Dentro del Humanismo Cristiano se da un concepto preciso de lo que sea la naturaleza humana. El hombre es una unidad intrínseca cuerpo-espíritu; por ello es un ser abierto a todo tipo de realidad, tanto material como espiritual o divina. Ha de construir su propia vida en vista de esta realidad si quiere salvarse individualmente y como especie. Actúa de acuerdo al modelo de vida que escoje y al fin que desea alcanzar. Los modelos de sociedad que construye, (...) las instituciones y normas por las que se rigen las diferentes sociedades responden a ese modelo de vida elegido. Por ello, B. Arias Montano y X. Zubiri, al coincidir en el mismo concepto de hombre, coinciden también en una explicación antropológica y filosófica de los actos humanos y los diferentes modelos de sociedad aparecidos a lo largo de la historia. (shrink)

Esta obra está organizada en tres partes, en las que se indaga la plausibilidad del discurso de la Bioética y Teológica. En la primera de ellas, se estudia el vínculo que existe entre esta disciplina científica, el mensaje evangélico y la tradición cristiana, punto de partida y origen de todo este entramado bioético que aspira a sal-vaguardar valores humanos fundamentales. En la segunda, se trata de la relación que debe regir entre esta rama de la Teología y el polifacético mundo (...) científico (biomedicina, bioderecho, etc.). Por su parte, en la tercera, se analiza el estatuto epistemológico que configura a la Bioética Teológica, es decir, sus señas de identi-dad; asimismo, en esta sección, se indaga igualmente acerca del papel que, por derecho propio, corresponde en la vida pública a esta disciplina científica. (shrink)

Después de los excesos y de las contradicciones a las que condujeron los diferentes humanismos que caracterizaron a la Modernidad, tanto ilustrada como tardía, el pensamiento contemporáneo ha caído en un pesimismo, hasta cierto punto justificado, respecto a las potencialidades emancipadoras y humanizadoras de la racionalidad autónoma y crítica que caracterizó a esa época. El pesimismo actual reniega del ser humano como valor y como ideal, también con cierta razón, abriendo el camino a una era antihumanista y posthumana. Desde el (...) punto de vista de la tradición cristiana se pretende recuperar el humanismo; no puede decirse que sea un nuevo humanismo pero sí uno originario. Lo que entenderemos aquí por humanismo cristiano es el resultado de la confluencia entre esas dos tradiciones que configuran el rostro de occidente,. Este debe ser un humanismo autocrítico, mesurado y autolimitado, que bajo el concepto de creaturalidad –y la contingencia que de él se deriva– pretende revalorar al hombre en el marco más general de su finitud y de su necesaria conformidad con la ley natural; de esta manera se busca recuperar ambas raíces y pilares que han definido a la cultura occidental. (shrink)

Se estudian las reacciones de los primeros pensadores cristianos frente a la astrología, los antecedentes clásicos en que se basaron, y el posterior aprovechamiento de los símbolos y arquetipos astrológicos por la filosofía y literatura del humanismo cristiano.

Este artículo ofrece una lectura de la curiosa figura del homo natura. Según Löwith el homo natura de Nietzsche apunta hacia una forma de vida humana que es “más natural” que la concepción cristiana de la naturaleza humana. Coincido con Löwith en que responder a la cuestión acerca del sentido de homo natura exige una antropología filosófica. Sin embargo, sostengo que la concepción de la naturaleza humana de Löwith no capta adecuadamente su fondo dionisíaco.

It is studied the first reactions of Christian philosophers against Astrology; the classical sources for their arguments, and the late use of Astrological symbols and archetypes in Literature and Philosophy by Christian Humanism.

