According to the archaeological data, the ancient colonization of the Canary Islands was initiated at the beginnings of the 1st millennium BC, by Imazighen populations. This colonization propitiated the introduction in the Canarian Archipielago of the Lybico-Berber inscriptions, among other cultural elements from the North African Amazigh world. In the following pages we analyze the ancient colonization of the Canary Islands in light of the study of Libyco–Berber inscriptions, Latino Canarian scripts, and indigenous material culture.

UNESCO in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development establishes respect for the environment and sustainability education as key elements for the challenges of society in the coming years. In the educational context, physical education can have a vital role in sustainability education, through Traditional Sporting Games. The aim of this research was to study from an ethnomotor perspective the different characteristics of two different groups of TSG in the Canary Islands, Spain. The corpus of this investigation was made (...) up of 513 TSG, identified by two analysis techniques and collected in a database. The categories corresponding to the variables of the internal logic of the game were the type of motor interaction, related to space, relationships with time, and relationships with objects. The study also examined the variables of external logic or sociocultural conditions such as the protagonists, playing areas, and game moments. The data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics: cross-tables, effect sizes, classification trees, and the identification of frequency areas. Of the total number of playful activities identified, most were physical activities. These activities were Quasi-games without rules and TSG as well as activities with Objects and without material. This research confirms that the TSG in the Canary Islands is a mirror of traditional culture and, from a pedagogical approach, shows great potential for material and social sustainability. (shrink)

This article postulates a method of determining the date of human settlement in the Canary Islands by establishing when species of mice, which are commensal with human beings and hence in all likelihood migrated with them, arrived in the archipelago. At the same time, the extinction of several species of endemic rodents may also correlate with such arrivals. The study establishes the outer limits for the arrival of the mouse species, between the 5th millennium BCE and the 15th (...) century CE, but, while indicative archaeological evidence indicates human settlement was established by around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the absence of conclusive dating of fossil mice remains leaves a definitive conclusion for the start of such settlement still open. (shrink)

This study examines the similarities and differences in pre- and post-Sarbanes-Oxley corporate ethics codes and codes of conduct using the framework of structuration theory. Following the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation in 2002 in the United States, publicly traded companies there undertook development and revision of their codes of ethics in response to new regulatory requirements as well as incentives under the U.S. Corporate Sentencing Guidelines, which were also revised as part of the SOX mandates. Questions that remain are (...) whether these new or revised codes are effective means of communicating changed ethical foci and attitudes in organizations. Centering resonance analysis (CRA) is used to identify differences and similarities across time and industries by analyzing word networks of 46 pre- and post-SOX corporate codes of ethics. Analyses focus on content and structure of generated word networks as well as resulting factors that emerged from the texts. Results are interpreted from the structuration perspective that content and structure of codes are constrained and enabled by system structures while they function to produce and reproduce those structures. Results indicate that corporate codes of ethics are formal discourses of ethics, laws, and control. Code structure has changed across time, with an increased emphasis on compliance in post-SOX codes. Implications for research and practice are discussed in light of findings. (shrink)

While the resonance of Giambattista Vico's hermeneutics for postcolonialism has long been recognised, a rupture has been perceived between his intercultural sensibility and the actual content of his philological investigations, which have often been criticised as being Eurocentric and philologically spurious. China is a case in point. In his magnum opus New Science, Vico portrays China as backward and philosophically primitive compared to Europe. In this first study dedicated to China in Vico's thought, Daniel Canaris shows that scholars have been (...) beguiled by Vico's value judgements of China without considering the function of these value judgements in his theory of divine providence. This monograph illustrates that Vico's image of China is best appreciated within the contemporary theological controversies surrounding the Jesuit accommodation of Confucianism. Through close examination of Vico's sources and intellectual context, Canaris argues that by refusing to consider Confucius as a "filosofo", Vico dismantles the rationalist premises of the theological accommodation proposed by the Jesuits and proposes a new functionalist valorisation of non-Christian religion that anticipates post-colonial critiques of the Enlightenment. (shrink)

