Dieser Band umfasst 35 Texte des Wiener Philosophen und Wissenschaftstheoretikers Friedrich G. Wallner aus den 1980er Jahren. Sie setzen sich allesamt auseinander mit dem sprachphilosophischen Denken des fruhen wie spaten Wittgenstein. Die Auseinandersetzung erfolgt dabei in einer zweifachen Weise: In einem ersten Teil gilt es den Texten, Grundgedanken Wittgensteins zu analysieren, zu erhellen sowie deren Pragungen und Einflusse aufzuzeigen. Dabei werden der Ansatz seines Denkens sowie dessen Bedeutung fur Wissenschaftstheorie und Dichtung erortert. In einem zweiten Teil verfolgen die Texte (...) das Ziel, im Anschluss an Wittgenstein ein Konzept von Philosophie auszuarbeiten, welches Philosophie als Therapie begreift. Ein Konzept, welches im Horizont der Einzelwissenschaften mehrfach zur Anwendung kommt.". (shrink)

Time Perspective (TP) is a central aspect of human daily psychological functioning, with a pronounced impact on human thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The particular TP dimensions are strongly associated with a range of various mental well-being indicators and were shown to predict as much as 40% of their variance. However, the relationship between TPs and specific mechanisms that enhance mental well-being still requires further exploration. In the present article, we conceptually analyze a potential interplay of TPs and three well confirmed (...) well-being ‘boosters’ (WBBs) – gratitude, savoring the moment, and prioritizing positivity – which may prove responsible for the vital effects of TP on mental well-being. Each of the ‘boosters’ has a clear temporal anchoring: Gratitude stems from the appreciation of the past, savoring the moment refers mainly to the experience of the present, and prioritizing positivity engages planning behaviors that require future focus. We propose four theoretical models to be verified in further experimental research. The first model, the trait-behavior model, proposes that trait-TPs increase the tendency to use particular WBBs in order to increase mental well-being. The second model, referred to as the accumulation model, offers that TPs mediate between WBBs and mental well-being, and finally, a regular practice of a specific WBB develops a specific TP (e.g. exercising a gratitude intervention enhances Past-Positive TP). The third model, the feedback loop, suggests that WBBs and TPs strengthen one another and contribute to higher mental well-being. The last model, which can be called the match-mismatch model, presents the influence of WBBs on mental well-being, where a particular TP plays a role of a moderator (e.g. Present-Hedonistic TP moderates the relationship between savoring and well-being). Implications of potential confirmation of each of the models for theory and practice are also discussed. (shrink)

According to the Russian tradition literature is something more than only literature. In the special situation, the writers take over functions of scientific disciplines such as philosophy, ethics, the press or the political parties. These trends intensify during critical periods when Russia has to solve a problem of its national identity. The aim of the present text is an attempt to present how contemporary Russian “patriotical” literature is insistently fighting to keep monopoly on spiritual leadership in democratizing Russia. Petrifying specific (...) tradition, the writers are diagnosing all signs of evil, tracing either actual or potential wrongdoers. Their wish is to realize the vision of an autarchic Russia as a special being. Literature not only supports ideology—especially conservative, right—wing ideology, but also becomes the ideology itself. (shrink)

Microfinance is intended to combat the phenomenon of social and financial exclusion. We hope that the supportive political environment in the EU will meaningfully contribute to the betterment of this situation in Europe. The paper draws attention to the banking and non-banking institutions granting microloans which constitute the key element facilitating the creation and continued operation of firms. It is very important that microfinance is viewed as a weapon in the fight against poverty and inaccessibility of financial services.

