Il principale scopo di questo articolo è esplorare la legittimità e le implicazioni dell’ascrizione di valore intrinseco alla biodiversità. Svariati problemi ambientali stanno seriamente mettendo in crisi l’idea tradizionale secondo la quale la comunità morale dovrebbe essere ristretta ai soli esseri umani. In tale contesto, la ricerca filosofica è chiamata a una stimolante quanto urgente analisi della nozione di “biodiversità”. Tuttavia, alcuni eticisti ambientali continuano ad affermare che la biodiversità non abbia valore intrinseco. In questo contributo mostro che il concetto (...) di “valore intrinseco” ha diversi significati, a seconda che le sue basi siano epistemologiche, ontologiche, assiologiche o normative. Sostengo dunque che, mentre la biodiversità non ha valore di per sé (in its own right), in sé (in itself), o per sé (for its own sake), può esser considerata avere un valore in quanto tale (as such). Sostengo inoltre che ascrivere un valore intrinseco alla biodiversità permette una riconciliazione autentica tra gli interessi antropocentrici e il bisogno di estendere la comunità morale oltre l’umanità. (shrink)

In the first place, I propose to specify the debate between non-anthropocentrists and anthropocentrists as one between those who defend that the environment has intrinsic value, that is, value that while independent of all relation to human beings is still morally binding, and those who deny this, i.e., assert that the environment only has extrinsic value. I argue for the second option but claim that this should not be an obstacle to address some of the worries of environmental ethics, since (...) extrinsic value is not limited to instrumental value. In this regard, I present sentimentalism as an alternative according to which there are ways of valuing things as ends in themselves and not only as means. (shrink)

In the first place, I propose to specify the debate between non-anthropocentrists and anthropocentrists as one between those who defend that the environment has intrinsic value, that is, value that while independent of all relation to human beings is still morally binding, and those who deny this, i.e., assert that the environment only has extrinsic value. I argue for the second option but claim that this should not be an obstacle to address some of the worries of environmental ethics, since (...) extrinsic value is not limited to instrumental value. In this regard, I present sentimentalism as an alternative according to which there are ways of valuing things as ends in themselves and not only as means. (shrink)

Normalmente se argumenta contra o descarte de embriões humanos defendendo a atribuição de direito à vida a eles. No entanto, os argumentos apresentados com esse intuito não têm sido bem sucedidos. Uma alternativa é dizer que o erro moral em matar embriões humanos é desrespeitar o valor intrínseco da vida humana. Esse artigo apresenta essa proposta e aponta suas deficiências. A conclusão é que, caso a vida dos embriões humanos contenham algum tipo de valor intrínseco, ele (...) é insignificante porque não é específico da vida humana, não é o que torna errado matar pessoas adultas e porque ele seria muito pequeno, dadas as especificidades do embrião. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de las principales teorías que se han propuesto en ética ambiental en torno a la noción de valor intrínseco. Para esto, dilucidaré qué se entiende por valor intrínseco, para después remarcar la importancia que tiene este concepto dentro de la reflexión sobre el medio ambiente. Por último, perfilaré las principales teorías de corte biocentrista dentro de la ética ambiental que han tratado la noción de valor (...) class='Hi'>intrínseco como eje central. (shrink)

O artigo parte do consenso sobre a facto de que a arte tem valor para a exploração dos vários problemas sobre esse valor cujas soluções dividem os filósofos da arte. O enfoque é especialmente sobre a dimensão mais actual do debate em torno do tema, que se debruça não tanto sobre questões como o realismo quanto aos valores estéticos e a objectividade e justificação dos juízos de valor estético, mas acima de tudo sobre a natureza do (...) class='Hi'>valor artístico – que tipo de valor é e em que propriedades da arte (se nalguma) reside. (shrink)

In this paper I will evaluate the normative assumptions of Nozick's experience machine. I try to show that the intrinsic value that experiment gives to objectivity should be rejected from utilitarianism and that subjectivity counts as a necessary and sufficient condition for moral evaluation. I also conclude that satisfaction preferences utilitarianism to stay within the boundaries of utilitarianism should be considered as broad mental states consequentialism.