A fines del año recién pasado, bajo el auspicio de las Reales Embajadas de Suecia, de los Países Bajos y de Noruega y del Instituto Goethe de Santiago, se publicó un libro de testimonios personales sobre las violaciones de los derechos humanos bajo la dictadura que comenzó en septiembre de 1973 y se prolongó durante 17 años en nuestro país. Sus autoras son dos profesionales universitarias que han aportado con esta serie de entrevistas nuevos ángulos para tratar el tema de (...) los derechos human.. (shrink)

Cuando nos enfrentamos a una obra de autor normalmente queremos adjudicarnos la propiedad física de la misma, ya sea porque quien escribe representa un referente en las temáticas definidas o porque la denominación o título provoca una especie de comezón cognitiva, y hacer caso omiso de ella, podría provocarnos un colapso por privación de pertenencia. Sea cual fuera el caso, la obra de Raúl González se inscribe en una especie de síntesis de las dos situaciones antes expresadas. Es uno de (...) esos .. (shrink)

Con la expresión "Renacimiento del Humanismo" hago referencia, principalmente, a que se precisa una renovación de muchos conceptos filosóficos —anquilosados, arcaicos— usados hasta ahora, que cosifican la persona porque están pensados para entender las cosas, y que no siempre tienen en cuenta la entera realidad del hombre. Se trata de liberarnos de la cosificación en la visión de casi todo, porque hay la propensión a deshumanizar la realidad personal, a deslizar en las disciplinas humanísticas el modo de ser de (...) las cosas. Es preciso renacer a un punto de vista más humano. Esta humanización de la Filosofía permitirá iluminar las demás disciplinas, incluyendo la Teología, y dentro de ella la Liturgia (¿por qué escandalizarse si propongo otro lenguaje litúrgico, renovado, renacido, más humano y por tanto más cristiano, liberado de su anquilosamiento, de su arcaísmo?). Este libro (de 234 págs.) considera que frente al pesimismo ante los síntomas de decadencia en nuestras sociedades, de crisis, de barbarie, de deshumanización, de miseria o de oscuridad, habría que saber —citando al antiguo poeta griego Menandro— que «hay un bien que nadie puede arrebatarle al hombre, y es la Paideía». Porque «la Paideía es un puerto de refugio de toda la Humanidad». Esa Paideía o educación significa el cultivo de las Humanidades, ante cuya pérdida es apremiante su renacimiento, su recuperación: ellas dan lugar al Humanismo. He aquí el gran dilema de nuestro tiempo: Humanidades o barbarie. Si se opta por las Humanidades, por el Humanismo, nuestro mundo conocerá otro Renacimiento. La Filosofía, tan postergada hoy, es indispensable para vencer a la barbarie que nos amenaza. Índice: Introducción- I. El Humanismo del Renacimiento- II. La recuperación del Humanismo- III. Del sentido estético de la vida- IV. El valor educativo de la Historia- V. La Política como Arte- VI. La verdad del Humanismo- VII. Humanismo y Filosofía- VIII. «Conócete a ti mismo»- IX. Algunos problemas actuales del Catolicismo- X. Sobre la versión española de los textos litúrgicos- XI. Una Liturgia más cristiana- XII. La Filosofía cristiana- XIII. Sobre la Naturaleza- XIV. Magnanimidad- XV. La dignidad del hombre- XVI. La Filosofía de Cristo- XVII. El hombre renacido-. (shrink)

Roger Ames and François Jullien are eminent scholars writing on ancient Chinese thought, yet they have followed quite different paths in their academic research. In this paper I will argue that, although their styles, theories and motivations are sometimes dramatically different, both authors share an interest in combining philosophy and sinology in an effort to unveil the existence of a radical contrast between China and the West. I will explain that language is at the center of the affirmation of Chinese (...) otherness, insofar as it is seen as a reflection of the processual inclinations of ancient China. Thus, Ames and Jullien have developed a hybrid Chinese-Western language that seeks to bridge East and West, while at the same time respecting the boundaries and preserving the strangeness of both traditions. (shrink)