Man and specifically human experiences define the space of Józef Tischner’s philosophy. The main thread of thinking about man is “the experience of the other” through which is born the “I”, the subject of Tischner’s philosophy of drama, in which fundamental issue is the meeting. Contemporary man, usually locked in his narrative of monadic life, is wary of the other. However, personal growth does not happen alone, but with the other. Man is not enough for himself, he needs confirmation and (...) recognition of the other. From the meeting with the other begins a drama which cannot be predicted. Through the drama that happens between “I” and you, the participants are open to the world of values and the agathological and axiological horizon of existence is before them. From the other, as Tischner notes, a call is coming to save him. By axiological thinking, one should try to solve the problem of the tragedy of the situation in which the other was found. This is thinking about the other according to value. The primacy of good over evil is revealed in the recognition of human freedom which is the essence of the relationship with the other. (shrink)

Contemporary medicine offers more and more possibilities as far as procreation is concerned. They are available, first of all, to infertile couples (IVF – In Vitro Fertilization). However, the advanced reproductive technology is also used by people who are biologically capable of having children. These people are ready to resign voluntarily from pregnancy and childbirth difficulties. The surrogate motherhood appears as a phenomenon known already from biblical times but existing nowadays in a different context. At the same time, some issues (...) are emerging – questions concerning social, ethical, moral and legal consequences. This paper presents the issue of surrogate motherhood in the context of social changes, which could lead to a development of such practices as well as the reasons of parents and surrogate mothers. Can this phenomenon be perceived as a service for people who want to fulfill their desires for having children? Would surrogate motherhood become a socially approved practice? What are the ethical, religious and legal norms concerning this phenomenon? The religious norms are connected, first of all, with an attitude of the Catholic Church which recognizes surrogacy as unacceptable and states that “it offends the dignity and the right of a child to be conceived, carried in the womb, delivered to the world and brought up by their own parents”. The ethical norms refer to the biotechnological issues and include matters of creating and implanting human embryos as well as the problem of the surrogate mother – child – biological parents relationship. As far as legal norms are concerned, the case is still open hence Polish law does not take into consideration in vitro fertilization or the admissibility of surrogate motherhood. (shrink)

The election campaigns in Poland have become oriented to the still more extent on fighting back the political opponents. Only seldom we can watch skirmishes about programmes and battles with the use of substantial arguments. Instead, we observe more and more mutual accusations, personal reproaches and attempts of slandering the opponent using unethical methods. The attitude of one politician to another assumed quite special features both on the level of verbal behaviour and their attitudes. Almost in every election campaign since (...) the year 1989 the voters have had the occasions to observe the behaviours of politicians which were far from the moral standards and which significantly lowered the level of political culture in Poland. Since a few years rival discreditations, intrigues, announcing untrue information about opponents and creation of media facts have dominated during the election battles. Occurrences of such type are crucial for political alienation among the citizens and contribute to preservation of a negative picture of the politics itself as a sort of dishonest and immoral activity. Various methods of depreciation of opponents are still more and more willingly used. This paper will discuss selected behaviours of political competitors towards each other; also an attempt will be undertaken to assess those behaviours from the ethics’ point of view. (shrink)

This note provides a review of the book 'On the Sea-Battle Tomorrow That May Not Happen' by Tomasz Jarmużek.

In mainstream economics the principle of freedom from value judgment (Wertfreiheit) is enforced. This principle has different interpretations. The aim of this paper is to present author's interpretations of the principle of Wertfreiheit. The basic ideas of axiology have been analysed: values, valua- tions, and value judgments, including their application to economic activities and economic researches. Two models of valuations have been presented – the taste model and perception model – as well as points of view of economic researches on (...) those models. The conclusion comprises the author’s interpretation of the principle of Wertfreiheit as that of impartiality and integrity in research activities. (shrink)

