Verbs of mental states or activity constitute a subject of considerable interest to both Cognitive Linguistics and Linguistic Typology. They promise to open a window on the invisible workings of the mind, while at the same time displaying a wide variety of historical sources across languages. In this book Michael Fortescue presents an innovative approach to the semantics and diachronic source of cognitive verbs across a representative array of the world's languages. The relationship among the cognitive verbs of individual languages (...) is essentially one of metonymy, and the book investigates in detail the specific metonymic relationships involved, as revealed largely by the polysemous spread of word meanings. The data is projected against a circular 'map' of interrelated cognitive categories. (shrink)

A giving which gives only its gift, but in the giving holds itself back and withdraws, . . . . (Heidegger, TB, 8)the Forgotten is . . . the Law. (Lyotard, “HJ," 147)how could this thought (Heidegger’s), a thought so devoted to remembering that a forgetting (of Being) takes place in all thought, in all art, in all “representation” of the world, how could it possibly have ignored the thought of [that] which, in a certain sense, thinks, tries to think, (...) nothing but that very fact? . . . to the point of suppressing and foreclosing to the very end the horrifying (and inane) attempt at exterminating, at making us forget forever what, in Europe, reminds us, ever since the beginning, that “there is” the Forgotten? (Lyotard, HJ, 4)[I]n witnessing, one also exterminates. The witness is a traitor. (Lyotard, I, 204)The Other becomes my neighbour precisely through the way the face summons me, calls for me, begs for me, and in so doing recalls my responsibility, and calls me into question.. . . as if I had to answer for the other’s death even before being. (83). (shrink)

A defective word is defined by paradigm as incomplete compared with the major class it belongs to. Defectiveness signifies the unwanted intrusion of morphological idiosyncrasy into syntax. Although this phenomenon has been a constant subject of studies, it has been ill incorporated into the theories of language. This present volume brings together scholars from various theoretical schools for an overdue typological view of defectiveness. It concentrates on some samples of idiosyncratic gaps which are assumed as indicative of the phenomenon of (...) defectiveness. Before delving into the specified topics of each chapter, this introductory chapter presents a typology of defective paradigms. It discusses terms used to describe defectiveness in synchronotic terms, and the possible diachrony of defective paradigms. (shrink)

Now available in paperback for the first time since its original publication, the material in this book provides a broad, accessible guide to semantic typology, crosslinguistic semantics and diachronic semantics. Coming from a world-leading team of authors, the book also deals with the concept of meaning in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics, and the understanding of semantics in computer science. It is packed with highly cited, expert guidance on the key topics in the field, making it a bookshelf essential for linguists, cognitive (...) scientists, philosophers, and computer scientists working on natural language. (shrink)

레비나스는 언제나 시간과 함께 또 시간을 통해 자신의 철학적 입장을 개진해왔다. 그에 게서 시간은 여타의 철학적 주제 중 하나가 아니라 그의 철학이 사유되고 전개되는 바탕을 이룬다고 평가할 수 있는 것도 이 때문이다. 레비나스 시간관의 특이성은 “시간 개념의 탈 형식화”를 내세운다는 데에, 더욱이는 “인간들 사이의 관계 속에서” 시간을 사유하려 한다 는 데에 있다. 레비나스는 시간에 대한 공시적 이해에 반대한다. 이것은 의식의 시간화로 서, 타자를 동일자로 환원하는 전체성의 철학에 복무한다고 보기 때문이다. 레비나스는 시 간의 탈형식화와 통시성을 연결시킨다. 레비나스가 주장하는 통시적 시간은 경험에 (...) 의해 동화될 수 없는 것과, 의식에 의해 이해될 수 없는 것과 맺는 관계를 일컫는다. 모름지기 시간은 관계적인 것이다. 레비나스는 기억과 예측이 관여할 수 없는, 자아의 시간성을 깨뜨 리는 시간의 타자성을 강조한다. 이런 시간이 책임의 무한과 공명하며, 이를 통해 그가 내 세우고자 하는 것은 주체의 능동성이 아니라 주체의 수동성, 주체의 정립이 아니라 주체의 탈정립이다. 시간의 통시성, 주체의 수동성, 책임의 무한성은 한데 얽혀 있다. 우리는 본 논문을 통해 레비나스가 강조하는 통시적 시간의 내용과 그 의의를, 시간의 통시성이 갖는 윤리적 의미를 살펴보려 한다. 레비나스가 공시적 시간이라 명명했던 아리스토텔레스와 칸 트의 시간 이해를, 그리고 이런 형식적 시간관에 반대하고 그 너머를 사유하고자 했던 베르 그송과 하이데거의 사유를 조망하는 일 및 그들에 대한 레비나스의 평가와 해석을 총체적 으로 살피는 일은 이런 우리의 노력에 좋은 길잡이가 되어 줄 것이다. (shrink)