O tema “predicado no sujeito” (praedicatum inest subjecto) constitui-se em um importante fundamento na filosofia de Leibniz, na medida em que esta noção organiza do ponto de vista lógico, várias questões da filosofia leibniziana, como a lógica, a linguagem, a epistemologia e a metafísica. Nesse texto, trataremos dessa noção a partir de uma leitura metafísica da substância em Leibniz, que busca dar o máximo de realidade possível aos seres criados por Deus. O ser, na dimensão do sujeito e de suas (...) qualidades, não apenas são o resultado do decreto divino, mas se apresentam ao mundo em uma configuração racional, que ao mesmo tempo, garante e, sua ontologia, a sua identidade e sua diferença. Nossa investigação envereda pela leitura do praedicatum inest subjecto nesse caminho. (shrink)

The decolonial theory understands that Western Modernity keeps imposing itself through a triple mutually reinforcing and shaping imprisonment: coloniality of power, coloniality of knowledge, and coloniality of being. Technical design has an essential role in either maintaining or overcoming coloniality. In this article, two main approaches to decolonizing the technical design are presented. First is Yuk Hui’s and Ahmed Ansari’s proposals that, revisiting or recovering the different histories and philosophies of technology produced by humankind, intend to decolonize the minds of (...) philosophers and engineers/architects/designers as a pre-condition for such decolonial designs to take place. I call them top-down approaches. Second is some technical design initiatives that, being developed alongside marginalized/subalternate people, intend to co-construct decolonial sociotechnical solutions through a committed, decolonizing, and careful dialog of knowledge. I call them bottom-up approaches. Once that is done, the article’s second half derives ontological, epistemological, and political consequences from the conjugation of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Such consequences challenge some established or not yet entirely overcome understandings in the philosophy of technology and, in so doing, are meant to represent some steps in PT’s decolonization. Even though both top-down and bottom-up approaches are considered, the article’s main contributions are associated with decolonial technical design practices, whose methodologies and outcomes are important study cases for PT and whose practitioners can be taken as inspiring examples for philosophers who want to decolonize/enlarge PT or make it decolonial. (shrink)

This article proposes a cost-benefit analysis of argumentation, with the aim of highlighting the strategic considerations that govern the agent's decision to argue or not. In spite of its paramount importance, the topic of argumentative decision-making has not received substantial attention in argumentation theories so far. We offer an explanation for this lack of consideration and propose a tripartite taxonomy and detailed description of the strategic reasons considered by arguers in their decision-making: benefits, costs, and dangers. We insist that the (...) implications of acknowledging the strategic dimension of arguing are far-reaching, including promising insights on how to develop better argumentation technologies. (shrink)

In this article we strive to provide a detailed and principled analysis of the role of beliefs in goal processing—that is, the cognitive transition that leads from a mere desire to a proper intention. The resulting model of belief-based goal processing has also relevant consequences for the analysis of intentions, and constitutes the necessary core of a constructive theory of intentions, i.e. a framework that not only analyzes what an intention is, but also explains how it becomes what it is. (...) We discuss similarities and differences between our approach and other standard accounts of intention, in particular Bratman’s planning theory. The aim here is to question and refine the conceptual foundations of many theories of intentional action: as a consequence, although our analysis is not formal in itself, it is ultimately meant to have deep consequences for formal models of intentional agency. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: Since the 1980s, technical-scientific knowledge, instrumental and cognitive values as well as ethical-political values are acknowledged as constitutive parts of technology and its development. However, a fourth category of elements that shapes design continues to be largely neglected or unknown: image collections, aesthetical values, and structured procedures. Disregarding such elements impose limits on the technical development. In this manuscript, I present this fourth category elements, its impact on the designing practice, and a way of pluralizing its contents. I also (...) sketch two of the most successful approaches for democratizing the technical development. Then, I discuss: some limits and potentialities of democratizing technology; an actualization of part of Simondon’s understanding of technical development; the theoretical and practical necessity of decolonizing (or continuing the decolonization of) the philosophy of technology. (shrink)