The principle that epistemic justification is necessarily transmitted to all the known logical consequences of a justified belief continues to attract critical attention. That attention is not misplaced. If the Transmission Principle is valid, anyone who thinks that a given belief is justified must defend the view that every known consequence of the belief is also justification of the conclusion in an obviously valid argument. Once created, the gap is hard to fill, whatever the circumstances. Reflection principle is modified, the (...) possibility of deductive justification is threatened. If some known consequence fails to be justified, the failure may extend to every known consequence. To reject Transmission is to insert a logical gap between the justification of a premise and the justification of the conclusion in an obviously valid argument. Once created, the gap is hard to fill, whatever the circumstances. Reflection on the Transmission Principle therefore usefully brings us face to face with the following dilemma: accept the principle and hand Cartesian scepticism a powerful weapon, or modify the principle and risk undermining deductive justification. (shrink)

A persistent feature in Jesuit reports about the late Ming and early Qing was the notion that an enduring peace and concord pervaded the Chinese political system. Although the Jesuits did not invent this association, which was rooted in Greco-Roman historiography, the Jesuit encyclopaedist Antonio Possevino was the first to link the ‘perpetual peace’ and ‘supreme concord’ of the Chinese state to the Confucian intellectual tradition. As the Jesuits’ missionary strategy developed under the tutelage of Matteo Ricci, ‘public peace’ and (...) ‘the calm of the Republic’ came to be perceived as the ultimate purpose of the Confucian precepts and one of the hinges on which the aims of Christianity, Confucianism and natural law can be reconciled. The supreme expression of the link between Confucianism and peace can be found in the Confucius Sinarum philosophus, which presented for the first time an accessible translation of three of the four Confucian classics. Yet while retaining the view that pre-Qin Confucianism espoused peace as a central political aim, the Confucius Sinarum philosophus challenged the view that contemporary China could be regarded as a utopic actualization of Confucian peace. This paper will discuss this shift as an attempt to coopt the Chinese political experience as an argument against the pragmatic political philosophy known as ‘reason of state’, which was perceived by Jesuit thinkers as atheistic and immoral. (shrink)

The essay is a response to an invitation to offer reflections on Richard Lennan’s recent book Tilling the Church for a panel at the annual gathering of the Karl Rahner Society. It situates the work within the distinctive spiritual and intellectual heritage shared by Karl Rahner, Pope Francis, and Lennan’s scholarly community and vocational home at Boston College, namely by reading it through an intentionally Ignatian lens. The review overlays the volume’s ecclesiological explorations with reference to the Spiritual Exercises and (...) to the contours of the current emphasis or re-emergence of the Ignatian tradition on a global stage given the last eleven years and the unique pulpit they provide via the Petrine Office. The piece argues that the adaptability and flexibility of the Ignatian heritage finds profound and lasting resonance with Lennan’s recent project and hopeful agenda. (shrink)

One of the protagonists of the darwinist controversy in the Canary Islands (Spain), during the Nineteenth Century, was the advocate and teacher Rafael Lorenzo y García. In this paper, I show his original thought, until now unknown, against the classical darwinism and next to the fixism.Moreover I analyse the philosophical and natural constants in his Estudios filosóficos (1876 y 1877).

An observational analysis of selected Nightline program transcripts was undertaken to advance understanding of conversational arguments used in the service of public policy debate. Results indicate that Nightline discussions involved more compound structural variations, but fewer simple, convergent and eroded argument structures than had been found in previous research. In contrast to previous efforts, the development of prompter and delimitor argument structures was also identified. In addition, the program's moderator, Ted Koppel, used challenge structures as his primary method of proposing (...) issues for debate. Discussion focuses on features of Nightline argument complexity and proposes directions for future research. (shrink)

La lectura de mapas es una competencia pendiente para los estudiantes universitarios. Es el caso de los del Grado en Turismo de las universidades de Las Palmas de G.C., en España, y Autónoma de Juárez, en México, que usan los mapas para la comprensión de la realidad turística sin que hayan adquirido una alfabetización cartográfica suficiente.Esta comunicación presenta un diagnóstico del pensamiento geográfico de este alumnado centrado en las capacidades de localización, interpretación y análisis relacional de variables territoriales. Se ha (...) corroborado que solo alcanzan un nivel descriptivo y que es necesario poner en macha estrategias didácticas específicas. (shrink)