A chronological approach that examines the progression of Levinas's deliberations on time over six decades, thus providing new insights about aspects of Levinasian thought that have consistently troubled readers, including the differences between Levinas's early and later writings, his controversial invocation of the feminine, and the blurry line between philosophy and religion in his work"--Provided by publisher.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la numérisation des textes anciens et les progrès du TAL pour les traiter et les interroger ont largement modifié nos habitudes de travail. Il est désormais possible d’obtenir des données quantitatives massives qui affinent notre perception des phénomènes linguistiques et stylistiques dans des corpus écrits dans des états de langue anciens. Les corpus numériques créés depuis maintenant près d’un quart de siècle permettent d’envisager plus facilement la dynamique du...

La multiplication des très grands corpus en linguistique historique a entraîné des discussions nombreuses sur les procédures d’annotation et les métadonnées associées, notamment concernant les questions relevant de l’étiquetage morphosyntaxique et de la tokenisation. D’autres sujets cruciaux, en revanche, semblent moins abordés, comme la question de la découpe en propositions ou en « phrases » des données linguistiques, la préservation des informations philologiques ou, encore, la question de l’encodage et des formats de données. Notre contribution explore ces thématiques en prenant (...) exemple sur le corpus MICLE, qui a dû résoudre des difficultés inédites au long de sa constitution. (shrink)

Devenu un topos de la littérature scientifique, le bouclier argien ou argolique, comme le nomment les sources impériales et les études modernes, fait ici l’objet d’une déconstruction historiographique. Plutôt que de tenter de retrouver dans cette expression une arme défensive réelle et proprement argienne, nous étudions ce bouclier et son énonciation pour son rôle de symbole politique à travers l’Antiquité et la place de la cité argienne dans l’élaboration de ce symbole.

Le corpus Democrat, annoté en expressions référentielles et en chaînes de référence, est paru fin 2019 et a déjà fait l’objet de plusieurs études. Trois ans plus tard, on constate qu’il manque encore des statistiques sur l’ensemble du corpus, et des analyses qui tiennent compte des données à la fois d’un point de vue global – fréquence d’apparition de phénomènes, par ex. – et d’un point de vue local, avec la remise en perspective des annotations dans leur contexte textuel. Cet (...) article répond à ce manque en trois étapes : 1. nous réalisons une présentation critique du corpus, aussi bien au niveau du choix des textes qu’à celui des annotations ; 2. nous présentons quelques statistiques générales qui permettent d’apprécier la constitution du corpus dans sa dimension diachronique et de mettre en avant ses apports ; 3. nous proposons une analyse locale, sur les liens entre expressions référentielles et discours direct. (shrink)

According to Gustave Guillaume, a linguist endowed with incontestable speculative depth, though misunderstood by the linguists and philosophers of his time and rather ignored in linguistic textbooks, language has a temporal architecture, determined by the articulation of time, which from the present, is projected into the future, while having and maintaining its roots in the past. The present is only the interval between the past and the future. As such, time, however, cannot be represented by way of itself: it requires (...) a representation that can only be made via spatial instruments. Guillaume has the merit of having considered human language in the temporal dimension of thought operations, causing it to become an interpretive paradigm of language itself. This is a paradigm able to give a sufficiently well-founded explanation for a series of linguistic phenomena, otherwise lacking sufficient explanation. The theoretical principles on which Guillaume founds his discourse on comprehension, refer to three aspects in particular: operative time, the central concept of Guillaume’s approach to the problems of language, the reciprocity of the relationship between language and discourse, and the idea of succession in the process of constructing language. (shrink)