El humanismo cristiano constituye un permanente debate desde que el cristianismo entra en diálogo con la cultura y la filosofía en los primeros siglos, cuando recién formadas las primeras comunidades adherentes a la predicación de los apóstoles y, por tanto, anuentes al Evangelio de Jesucristo, surgen en ellas las primeras inquietudes de corte no solo religioso y teológico sino también filosófico, ético y antropológico, que tocan la esencia misma de esa religión a la cual muchos acaban de ingresar (...) por la vía de la conversión. (shrink)

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the various steps of goal-processing and intention creation, as the final outcome of goal-driven action generation. Intention theory has to be founded on goal theory: intentions require means-end reasoning and planning, conflict resolution, coherence. The process of intention formation and intentional action execution is strictly based on specific sets of beliefs (predictions, evaluations, calculation of costs, responsibility beliefs, competence, etc.). The origin of an intention is not necessarily a “desire” (which is just a (...) kind of goal). Intention is a two-layered goal-structure: the intended action(s) to be executed, and the intended outcome motivating that action—with two distinct kinds of “failure”. This belief-goal perspective also allows to examine two stages/types of intention, and the relations and differences between intention “in agenda” (future directed) and intention under execution (intention in action). I will argue that the will is much more than the intention driving an intentional action. I will also claim that intentions are not there just for motivating and regulating intentional actions (from the motor level to more complex behaviors), but that they play also several other important roles. (shrink)

Leibniz é um contumaz crítico das filosofias da tradição e de seus contemporâneos. No que se refere à questão do conhecimento, existe na filosofia leibniziana uma oposição clara às gnosiologias mais influentes e determinantes de seu tempo, no caso do cartesianismo, do empirismo e até mesmo do intuicionismo espinoseano. O ecletismo de Leibniz tomou forma a partir de suas críticas, que, segundo algumas interpretações, intentavam conciliar os mais diletos pontos de vista. No entanto, o pensamento de Leibniz envereda por outros (...) campos na questão do conhecimento, assim como o fez reconhecidamente na física, na matemática e na metafísica? Nos propomos a discutir alguns pontos desta questão demonstrando que a ideia de invenção de Leibniz constitui-se em um movimento contra a filosofia da tradição e já reflete a insatisfação do pensador acerca dos rumos tomados pelas ciências em geral no seu tempo. Tendo como base o embate contra o método geométrico, alicerçando-se sobretudo no método matemático, Leibniz estabelece um pensamento que concilia a um só tempo a luz da descoberta e o rigor da demonstração, tendo em vista poder voltar a navegar efetivamente no ‘oceano das ciências’ e em busca da felicidade humana. (shrink)

Este texto trata da reflexão heideggeriana sobre o conceito de mônada em Leibniz e suas determinações. Os apontamentos de Heidegger sobre o ser a partir do pensamento leibniziano promovem uma abertura fundamental da mônada, trazendo entre outras conseqüências, o perspectivismo e a idéia do ente enquanto pulsão. A limitação ontológica da mônada e sua capacidade de movimentar-se a partir de si mesma resultam em uma noção de representação e delineiam os contornos do ente. Esta discussão intenta demonstrar as possibilidades de (...) compreensão do conceito de mônada partindo das reflexões de Heidegger sobre A determinação do Ser do Ente segundo Leibniz. (shrink)

This article attempts to bring some questions proposed by Hegel on the philosophy of Leibniz, in view of the considerations of this with respect to Principles of Philosophy or Monadology. Specifically, the question to be addressed is about reading proposed by Hegel around the whole notion of Monad in order to clarify some thoughts on this concept and how this comes within the second part of the Science of Logic, namely, the Doctrine of the Concept. The question posed is affiliated (...) with two separate issues: the principle of sufficient reason and principle of identity. We should consider ultimately the thought of Leibniz proposes a philosophy for the reasoning of the individual, and the experience of identity and difference are still, albeit insufficient author Monadology. (shrink)

A tradução anotada do Minos, acompanhada de uma valiosa introdução e de notas explicativas, de autoria do Professor Bruno Amaro Lacerda, lançada pela Editora Max Limonad no ano de 2021, é uma importante contribuição para os Estudos Clássicos e também para os interessados em Filosofia do Direito.