Nunca tal vez como ahora el hombre ha estado tan amenazado de una quiebra de los valores que sustentan su vida espiritual, su cultura y aun su misma coexistencia y subsistencia sobre la tierra. En el orden social internacional y nacional, en el mejor de los casos, pareciera que sólo existe un equilibrio de fuerzas, continuamente amenazado por quebrarse con el predominio de una de las partes, pero en modo alguno una paz interna lograda por un auténtico orden jurídico-moral. De (...) hecho tal equilibrio está roto en muchos casos; y en el plano internacional son muchos los pueblos sojuzgados por guerras o imposiciones injustas de otros Estados más fuertes, impedidos en el libre ejercicio de su soberanía —Hungría es un ejemplo—; y en el plano nacional son muchos los dictadores que con violencia imponen su régimen sobre los individuos, privados de sus derechos personales y sometidos a vejaciones y humillaciones de toda índole; y las clases sociales más fuertes que imponen una verdadera esclavitud sobre las más débiles —la explotación humana de los trabajadores o, lo que es peor, de pobres mujeres indefensas sometidas a las garras de un comercio infame—. Ha desaparecido el orden humano-moral, el orden intrínseco y jerárquico, que desde la conciencia y de un modo absoluto imponía a cada uno —al Estado, familia e individuos— sus obligaciones, con lo cual y correlativamente aseguraba también a cada uno sus derechos frente a los demás, organizando a los individuos en la familia e instituciones, a éstas en el Estado y a éste en la Comunidad internacional. Y este orden se ha perdido, porque los valores correlativos de justicia y de derecho con las consiguientes normas moral-jurídicas o son desconocidas o han perdido su carácter de vigencia absoluta y han sido substituidas por la fuerza, la austucia y los intereses y pasiones en general. (shrink)

Nunca tal vez como ahora el hombre ha estado tan amenazado de una quiebra de los valores que sustentan su vida espiritual, su cultura y aun su misma coexistencia y subsistencia sobre la tierra. En el orden social internacional y nacional, en el mejor de los casos, pareciera que sólo existe un equilibrio de fuerzas, continuamente amenazado por quebrarse con el predominio de una de las partes, pero en modo alguno una paz interna lograda por un auténtico orden jurídico-moral. De (...) hecho tal equilibrio está roto en muchos casos; y en el plano internacional son muchos los pueblos sojuzgados por guerras o imposiciones injustas de otros Estados más fuertes, impedidos en el libre ejercicio de su soberanía —Hungría es un ejemplo—; y en el plano nacional son muchos los dictadores que con violencia imponen su régimen sobre los individuos, privados de sus derechos personales y sometidos a vejaciones y humillaciones de toda índole; y las clases sociales más fuertes que imponen una verdadera esclavitud sobre las más débiles —la explotación humana de los trabajadores o, lo que es peor, de pobres mujeres indefensas sometidas a las garras de un comercio infame—. Ha desaparecido el orden humano-moral, el orden intrínseco y jerárquico, que desde la conciencia y de un modo absoluto imponía a cada uno —al Estado, familia e individuos— sus obligaciones, con lo cual y correlativamente aseguraba también a cada uno sus derechos frente a los demás, organizando a los individuos en la familia e instituciones, a éstas en el Estado y a éste en la Comunidad internacional. Y este orden se ha perdido, porque los valores correlativos de justicia y de derecho con las consiguientes normas moral-jurídicas o son desconocidas o han perdido su carácter de vigencia absoluta y han sido substituidas por la fuerza, la austucia y los intereses y pasiones en general. (shrink)

Scientific literature on particular themes in ontology is extremely abundant, but it is often very hard for freshmen or sophomores to find a red thread between the various proposals. This text is an opinionated introduction, a preliminary text to research in ontology from the so called standard approach to ontological commitment, that is from the particular point of view that connects ontological questions to quantificational questions. It offers a survey of this viewpoint in ontology together with their possible applications through (...) a broad array of examples and open problems and, at the same time, essential references to the classics of philosophy, so as to allow non-specialists to understand the terms and analysis procedures characterizing the discipline. Its result is a wide-ranging overview of the issued tackled by ontology, with a particular focus on the most relevant problems of contemporary debate. (shrink)

According to the quantificational Quinean model in meta-ontology, the question of ontology boils down to the question of whether a sortal property is exemplified. I address some complications that arise when we try to build a philosophical reconstruction of the link between individuals and kinds displayed in the exemplification relation from the point of view of conceptualism about kinds and having in mind this stand in ontology. I distinguish two notions of resemblance, object-to- object and object-to- kind, and show the (...) problems with both of them. Finally, I argue for a better awareness of the implicit "bias" involved in the very notion of "resemblance," without indulging in Quine's veto toward this notion. (shrink)

Sustainable labels are considered the best way for consumers to identify brands with environmental or social attributes on the shelves, and therefore promoted as a means to develop the so-called “ethical markets”. However, little is known about how consumers use these brands. This paper tries to offer complementary theoretical insights on the determinants of sustainable label use by drawing on the economic model of information search; in particular, it examines the influence of two factors on the purchase of such labels: (...) motivation and knowledge. Information was gathered through a structured questionnaire in personal interviews with 289 primary buyers. The study found that education influences directly knowledge, while Motivation influences Label use both directly and indirectly, via Label knowledge. This study concludes that Motivation is the most powerful factor to explain Label use; knowledge is a necessary but not sufficient condition. Even more, consumers may not have a good understanding of sustainable labels and still use them in their purchasing decisions. This suggests that there is a dual processing mode of sustainable labels, both systematic and heuristic. (shrink)