La Base de français médiéval (BFM) fait partie des corpus de français médiéval (9e-15e s.) les plus anciens et les plus utilisés par les linguistes diachroniciens et plus largement par tous ceux qui s’intéressent à l’histoire du français. Elle est le fruit d’une collaboration entre linguistes-philologues et spécialistes de la méthode textométrique implémentée dans la plateforme TXM. L’article présente un état des lieux du corpus BFM2022 focalisé sur la représentativité et l’interopérabilité des données. Il illustre l’apport des outils numériques pour (...) l’équilibrage des données et présente la stratégie de standardisation multi-niveau (structure textuelle, références, métadonnées, annotations) ayant permis à la Base de s’intégrer à des corpus diachroniques plus étendus pour des recherches en diachronie longue. (shrink)

L’analyse de l’exclamation d’un point de vue diachronique fait l’objet de notre étude dans cet article. Le point de départ de l’analyse est la définition de l’Oxford English Dictionary et on se propose de citer les principales formes exclamatives depuis le vieil anglais et de comprendre comment elles sont analysées à cette époque. On poursuit l’étude historique par une analyse diachronique des fonctions exclamatives des mots en wh-, en particulier what et how puis on s’intéresse aux marqueurs d’intensité so et (...) that pour finir par l’emploi de l’impératif. (shrink)

La thématique des questions d’un point de vue diachronique est l’objet de cet article. Dans un premier temps, est proposé un tour d’horizon des questions ouvertes et fermées depuis le vieil anglais avant de nous intéresser à l’apparition et à l’évolution des pronoms relatifs en wh-. L’auxiliaire do est brièvement discuté. Sont ensuite analysés les syntagmes nominaux thématisés et les prédications existentielles, puis les questions tags ainsi que la grammaticalisation des questions fermées.

The paper starts from the premise that the epistemological requirements of the semiotic discipline have led it to overlook the variation (geographical, chronological, social) of the subjects it deals with. After reviewing the historical and methodological reasons for this setting aside, this paper outlines a general theory of semiotic variation. For this, it distinguishes two families of variation – the variation of practices and the variation of attitudes – and three axes of variation: the spatial axis, the time axis and (...) the social axis. It also highlights the two types of forces that govern the variation: centripetal forces and centrifugal forces. The paper concludes with the epistemological impact that the concern about variation may have on semiotics and disciplines that, such as sociology and anthropology, have made variation their subject. (shrink)

Cet article offre une réflexion sur la constitution de corpus pour l’analyse de la variation et du changement morphosyntaxique. Le Corpus MCVF (Modéliser le changement : les voies du français) est structuré de façon à permettre l’analyse de la variation morphosyntaxique, à travers plusieurs périodes historiques, tout en tenant compte, dans une certaine mesure, de facteurs sociolinguistiques comme la distribution sociale et régionale. Les principes qui sous-tendent la sélection des textes et leur annotation morphosyntaxique sont d’abord présentés. L’intérêt d’un corpus (...) annoté morphosyntaxiquement est ensuite illustré par quelques exemples de recherche sur la négation. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Jahrgang: 2017 Heft: 216 Seiten: 89-107.

Cet article a pour but de décrire et analyser l’évolution de la détermination du nom du Vieil-Anglais à l’anglais moderne sous l’angle de la grammaticalisation. Les innovations principales à l’époque du Moyen-Anglais sont l’émergence de l’article indéfini, de la construction N of N ainsi que Quantifieur of N.

The book series Linguistische Arbeiten (LA) publishes high-quality work in linguistics that addresses current issues in synchrony and diachrony, theoretically or empirically oriented.