Butler’s idea of evolution was developed over the publication of four books, several articles and essays between 1863 and 1890. These publications, although never achieving the success expected by Butler, proposed a psychological elaboration of evolution, called ‘unconscious memory’. This was strongly in contrast with the materialistic approach suggested by Darwin’s natural selection. Starting with a historical introduction, this paper aspires to ascertain the logic, meaning and significance of Butler’s idea of ‘unconscious memory’ in the post-Darwinian physiological and psychological Pan-European (...) discussion. Particular attention is devoted to demonstrating that Butler was not only a populariser of science but also an active protagonist in the late Victorian psychological debate. (shrink)

In this paper we analyse the concepts of Promise and Threat and their inter-relations. Our objective is to study the uses of P and T in persuasion and to shed some light on related concepts such as requesting, ordering, giving prizes, punishing, etc. First, we show that some Ps and Ts are used for persuasion and some are conditional in nature. Using general definitions of P and T and a broad notion of persuasion, four different typologies of P and T (...) are introduced. They are distinguished on their conditional/non-conditional dimension and on their influencing/non-influencing aim. We then focus on Conditional Influencing Ps and Ts used in persuasion. CIPs and CITs are incentive-based influencing actions rooted on dependence and power relations. Moreover, in the CIP and CIT classes the concepts of threat and promise are closely connected: the CIP is always accompanied by a CIT, and vice versa. Next, we discuss the issue of why CIPs and CITs are credible. We also identify — beyond their surface, rhetorical form — a deeper difference: a ‘substantial’ threat consisting in a choice between two losses compared with a ‘substantial’ promise where the choice is between a gain and a missed-gain. In the article we present a pre-formal model as a basis for a computational treatment of these concepts. (shrink)

We present an analysis of emotional experience in terms of beliefs and desires viewed as its minimal cognitive constituents. We argue that families of emotions can be identified because their members share some of these constituents. To document this claim, we analyze one family of emotions—which includes the feeling of inferiority, admiration, envy, and jealousy—trying to show that the distinctiveness of each emotion is due to the specific compound of beliefs and desires it implies, whereas the kinship among related emotions (...) is due to their sharing of cognitive or motivational components. Finally, we address the gestalt problem, that is, the question of how it is possible that emotions, although consisting of several “atomic” elements, are felt as unitary experiences. (shrink)

Thesis: Macro-level social phenomena are implemented through the (social) actions and minds of the individuals. Without an explicit theory of the agents' minds that founds, agents' behavior we cannot understand macro-level social phenomena, and in particular how they work. AntiThesis: Mind is not enough: the theory of individual (social) mind and action is not enough to explain several macro-level social phenomena. First, there are pre-cognitive, objective social structures that constrain the actions of the agents; second, there are emergent, unaware or (...) non-contractual forms of cooperation, organisation, and intelligence. Synthesis: The real challenge is how to reconcile, cognition with emergence, intention and deliberation with unknown or unplanned social functions and social order . Both objective structures and unplanned self-organising complex forms of social order and social function emerge from the interactions of agents and from their individual mental states; both these structures and self-organising systems feedback on agents' behaviors through the agents' individual minds. (shrink)

Decolonial approaches to technical design are part of a broader category of design methodologies, which actualize unfulfilled sociotechnical potentialities. In this paper, I present some decolonial theory concepts and discuss three decolonial approaches to illuminate philosophical debates that: 1) Can find in them clear traces of a third set of elements that shape every design/technology, along with the well-analyzed technical-scientific and ethical-political ones. In dialogue with Walter Vincenti and some others, I call these elements structured procedures, imagery lexicon, and aesthetical (...) values, which constitute the central aspects of Eugene Ferguson’s art of engineering; 2) Identify, starting from some Gilbert Simondon’s and Andrew Feenberg’s ideas, any invention as triply situated ; 3) Can be taught by these decolonial approaches about some of the mainstream philosophy of technology’s colonial limitations, becoming thus able to widen it. (shrink)