Cultural landscapes represent a complex category where the nature-culture dichotomy seem to not be able to unfold the main features and the profound relations that humans have with the environment. Drawing on ethnographic data collected in the saltpans of Se-ovlje (Slovene Istria) and Janubio (Lanzarote--Canary Islands) this article examines informant`s perceptions about the awareness of the importance and the enhancement of the holistic values of both saltpans, as well as the impacts and benefits of tourism. Comparing these perceptions (...) about both cultural landscapes, I try to suggest that the complex fruitfully relations between humans and nature in these saltpans are at odds with the neoliberal logic of nature which exploit and commoditize its resources depriving them of their respective agency. A sustainability to contrast the harmful activities of the market ought to be understood not as a simply isolation and fencing of nature for the sake of conservation, but as a preservation that need to foster the continuity of the deep interactions between human culture and non-human nature which are the core of the cultural landscapes. (shrink)

The model emphasizes the ethical dynamics of compassion in hospitality settings by suggesting that under an organizational ethical climate, the hotel staff will be more morally aware of peers’ pain and suffering, and motivated to participate in delivering compassion. Based on the positive psychology focus on compassion as individual states and traits supporting interpersonal dealings, the paper operationalizes compassion based on four individual factors involved in the compassionate process: empathic concern, or an other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with (...) the perceived welfare of a person in need; mindfulness, a state of consciousness in which attention is focused on present-moment phenomena occurring both externally and internally; kindness, or understanding the pain or suffering of others; and common humanity, or seeing others’ experiences as part of the larger human experience. Data were collected from 280 employees at ten hotels in the Canary Islands. With the exception of self-interest, results of multiple linear regressions demonstrate that each of the six interpreted factors of ethical climate has substantive effects on any of the studied elements of staff compassion. The egoistic-related and principle-related climate factors generated a more consistent and intense compassionate reaction, suggesting that the staff is moved to act out of compassion either to assure that the team succeeds or to support each other out of moral obligation. (shrink)

Although anomic feelings have been found to lead employees to unethical performance, little is known about why this relationship is possible. The aim of this study is to test a compassion-based explanation of why anomic employees harm co-workers by displaying interpersonal deviance. The prediction is made that once sociological anomie enters organizations in the form of employees’ private feelings of anomie—i.e., “anomia”—, this anomia will individually move staff to be uncompassionate in the workplace. Three uncompassionate feelings toward co-workers are then (...) hypothesized to mediate the relationship between anomia and interpersonal deviance: negative judgments about others, over-identification, and isolation. Data were collected from 280 employees at ten hotels in the Canary Islands. The results indicated that anomia was significantly and positively linked to uncompassionate feelings and interpersonal deviance, but only negative judgments about others mediated the anomia effects on interpersonal deviance. Findings suggest to managers that by spreading ethical standards that discourage negative judgments about others in the workplace, they can neutralize the mechanisms leading anomia to interpersonal deviance. (shrink)