This new translation of four revised radio interviews, conducted in December 2002 at France Culture with Elie During, is the best introduction to Stiegler's Time and Technics series. This collection includes a new interview conducted specially for this volume and an interview with Artpress from 2001. In Philosophising By Accident, Stiegler introduces some of the key arguments about the technical constitution of the human and its relation to politics, aesthetics and economics. He reads philosophical texts from the perspective of his (...) controversial thesis about the three types of memory and speaks about concepts central to his later works, such as synchrony/diachrony, grammatisation and the industrial temporal object. (shrink)

The book series Linguistische Arbeiten (LA) publishes high-quality work in linguistics that addresses current issues in synchrony and diachrony, theoretically or empirically oriented.

The paper is devoted to the problem of the linguistic grounds of the semiotic model of history, according to which history is described as a communication process circulating within a society. An analogy of principle between language and culture is the theoretical premise of that semiotic approach. Proceeding on this assumption semiotics (B. Uspensky’s case for instance) regards historical process as the process of text outcome and reading, while at the same time control over communication is provided through the cultural (...) code or in other words — through the grammar of history. But the description of history as just the functioning of a single and unified grammatical code doesn’t make it possible to explain the appearance of new meanings or history par excellence. J. Lotman interpreted the rhetorical mechanism of text outcome as the working of two (at a minimum) interplaying semiotic systems. It is the principle of its working that he takes as abasis of his semiotic version of cultural diachrony. And at the very point semiotics finds itself in front of the choice: either to stop at the decomposition the rhetorical machine on separate cultural codes and at the description their separate grammars, or to conceptualize a historical event as un-grammatism, grammatical error, “wrong text”. The analytical way leads to an extremely reduced theoretical construction; the synthetic way undermines status of the semiotic model of history as a positivistic scientific project. (shrink)

The book series Linguistische Arbeiten (LA) publishes high-quality work in linguistics that addresses current issues in synchrony and diachrony, theoretically or empirically oriented.

The moral philosophy of Levinas offers a stark prospectus of impossibility for corporate ethics. It differs from most traditional ethical theories in that, for Levinas, the ethical develops in a personal meeting of one with the Other, rather than residing in some internal deliberation of the moral subject. Levinasian ethics emphasises an infinite personal responsibility arising for each of us in the face of the Other and in the presence of the Third. It stresses the imperious demand we experience to (...) be open to, prepared for and impassioned with that which we may not know, or recognise, about ourselves or about the Other. Such a demand transcends our intellectual and/or rational potential; it involves us in a carnal and somatic bodily experience of otherness. If we are to speak of Levinasian ethics in a business context, it cannot be a matter of corporate ethics but only a matter of individual managerial ethics. What such an ethics would be like is yet to be outlined. This paper proposes a series of questions and suggestions that will explicate some key terms of a practice organised around a Levinasian vocabulary of otherness, responsibility, proximity, diachrony and justice. (shrink)

Die Hauptthese des Buches besteht darin, "die Zeit nicht als eine Abwertung der Ewigkeit zu denken, sondern als Verhältnis zu demjenigen, was, als von sich aus Unangleichbares, absolut Anderes, sich nicht durch die Erfahrung angleichen läßt, oder als Verhältnis zu dem, was, als von sich aus Unendliches, sich nicht begreifen läßt". Der Andere steht zum Ich im Verhältnis der Nicht-Gleichzeitigkeit (Diachronie), der "Distanz, die Nähe ist". Paradigmen solcher uneinholbaren Anderheit sind der Tod und das Weibliche. Levinas zeigt jedoch in "Le (...) temps et l'autre", wie es im Verhältnis zur Anderheit ein Durchbrechen der in sich verschlossenen Einsamkeit, ein wirkliches Transzendieren gibt, das nicht mehr Rückkehr des Selben zu sich ist. Die deutsche Übersetzung erschien 1984 erstmals im Felix Meiner Verlag und wurde von Ludwig Wenzler für die Neuausgabe (nun in der Philosophischen Bibliothek) korrigiert. (shrink)