Jednym z wymiarów wielkiej zmiany społecznej i kulturowej zapoczątkowanej w roku 1989 pod hasłem modernizacji Polski i jej okcydentalizacji jest zmiana tożsamości religijnej i narodowej Polaków. Przez ostatnie dwa wieki kształtowania się nowoczesnego narodu były one tak splecione, iż traktowano je synonimicznie. Problem ma wymiar historyczny i teoretyczny zarazem. Historyczny bo splątana tożsamość Polaka-katolika odnosi do szczególnej sytuacji narodu, jak wobec upadku swej państwowości szukał możliwości narodowego samookreślenia i tożsamości w kulturze. Teoretyczny, ponieważ należy odnieść się do tych teorii socjologicznych, (...) które postrzegają religię jako korelat narodowej tożsamości i jako wartość rdzenną narodowej kultury. A także takich, które kładą nacisk na nieuchronność procesów sekularyzacji i laicyzacji jako swoistych progów nowoczesności. (shrink)

We investigate first order sentences valid in completions of a given partial algebraic structure - a partial model. We give semantic and syntactic description of the set of all sentences valid in every completion of the given partial model - first order theory of this model.

The paper discuss the early age of forming social and economic catholic teaching in XIV–XVI. Appearing of economy from the area of theology was discussed as phenomenon of school from Salamanca and the influence scholastic on Adam Smith. The separation of economy and theology on the contrary was discussed as phenomenon of liberal project of state and market economy. The conclusion is, that economics as a science of separated aspects of human life is a subsidiary discipline of social catholic teaching.

English for specific purposes has been conceptualized by its leading scholars, like Hutchinson and Waters or Dudley-Evans and St. John, as a multi-stage process, where the ESP practitioner fulfils a variety of roles, including that of learner needs researcher, course designer, language instructor, learning assessor, and course evaluator. The performance of these roles requires considerable knowledge of a linguistic, socio-cultural and pedagogical nature, necessary to inform the teacher’s cognitive processes, par- ticularly those involved in course decision making. The necessary professional (...) knowledge of the ESP teacher, which is gained through professional school- ing, teacher training, and teaching experience, comprises both relevant theo- retical concepts and performance skills. It di- rectly impacts on all stages of the ESP process, namely the planning, design, teaching, assessment and evaluation of a course, largely determining its quality. The present paper focuses on ESP teacher cognition, especially those cognitions that are involved in course design, informing the teacher’s choices of course parameters and instructional practices. Elaborating on the concepts developed by language cognition scholars, like Shulman, Andrews, and Borg, the author tries to outline the in- ternal structure of ESP teacher cognition and describe the function of each subordinate knowledge base. The paper also presents the preliminary results of a small-scale exploratory study into the professional cognition of 13 teachers of Legal and Business English employed at the University of Warsaw. (shrink)

This study explores the nature of parental attitudinal beliefs towards educational inclusion and the factors that determine these beliefs. Participants were drawn from the Growing Up in Scotland Survey. Results indicate that majority of parents held positive generalised belief towards including children with additional support needs in mainstream classrooms, compared with belief about the benefits of inclusion for children with ASN, or benefits for typically developing children. Lower parental income and higher levels of satisfaction with child’s current school were associated (...) with positive generalised beliefs. Belief about the benefits of inclusion for children with ASN was also positively associated with lower parental income, while belief about benefits for typically developing children was determined by higher parental education and age. Our findings suggest that efforts to increase parental attitudes should target salient beliefs and take into account the determinants of each of these beliefs. (shrink)

This article sets out to propose some characteristic features of the intellectual and ethical attitudes which, in the popular belief and scholarly communities alike, stand for ideals worthy of promoting as ones which could underpin a modern society where both believers and unbelievers can feel at home. The “ethos” is construed to be about the sort of behaviour logically stemming from a tolerant outlook on the one hand, and an intellectual commitment to a noble cause worthy of one’s efforts, on (...) the other. (shrink)