Managing the relationship with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) is a key capability for most companies, because dialogue with stakeholders is a requested feature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This paper analyses the relationship between businesses and NGOs in Spain. By applying grounded theory, the authors summarize this relationship in the dynamics of conflict and cooperation. NGOs' strategies vis-à-vis companies are categorized and the variables explaining different approaches on both companies' and NGOs' side are examined. The paper concludes by placing the private (...) relationship with NGOs in a wider context (the public arena), dominated by the approach-withdrawal dynamics between firms and NGOs. Finally, this paper presents the theory that results from this research. (shrink)

Managing the relationship with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) is a key capability for most companies, because dialogue with stakeholders is a requested feature of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This paper analyses the relationship between businesses and NGOs in Spain. By applying grounded theory, the authors summarize this relationship in the dynamics of conflict and cooperation. NGOs' strategies vis‐à‐vis companies are categorized and the variables explaining different approaches on both companies' and NGOs' side are examined. The paper concludes by placing the private (...) relationship with NGOs in a wider context (the public arena), dominated by the approach‐withdrawal dynamics between firms and NGOs. Finally, this paper presents the theory that results from this research. (shrink)

One of the complications of a clear evaluation of different positions called “realism” in metaphysics and ontology is discrepancy in terminology and variance of basic intuitions inherent this notion. I recommend a taxonomy that distinguishes three kinds of variance: variance in the sets of conditions for a philosophical position to be acknowledged as actual realism, variance in strength and variance in conceptual frameworks. Within this last case, I propose to differentiate realism in epistemology, in ontology, and in metaphysics, intersecting these (...) three variants with the local/global realism dichotomy. The taxonomy here provided aims at being meta-philosophical; expressive enough for a fine-grained articulation of different philosophical positions in the recent debate, including the question of metaphysical grounding; and impartial, with no need to be connected to the defense of one form or another of the philosophical positions called “realism.”. (shrink)

This article introduces a novel theoretical framework for addressing epistemic injustice—a phenomenon where certain groups or individuals are systematically excluded from knowledge creation and dissemination processes—by employing ontological relativity and conceptual analysis. “Ontological relativity” refers to a philosophical perspective that posits our understanding of reality as being shaped by our toolbox of concepts, categories, language, and social practices; “conceptual analysis” is a method of inquiry that involves the rigorous examination and deconstruction of a particular concept or set of concepts in (...) order to uncover their constituent elements, relationships, and underlying assumptions. To exemplify the effectiveness of the ontology‐based approach, two paradigmatic applications are explored: (a) educational practices and (b) clinical practice and access to health care. Through the presentation of these applications and the step‐by‐step illustration of the applied methodology, the aim of the article is to showcase the efficacy of ontology in tackling epistemic injustices, suggesting innovative paths for future research in this domain. (shrink)

En los últimos años, en numerosos países de América Latina, los derechos de la naturaleza se han consagrado en la Constitución. El objetivo principal es tener en cuenta una visión indígena de la naturaleza. En el siguiente artículo examinaremos si los argumentos para conceder derechos a la naturaleza también pueden derivarse de la tradición del pensamiento occidental. Además, se tendrá en cuenta la historia del concepto de «naturaleza viva», desde Aristóteles hasta la actualidad, así como su importancia para el estatuto (...) jurídico de la naturaleza. De particular importancia aquí es la cuestión del valor intrínseco de la naturaleza. (shrink)

En tiempos recientes, el magisterio de la Iglesia Católica publicó dos textos influyentes con pertinencia para la ética animal: el Catecismo de la Iglesia Católica y la carta encíclica Laudato Si’. Estos textos se examinan en este artículo, centrándose en el consumo humano de animales para la alimentación. Si bien el concepto de ‘valor intrínseco’, que ha dominado el trabajo en ética animal, se aplica a los animales no humanos, no existe un análisis riguroso de lo que podría (...) significar este concepto y de lo que su reconocimiento podría implicar para nuestras relaciones con los animales no humanos. Esto es problemático. Más importante aún, rechazo la perspectiva antropocéntrica fuerte que sustenta estos textos, en la que los animales no humanos son valorados casi exclusivamente de manera instrumental. La perspectiva antropocéntrica alternativa y moderada que esbozo exige un veganismo moral calificado, una posición que se defiende contra cuatro críticas potenciales. (shrink)

General and Formal Ontology Paolo Valore The word ontology derives from tÕ Ôn ( tò òn), which is the neutral participle of e„m. ...