttlichen Schöpfungs- und Heilswillens. Das neue Weltbild aber beruht auf der Erkenntnis einer Pluralität von Welten. Die Reinkarnationslehre, von der wir hier sprachen, ist ein Versuch, die innere Einheit dieses größeren, aus einer Pluralität von Welten bestehenden Universums vom Menschen, d. h. von der Reinkarnation her, zu verstehen. 6. Auch als Theologen sollten wir zugeben, daß im Hinblick auf unser heutiges Geschichtsbewußtsein und auf unser heutiges kosmisches Bewußtsein zwar nicht die Lösung, die durch die Reinkarnationslehre gegeben ist, aber das Anliegen selbst berechtigt ist. Eine Neubesinnung auf ein christliches Verständnis der letzten Dinge wird sich einer Beschäftigung mit diesem Anliegen nicht entziehen können. (shrink)

Bourdieu’s thought is disturbing. Provocative. Scandalous even, at least for those who do not easily tolerate the unmitigated truth about the social. Nonetheless his ideas, among the most important and innovative of our time, are here to stay. This thought has taken form in the course of a career and through works on diverse subjects that have constructed a far-reaching analytical model of social life, which the author calls more readily an anthropology rather than a sociology. In their totality, they (...) constitute today an original and powerful proposal to explain human practices. In the face of criticisms commonly leveled at Bourdieu’s thought (notably the charge that it reduces everything to a single schematic model), it is important to identify the spirit of his enterprise. Early on, it is true, his thought drew on a few fundamental concepts—the trilogy habitus, field (champ), practice (pratique)—to which it constantly returned, and followed a clearly defined trajectory. At the same time, however, he continually reformulated, adapted, and refined his analytical model, depending on the operations to which he subjected new objects of inquiry. The regenerative and transformative force of his thought was supported by two convictions. First, that there being nothing more vain than theory for theory’s sake, it is preferable that theoretical production originate in the study of concrete and occasionally very specific cases. Second, that in order to escape stereotypical classifications, boundaries separating disciplines are best transgressed, thereby favoring new constructions of the object of inquiry. (shrink)

Explores some steps toward non-assimilative encounters in the "global village.".

This short essay reviews R.A. Mall's 'Indische Philosophie: Vom Denkweg zum Lebensweg' (2012) and Jonardon Ganeri's 'Identity as Reasoned Choice' (2012). It works out some basic assumptions shared by both the books.