Nietzsche called The Gay Science "the most personal of all my books." It was here that he first proclaimed the death of God -- to which a large part of the book is devoted -- and his doctrine of the eternal recurrence. Walter Kaufmann's commentary, with its many quotations from previously untranslated letters, brings to life Nietzsche as a human being and illuminates his philosophy. The book contains some of Nietzsche's most sustained discussions of art and morality, knowledge and truth, (...) the intellectual conscience and the origin of logic. Most of the book was written just before Thus Spoke Zarathustra, the last part five years later, after Beyond Good and Evil. We encounter Zarathustra in these pages as well as many of Nietzsche's most interesting philosophical ideas and the largest collection of his own poetry that he himself ever published. Walter Kaufmann's English versions of Nietzsche represent one of the major translation enterprises of our time. He is the first philosopher to have translated Nietzsche's major works, and never before has a single translator given us so much of Nietzsche. (shrink)

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat spektrum ludzkich reakcji poznawczych, afektywnych oraz wyrażonych behawioralnie w obliczu kryzysu klimatycznego. Różnorodność postaw wobec zmian klimatu i stopień zaangażowania w działania, by tym zmianom przeciwdziałać, wynika z poziomu wiedzy i przekonań na temat aktualnej sytuacji, w tym stopnia wiary w mity klimatyczne. Konsekwencją świadomości niebezpieczeństwa, jakie stanowi postępujący kryzys ekologiczno-klimatyczny, jest nasilenie trudnych emocji i złożonych stanów uczuciowych, takich jak solastalgia, depresja klimatyczna czy ekożałoba. W odniesieniu do tej wiedzy wskazano, (...) w jaki sposób można zapobiegać doświadczaniu kryzysu klimatycznego w kategoriach osobistego kryzysu i jak mobilizować do działania w odpowiedzi na wyzwania sytuacji klimatycznej. (shrink)

The paper deals with the question of the validity of the Law of Excluded Middle in intuitionistic logic. Because of a different interpretation of the logical connectives, intuitionists reject the intuitionistic (constructive) counterpart of the Law of Excluded Middle. In the intuitionistic approach the meta-linguistic Law of Excluded Middle is not valid, which results in a replacement of a classical definition of truth with an definition, which sees the essence of truth in the relation of a sentence to the result (...) of a certain cognitive efforts. A true sentence is a sentence which satisfies the criterion of truth, i.e. is (constructively) provable. Thus, a dispute between classical logic and intuitionistic logic can be described as a dispute between the and the. (shrink)

The paper presents an overview of research on working memory as a predictor of early school achievements. We contrast two main areas of research on the role of working memory in school achievements: the first concerns the structural model of working memory and the second focuses on executive functions. Then, we discuss the facet model of working memory as a promising approach merging the two research branches on working memory tasks as predictors of early school achievements. At the end we (...) present exemplary results of the research conducted on a national sample of six- and seven-year-olds in Poland, which indicates strong relation of working memory functions with the measures of competences in mathematics, reading, and writing. Additionally, the mediation analyses, with parents’ education as a covariate, indicate that the influence of age on achievements in math, reading, and writing in six- and seven-year olds is mediated by working memory functions. (shrink)

Published posthumously in 1908, Ecce Homo was written in 1888 and completed just a few weeks before Nietzsche’s complete mental collapse. Its outrageously egotistical review of the philosopher’s life and works—featuring chapters called Why I Am So Wise and Why I Write Such Good Books—are redeemed from mere arrogance by masterful language and ever-relevant ideas. In addition to settling scores with his many personal and philosophical enemies, Nietzsche emphasizes the importance of questioning traditional morality, establishing autonomy, and making a commitment (...) to creativity. Essential reading for students of philosophy, this unique memoir is crucial to an understanding of Nietzsche’s other works. (shrink)

The goal of the article is to compare methods of financing ARs and ERs based on the data from the 1st half of 2013 and 1st half of 2014 from the K. Jonscher 3rd Municipal Hospital in Lodz. All the stays in the AR/ER in the 1st half of 2013 and the 1st half of 2014 were analysed. Based on the presented data, it can be clearly seen that the new method of financing AR/ER services proposed by the NFZ will (...) beyond doubt have negative outcomes, and will certainly not improve the financial situation of hospitals. (shrink)