The moral philosophy of Levinas offers a stark prospectus of impossibility for corporate ethics. It differs from most traditional ethical theories in that, for Levinas, the ethical develops in a personal meeting of one with the Other, rather than residing in some internal deliberation of the moral subject. Levinasian ethics emphasises an infinite personal responsibility arising for each of us in the face of the Other and in the presence of the Third. It stresses the imperious demand we experience to (...) be open to, prepared for and impassioned with that which we may not know, or recognise, about ourselves or about the Other. Such a demand transcends our intellectual and/or rational potential; it involves us in a carnal and somatic bodily experience of otherness. If we are to speak of Levinasian ethics in a business context, it cannot be a matter of corporate ethics but only a matter of individual managerial ethics. What such an ethics would be like is yet to be outlined. This paper proposes a series of questions and suggestions that will explicate some key terms of a practice organised around a Levinasian vocabulary of otherness, responsibility, proximity, diachrony and justice. (shrink)

The moral philosophy of Levinas offers a stark prospectus of impossibility for corporate ethics. It differs from most traditional ethical theories in that, for Levinas, the ethical develops in a personal meeting of one with the Other, rather than residing in some internal deliberation of the moral subject. Levinasian ethics emphasizes an infinite personal responsibility arising for each of us in the face of the Other and in the presence of the Third. It stresses the imperious demand we experience to (...) be open to, prepared for and impassioned with that which we may not know, or recognize, about ourselves or about the Other. Such a demand transcends our intellectual and/or rational potential; it involves us in a carnal and somatic bodily experience of otherness. If we are to speak of Levinasian ethics in a business context, it cannot be a matter of corporate ethics but only a matter of individual managerial ethics. What such an ethics would be like is yet to be outlined. This paper proposes a series of questions and suggestions that will explicate some key terms of a practice organized around a Levinasian vocabulary of otherness, responsibility, proximity, diachrony and justice. (shrink)

The book series Linguistische Arbeiten (LA) publishes high-quality work in linguistics that addresses current issues in synchrony and diachrony, theoretically or empirically oriented.

Le premier volume d'inédits de Levinas comprend un hommage à Bergson rédigé en 1946. Levinas voit en Bergson celui qui s'est opposé au temps de la science et des machines au nom du temps vécu ; ceci a rendu possible la conception heideggérienne du temps comme être. Levinas souscrit à la grande découverte de Bergson. Il souligne l'intérêt de la critique bergsonienne du néant comme être biffé, mais rejette la critique du désordre qui ne serait qu'un ordre différent ; pour (...) lui, le désordre est le chaos préalable à tout ordre. Surtout, il voit dans la durée un temps fondamental, une diachronie première, qui rend possibles les trois dimensions du temps. Et il note que la durée est une vie que la mort ne limite pas ; le temps n'est pas la marque de notre finitude. Pour Bergson, seule la matière meurt, par manque d'énergie. Bien qu'il n'ait pas suivi la méthode bergsonienne, Levinas reconnaît la supériorité de l'analyse de la durée et la prolonge dans le sens d'un immémorial subjectif. The first volume of Levinas' unpublished texts includes a tribute paid to Bergson in 1946. Levinas considers Bergson as the philosopher who opposed the time of science and machines in the name of time experienced, and this in turn paved the way to Heidegger's concept of time as being. Levinas subscribes to that major insight of Bergson. He underlines the interest of Bergson's criticism of nothingness as « being scratched out », but rejects his criticism of disorder as but a different kind of order. For Levinas, disorder is the chaos preliminary to any kind of order. Above all, he sees in duration a fundamental time, a primary diachrony which makes possible the three dimensions of time. He remarks that duration is life not limited by death: time is not the mark of our finitude. For Bergson, matter alone dies, for lack of energy. While he does not follow Bergson's method, Levinas acknowledges the superiority of his analysis of duration and takes it further in the direction of immemorial subjectivity. (shrink)

