O presente texto pretende discernir quer o método quer o conteúdo do Pensamento Novo de Franz Rosenzweig. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o autor do artigo chega à conclusão de que o "método Judaico" da Estrela da Redenção simplesmente "reflecte" a experiência por Rosenzweig do facto de, pura e simplesmente, se achar Judeu. Com efeito, para o pensador hebreu, "modo de pensar" e "modo de viver" não se podem separar um do outro. Ora é precisamente aí que se dá a (...) fundamentação "filosófico-teológica" desta experiência no sentido de uma relação fraternal entre as duas ciências. No essencial, porém, coloca-se a seguinte questão: No momento em que a obra Estrela da Redenção recorda ao leitor a existência de "algo vivente" e o despede em "direcção à vida" (ins Leben), de que vida é que propriamente se fala aqui? A "fé" na criação por Deus de factos é, para Rosenzweig, a resposta; mas o seu objectivo é conduzir-nos ao acatamento desta "factualidade". Nesta medida, Rosenzweig interpreta a "Factualidade" da própria Verdade como "verdade criada". Deus sela com o "Beijo" o "e" presente em "Morte e Vida" enquanto verdade criada do ser humano e, com isso, ao mesmo tempo, como aquela verdade que deixa ao ser humano a possibilidade de ser Sua criatura. E o ser humano dá o seu assentimento veritativo ao facto de que assim é. Mostra-se, deste modo, até que ponto o ser humano permanece no âmbito daquilo que lhe é próprio sem, contudo, nisso deixar de ser "coisa de Deus", Sua criatura. /// The article deals with method and subject matter of Franz Rosenzweig's New Thinking. As for the former, it can be seen that the "Jewish method" of the Star of Redemption "reflects" Rosenzweig's experience of the "fact" that he is a Jew. For him, "way of thinking" and "way of life" are inseparably connected. This very connection forms the "philosophical-theological" foundation of the named experience in the sense of the "siblinghood" of both disciplines. As for the subject matter, the article asks what sort of life is meant when the Star reminds the readers of "something living" and, at the end, dismisses them "into life". Rosenzweig's answer is the "belief" in the "createdness of facts by God"; his aim is to guide the reader into the "acceptance" of the "so it is" of this "factuality". Thus, Rosenzweig points out the "factuality" of truth itself as being "created truth ". By means of the "kiss" God seals the "and" of "death and life" as the creaturely truth of man and at the same time as that truth which lets man be "His" creature. In answer to this, man speaks his confirming adherence "verily". He thereby not only "keeps to" his own but also remains God's property, "His". (shrink)

Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie „Wir und die Anderen" in Rosenzweigs „neuem Denken" vorkommen, - und das über das Vorkommen als Thema bzw. Gegenstand hinaus im methodischen Sinne der Frage nach dem „Subjekt" dieses „neuen Denkens" selbst. Die These bezüglich dieser Frage lautet, dass Rosenzweig das Thema „Wir und die Anderen" in einer spezifischen „Dia-logik" von Verwurzelung im Eigenen und Verhältnis zum Anderen austrägt. Spezifisch ist insbesondere sein Rekurs auf die „Tatsachen" des „Welttags des Herrn", Schöpfung, Offenbarung und (...) Erlösung, als philosophische Kategorien. Durch sie wäre durchzudeklinieren, wer jeweils „Wir und die Anderen" sind. Denn im Vorgang des Stern gewinnt mit dem „Wir" ein „Subjekt" Gestalt, das den Horizont der Menschheit, des „Wir alle", gerade deshalb nicht unterbieten kann, weil es im „Gottesgeschehen" konstituiert und darin der „Weltgeschichte" ausgesetzt wird. Dass dem so ist, erfährt der Jude Rosenzweig Christen gegenüber und reflektiert er im „Stern der Erlösung" als Sprachgeschehen insbesondere in seinem Konzept „chorischen Sprechens". In diesem Artikel wird die These vermittelt durch den Umweg darüber einer Relecture unterzogen, wie Levinas Rosenzweig im „Wir" des modernen Judentums verortet.This essay is concerned with the question how Rosenzweig's „new thinking" deals with „We and the Others", - and this beyond tackling it as a topic or object but in a methodical sense as the question about the „subject" of the „new thinking" itself. Concerning this question, it is the thesis to explore that Rosenzweig ponders „We and the Others" in a specific „dia-logical" way of becoming deeply rooted in one's own while being related to the other. He specifically refers to the „facts" of the „World-Day of the Lord" as philosophical categories. They could give the cases of who it is particularly, „We and the Others": In the process of the Star a „We" becomes the „subject" which cannot deny the universal horizon of „We all" because it is constituted as such in „God's history", i.e. the temporal sequence of His World-Day, and therefore exposed to „universal world-history". That is Rosenzweig's experience as a Jew face to face with Christians which he reflects upon in the Star as a speech-process, especially in his concept of „choral speech". In this essay, the thesis is submitted to a relecture by means of a detour, which is made by following Levinas' way of locating Rosenzweig in the „We" of the modern Jewish community. (shrink)