The aim of this work is the description of the migration of unaccompanied minors which is affected by new patterns of mobility and the globalization. The dynamism of this migrant phenomenon and diversification with respect to other kind of migration requires a new theoretical framework more complex and derived from the all explicative approaches. The study of the migration of unaccompanied minors involves the socio-political contexts, the legal framework and the home and host country; besides, it is strongly linked to (...) gender issues shaping the mobility strategy. The migration of girls adopts different patterns for themselves and their families. The strategy is related to the access of territory and the contact with mafias which smuggle them. The study is focused on the Canary Island study case where migration of unaccompanied minors is very relevant. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to criticize the process of securitization and militarization that has impacted European migratory policies in the last decades. To do that, first of all, I retell the case of the migratory humanitarian crisis in Canary Islands when thousands of sub-Saharan undocumented migrants crossed, in a very dangerous journey, the sea from Mauritania and Senegal. Secondly, I consider the normative level related to the moral and political meaning of tracing and retracing borders that (...) “limit” national communities discussing Will Kymlicka´s thought. His position is inspiring by the premises of egalitarian liberalism. My conclusion is that we have to deal with the creation of a new model of transnational citizenship, beyond the European construction, that could guarantee the respect for Human Righsts of undocumented migrants in the era of globalization. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:RECENT ACQUISITIONS Sheila Turcon Ready Division / McMaster U. Library Russell Research Centre / McMaster U. Hamilton, on, Canada l8s 4l6 [email protected] T he previous general update of correspondence and manuscript acquisi­ tions appeared in Russellz n.s. 28, no. 2 (winter 2008–09): 162–70. There are 15 entries in the correspondence listing below, covering 38 items. Received in November 2009, the latest acquisition reported is number 1,606. The manuscript listing (...) of 2 items brings the total to 635 such entries since 1968. The latest manuscript acquisition is 1,601. Some items were received from other institutions, to whom McMaster Library is very grateful. The following abbre­ viations are used: L(s). or l(s). = letters(s); P(s). or p(s). = photocopies; p.c.(s). = post card(s); Ts. = typescript; tel. = telegram. Thanks are due to Carl Spadoni, Research Collections Librarian, for pursuing many of the leads whose fruition is evident here. There are still more original Russell documents to be found. correspondence [Anonymous] L. from BR, n.d., declin­ ing to write an article. Internet print. rec. acq. 1,577. Farr, Elliott 4 ls. and tel. from BR, 1944– 47 (incl. 2 to W.yR. White of White & Williams); 2 ls. from Patricia Russell to Farr and his wife, 1947, and l. to White, 1946; 6 ls. from White to Farr, 1946– 47, and l. from Farr to White, 1946. Freight bill and bill of lading, 1947; re storing and shipping of trunks and boxes. Draft typed l. or statement about Hitler in response to someone. c.1941 (“I would 1,000 times rather be dead than say Heil Hitler”). Found in Farr’s copy of An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. Gift of Caroline Farr, whose parents who were 1943 neighbours of BR on Pennstone Road, Bryn Mawr, pa. rec. acq. 1,601. Freedom Defence Committee (H.yB. Gibson) L. from Josephine Hall on BR’s behalf, 31 Oct. 1946, encl. dona­ tion for typewriter; reply l. of thanks on behalf of the treasurer, 1 Nov. 1946. Ps., courtesy of International Institute for Social History. rec. acq. 1,599a. Guran, Henry L. from BR, 15 Feb. 1951 in response to a Toronto autograph re­ quest. Purchase. rec. acq. 1,603. Krumreig, William L. from BR, 3 Sept. 1960. Re Henry George. Krumreig’s in­ coming letter with BR’s reply written on the verso is in ra1 720. Internet print. rec. acq. 1,577. Lorenzen, Paul L. from BR, 22 Nov. 1948, on whether linguistic questions connect with politics; l. to BR, n.d. December 2, 2009 (5:28 pm) E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE2901\russell 29,1 060 red.wpd E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE2901\russell 29,1 060 red.wpd Recent Acquisitions 63 Bertrand Russell to Moritz Schlick, 5 March 1935, from the Canary Islands, where Russell had gone to recover from nervous exhaustion. December 2, 2009 (5:28 pm) E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE2901\russell 29,1 060 red.wpd E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE2901\russell 29,1 060 red.wpd 64 sheila turcon politics; l. to BR, n.d. Scans. Courtesy Scans. Courtesy of Philosophisches Archiv, Universität Konstanz. rec. acq. 1,598. Meijer, J.yB. L. from Allen and Unwin, 1924. L. from Harold F. Bing, 1924. Ps., courtesy of International Institute for Social History. rec. acq. 1,599b. Ransom, Harry Correspondence with William S. Livingston, House of El DieT (Lew Feldman) and Anton Felton concerning the sale of Russell’s papers in 1967 and the Newsweekz scandal; newsclippings. Ps., courtesy U. of Texas via Albert Lewis. rec. acq. 1,584. Rotblat, Joseph L. from BR, 6 July 1956. Follow-up to the Russell–Einstein Manifesto; formation of Pugwash. In­ ternet print. rec. acq. 1,577. Schlick, Moritz 2 ls. from BR, 1924, 1935 (see illustration); draft l. to, 1923; l. from Dora Russell on BR’s behalf, 1927. BR is unable to visit Vienna in 1924; OKEWz; [Nicod]; lecture tour of Austria and Scandinavia abandoned, 1935. Printed jpg images. Courtesy of Wiener Kreis Archiv, Haarlem, Nether­ lands. rec. acq. 1,597. Stott, R. Toole L. from Russell, 28 Sept. 1931, re the economic crisis and under­ standing currency and credit. Purchase. rec. acq... (shrink)