We propose a new way of looking at the quantum Maxwell’s demon problem in terms of conditional action. A “conditional action” on a system is a unitary time evolution, selected according to the result of a previous measurement, which can reduce the entropy of the system. However, any conditional action can be realized by an unitary time evolution of a larger system and a subsequent Lüders measurement, whereby the entropy of the entire system is either increased or remains constant. We (...) give some examples that illustrate and confirm our proposal, including the erasure of N qubits and the Szilard engine, thus relating the present approach to the Szilard principle and the Landauer principle that have been discussed as possible solutions of the Maxwell’s demon problem. (shrink)

We investigate the theory of finite observables, i.e., resolutions of the finite-dimensional identity by means of positive operators, that have a physical interpretation in terms of measurement schemes. We focus on extremal and rank-one observables and consider various constructions that reduce observables to simpler ones. However, these constructions do not suffice to generate all finite extremal observables, as we show by means of counter-examples.

An exact formulation of the frequency interpretation of probability is proposed on the basis of G. Ludwig's concept of physical theories. Starting from a short outline of this concept, a formal definition of weak approximate reduction is developed, which covers the reduction of probability to frequency as a special case.

Public school as a constitutional condition of modern democracy can not deal with absolutistic and fundamentalistic claims of public morality in a neutral way. The problems resulting from this for a laicistic school are discussed in the context of liberal tradition in France and the “école laïque” as it originated in the 19th century.

Public school as a constitutional condition of modern democracy can not deal with absolutistic and fundamentalistic claims of public morality in a neutral way. The problems resulting from this for a laicistic school are discussed in the context of liberal tradition in France and the “école laïque” as it originated in the 19th century.

This article aims principally at a reflection on the discursive reading of democracy and the democratic state of law as conceived by the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas, with a view to confront them with some sociological theories concerning democracy. In these models, Habermas seeks to identify elements that put under risk all that he understands as deliberative processes opinion formation and as the citizens will, emphasizing his model of a deliberative democracy.

"Insgesamt betrachtet handelt es sich bei dem vorliegenden Werk um eine Festschrift, die der Jubliar wirklich verdient hat. SIe wird aufgrund der brillanten Beitrage nicht in den Regalen verstauben, sondern vielfach zur Hand genommen werden. DIe darin enthaltenen Aufsatze werden in der Zukunft sowohl in wissenschaftlichen Beitragen als auch in der praktischen Arbeit rege zitiert werden." Bernd Wolfl in: Goltdammer's Archiv fur Strafrecht 12/2009 "Insgesamt: Eine wurdige, eine gehaltvolle Festgabe. JEder Beitrag bietet Anlass zum Nachdenken, zum Weiterdenken und kann so (...) die wissenschaftliche Diskussion befruchten. WIssenschaft und Praxis in einem fruchtbaren Dialog: Kann sich Rainer Hamm eine schonere Festgabe wunschen?" Karl Heinz Gossel in: Juristische Rundschau 10/2009. (shrink)

Die Frage nach dem Verhältnis Osteuropas zum Westen ist nicht nur aktueller denn je, sondern hat auch eine lange und ambivalente Geschichte. Diese hing jeweils stark von den Selbstwahrnehmungen der beteiligten Kulturen ab. Brücken bauen beschäftigt sich nicht nur mit den Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmungen aus historischer, literaturwissenschaftlicher, philosophischer und politikwissenschaftlicher Sicht, sondern beleuchtet auch die Beziehungen zwischen West und Ost sowie gemeinsame ebenso wie jeweils eigene Phänomene und Strömungen. Mit den Beiträgen soll Leonid Luks, Direktor des Zentralinstitutes für Mittel- und (...) Osteuropastudien an der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt und einer der fleißigsten Brückenbauer zwischen Ost und West, zu seinem 65. Geburtstag geehrt werden. So spiegelt Brücken bauen Luks' eigene Forschungsschwerpunkte wider. Dabei vereinigt der Band Analysen, Aufsätze, Skizzen und Gedanken etwa zu Fragen der vergleichenden Totalitarismusforschung, der Ideengeschichte und der Aufarbeitung des kommunistischen Erbes in Osteuropa solch etablierter Wissenschaftler, Philosophen und Persönlichkeiten wie Uwe Backes, Boris Chavkin, Jerzy Holzer, Heinz Hürten, Nikolaus Lobkowicz, Bernhard Sutor und Hans-Georg Wieck. (shrink)

In this important volume Habermas outlines the views which form the basis of his critical theory of modern societies. The volume comprises five interlocking essays, which together define the contours of his theory of communication and of his substantive account of social change. ′What is Universal Pragmatics?′ is the best available statement of Habermas′s programme for a theoryof communication based on the analysis of speech acts. In the following two essays Habermas draws on the work of Kohlberg and others to (...) develop a distinctive account of moral consciousness and normative structures. ′Toward a Reconstruction of historical Materialsim′ takes these issues further, offering a wide–ranging reconstruction of Marx′s historical materialsim understood as a theory of social evolution. The final essay focuses on the question of legitimacy and on the legitimation problems faced by modern states. This book is essential reading for anyone concerned with the key questions of social and political theory today. (shrink)