Today the definition of Spain as a national, historical and sovereign entity is in crisis. This situation has been reached because the Spanish left has assumed as its own many of the ideas about the concept of the Spanish nation of peripheral nationalisms. In this article we try to discover the causes of this identification through the study of the propaganda texts that the opposition to the Franco regime had on the national concept, rescued in the rulings of the Public (...) Order Court. In them we will observe how the opposition to Francoism in the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and the Canary Islands mixed Marxist and nationalist ideologies in their messages, but with great fundamental differences in each of these regions. Furthermore, we certify that the "Burgos Process" was the turning point that cemented the identification of the Spanish left throughout the country with the nationalist movements. (shrink)

Cet article interroge la co-construction des concepts de race, de sexe et de reproduction dans l’histoire naturelle et l’élevage des animaux au xviiie siècle. L’analyse porte sur l’article « Serin des Canaries » de l’Histoire naturelle de Buffon. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, d’examiner la signification sociale et culturelle de l’élevage de ces oiseaux à Paris au xviiie siècle, particulièrement populaire parmi les femmes aisées. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse se focalise sur l’article de Buffon pour montrer comment les (...) descriptions scientifiques des différences sexuelles chez les animaux conduisent à la naturalisation des différences humaines, à travers ce que nous appelons un « cercle anthropocentrique de naturalisation ». Dans un troisième temps, nous montrons comment les deux catégories de sexe et de race sont construites l’une par rapport à l’autre dans l’histoire naturelle de Buffon et dans l’élevage des animaux de l’époque. (shrink)

The Kennedy Krieger lead paint study received a lot of attention after a US Court of Appeals ruled that a parent cannot consent to the participation of a child in non-therapeutic research. The ruling has raised fears that, if it goes unchallenged, valuable research might not proceed and ultimately all children would be harmed. The author discusses significant aspects of the study that have been neglected, and argues that the study was unethical because it involved injustice and its design meant (...) that the study lacked importance and value. Issues of benefit, risk, and consent are vital, but it is sometimes a mistake to consider these issues before settling questions about justice and the importance and value of a research project. The author concludes by offering a strategy for researchers and reviewers of research to appreciate, in a vivid way, the implications of research participation. (shrink)

Continence is a key moment of care that can tell us about the wider care of people living with dementia within acute hospital wards. The spotlight is currently on the quality of hospital care of older people across the UK, yet concerns persist about their poor treatment, neglect, abuse, and discrimination within this setting. Thus, within hospitals, the care of people living with dementia is both a welfare issue and a human rights issue. The challenge of continence care for people (...) living with dementia can be seen as the ‘canary in the coal mine’ for the unravelling of dignity within the acute setting. This paper draws on an ethnographic study within five hospitals in England and Wales, selected to represent a range of hospital types, geographies and socio‐economic catchments. Observational fieldwork was carried out over 154 days in acute hospitals known to admit large numbers of people living with dementia. This paper starts to fill the gap between theory and data by providing an in‐depth ethnographic analysis examining the ways in which treatment as a person is negotiated, achieved or threatened. We examine how the twin assaults on agency of a diagnosis of dementia and of incontinence threaten personhood. The acute threats to this patient group may then act to magnify perils to treatment as a person. Our findings suggest that personal dignity and the social construction of moral personhood are both threatened and maintained in such a setting. We show how empirical ethnographic data can lend weight to, and add detail to, theoretical accounts of moral personhood and dignity. (shrink)

Research ethics has typically been shaped by a conception of science as intrinsically ethics-free. I argue, instead, for a conception of research ethics grounded in an ethics of epistemology, specifically for a norm of epistemic sustainability: research methods and practices that cultivate, rather than undermine, the ground on which especially less privileged others can successfully pursue knowledge, meeting their epistemic needs as they define them. I further argue that objects of knowledge are constituted relationally and are knowable through the relationships (...) in which they are embedded, and that taking vulnerability as an epistemic standpoint can help to ground sustainable inquiry. (shrink)

We generalize the result of Mekler and Shelah [3] that the existence of a canary tree is independent of ZFC + GCH to uncountable regular cardinals. We also correct an error from the original proof.

Twitter, an online application, allows users to post microblog statements in real time. Have psychologists in leadership positions adopted Twitter? What ethical standards are navigated in doing so? Little research has examined the adoption rate of Twitter within a sample of psychologists. This article outlines a series of case vignettes depicting ethical dilemmas encountered by psychologists who adopt Twitter. Data reviewing Twitter adoption by professional psychologists who served as president within psychology advocacy organizations reveal higher adoption rates from student group (...) leaders than professional organization advocacy presidents. Implications for ethical standards and professional development are discussed. (shrink)

We generalize the result of Mekler and Shelah [3] that the existence of a canary tree is independent of ZFC + GCH to uncountable regular cardinals. We also correct an error from the original proof.

It follows from Humean principles of plenitude, I argue, that island universes are possible: physical reality might have 'absolutely isolated' parts. This makes trouble for Lewis's modal realism; but the realist has a way out. First, accept absolute actuality, which is defensible, I argue, on independent grounds. Second, revise the standard analysis of modality: modal operators are 'plural', not 'individual', quantifiers over possible worlds. This solves the problem of island universes and confers three additional benefits: an 'unqualified' principle of compossibility (...) can be accepted; the possibility of nothing can be accommodated; and the identity of indiscernible worlds can be decisively refuted. (shrink)

Fictifs ou réels, intimes ou spectaculaires, les monstres sont partout, changeants et immortels. Personnages romanesques et pernicieux, " gueules " de cinéma, démons antiques, colosses de pierre ou d'acier, pervers, criminels notoires, emblèmes d'un totalitarisme dévorant... Qui sont-ils? D'où tiennent-ils leur pouvoir? Sont-ils vraiment inhumains? En douze essais issus d'un cycle de conférences que l'Université populaire de Caen a décentralisé au théâtre du Rond-Point à Paris, la figure du monstre passe sous la loupe de ces professeurs passionnés, du littéraire à (...) l'économiste, de l'historien au psychanalyste, du philosophe à l'artiste. Une belle occasion de s'interroger sur la nature humaine et sur le monde qui nous entoure. (shrink)

In the early twentieth century, scientific innovations permanently changed international warfare. As chemicals traveled out of laboratories into factories and military locations, war became waged at home as well as overseas. Large numbers of women were employed in munitions factories during the First World War, but their public memories have been overshadowed by men who died on battlefields abroad; they have also been ignored in traditional histories of chemistry that focus on laboratory-based research. Mostly young and poorly educated, but crucial (...) for Britain’s military success, these female workers were subjected to procedures of social regulation and consigned to carrying out dangerous chemical procedures causing chronic illness or death; in particular, when TNT died their skin yellow, they were colloquially known as 'canaries.'. (shrink)

This paper offers a sketch of the complicated conflicts which arise—and metastasize seemingly daily—in the era of Big Data. Given the public’s ubiquitous-yet-ostensibly-voluntary data surrender, and industry’s ubiquitous-yet-ostensibly-anodyne collection of the same, inaction is not an option for any near-just society. By revisiting the philosophical basis for Panoptic apparatus, sketching the tumultuous history of US contract law trying to protect the public from itself, and comparing existing industry codes for similarly-situated—read: terrifyingly invasive—fields, the paper will provide a preliminary framework for (...) identifying and confronting the galaxy of problems associated with data analytics. (shrink)

Since we are generally not required to act altruistically, one question that arises is may children or incompetent adults be permitted ? or required ? to act for the benefit of others where the law would ordinarily only permit such an act if it were justified by a valid consent? In this article I consider how the law regulates decision making for children and incompetent adults and whether acts that would otherwise be considered altruistic are permissible. Using organ donation as (...) an example I argue that the law does permit them but only by manipulating the ?best interests? test. I consider some of the arguments in favour of allowing such decisions and conclude that it is apparent that there are circumstances in which they should be permitted but that the best interests test is inadequate and dishonestly conceals the real justifications for the decision. (shrink)

I propose to study one problem for epistemic dependence on experts: how to locate experts on what I will call cognitive islands. Cognitive islands are those domains for knowledge in which expertise is required to evaluate other experts. They exist under two conditions: first, that there is no test for expertise available to the inexpert; and second, that the domain is not linked to another domain with such a test. Cognitive islands are the places where we have (...) the fewest resources for evaluating experts, which makes our expert dependences particularly risky. -/- Some have argued that cognitive islands lead to the complete unusability of expert testimony: that anybody who needs expert advice on a cognitive island will be entirely unable to find it. I argue against this radical form of pessimism, but propose a more moderate alternative. I demonstrate that we have some resources for finding experts on cognitive islands, but that cognitive islands leave us vulnerable to an epistemic trap which I will call runaway echo chambers. In a runaway echo chamber, our inexpertise may lead us to pick out bad experts, which will simply reinforce our mistaken beliefs and sensibilities. (shrink)