Grand Prix de Philosophie de l'Academie francaise 2013 La trame logique de l'etre l'expression peut sembler paradoxale s'agissant d'un auteur bien connu pour sa critique radicale de l'ontologie. La these avancee dans le present ouvrage entend pourtant questionner cette remise en question de l'ontologie ou mieux de la difference ontico-ontologique. La radicalite de la critique engage en effet quelque chose comme une contre-ontologie, comme une nouvelle ontologie fondamentale, indexee aux questions suivantes: Sur quel etant exemplaire lire le sens de l'etre? (...) Comment definir la relation de l'existant a l'etre et a l'etant, aux etants, au monde, a Dieu? Les premiers chapitres de l'ouvrage s'efforcent de prendre au serieux cette hypothese d'une autre ontologie, de l'idee d'une autre phenomenologie materielle ou encore de l'amorce du motif de la trace et de la diachronie. La seconde partie de l'ouvrage qui n'a aucune pretention synthetique ou systematique, et qui procede davantage par coups de sonde ne quitte pas tout a fait l'oeuvre de Levinas. D'abord parce qu'elle prend le risque d'une exploration de la dimension theologique et politique de cette pensee, ensuite parce que, alors meme qu'elle se tourne vers Schelling, Rosenzweig, ou Benjamin, ce sont encore des themes directement lies a la temporalite et a ses strates, a la profondeur d'un passe immemorial, a la meditation d'une autre histoire, ou a la parole qui toujours aimantent le propos. (shrink)

Especially in functional-typological linguistics, semantic roles have been studied thoroughly, because they constitute a good starting point for any study on argument marking due to their semantically defined nature. However, the very concept of semantic roles is far from being without problems, and there is still no consensus on how the roles are best defined. In this volume, the notion will be discussed from novel perspectives with the aim of providing new insights into our understanding of semantic roles. Two of (...) the papers deal with semantic role clusters, one with semantic roles in verbless constructions, one with diachrony of semantic roles and two with individual semantic roles that have not been studied in too much detail in previous studies. The book may not offer answers to all questions the readers may have, but at least it raises interesting further questions relevant to arriving at a better understanding of semantic roles. Originally published in Studies in Language Vol. 38:3 (2014). (shrink)

This manuscript intends to show some features of the concept “Historical Time” and its link with an idea of acceleration of History in constitutive terms. The Historical Time is used as concept mainly from the XVIII century and correspond to a way of understanding the contemporary World as a moment in which take place a chronology of Time and, along with it, the appearance of History. Different temporary schemes support this transit; among them, a pass from Synchrony to Diachrony, (...) a change from iteration to the Event, the circularity to the linearity. In it follows we propose to observe some implications and forms of articulation of an Historical Time and Social Acceleration in the sense that both of them are connecting and mutual depending elements. (shrink)

This handbook offers an in depth and comprehensive state of the art survey of the linguistic domains of modality and mood. An international team of experts in the field examine the full range of methodological and theoretical approaches to the many facets of the phenomena involved. Following an opening section that provides an introduction and historical background to the topic, the volume is divided into five parts. Parts 1 and 2 present the basic linguistic facts about the systems of modality (...) and mood in the languages of the world, covering the semantics and the expression of different subtypes of modality and mood respectively. The authors also examine the interaction of modality and mood, mutually and with other semantic categories such as aspect, time, negation, and evidentiality. In Part 3, authors discuss the features of the modality and mood systems in five typologically different language groups, while chapters in Part 4 deal with wider perspectives on modality and mood: diachrony, areality, first language acquisition, and sign language. Finally, Part 5 looks at how modality and mood are handled in different theoretical approaches: formal syntax, functional linguistics, cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, and formal semantics. (shrink)

Corpus informatisés de français médiéval : contraintes sur leur constitution et spécificités de leurs apports Partant du constat que le linguiste médiéviste ne peut que travailler sur corpus, cet article envisage les contraintes spécifiques qui pèsent sur la constitution de ces corpus, désormais numériques, en particulier en ce qui concerne leur représentativité. La nature de l’étude et la perspective temporelle (synchronique ou diachronique) sont deux facteurs décisifs. Sont ensuite envisagés les apports des corpus, enrichis ou non, tant du point de (...) vue de la quantification des faits que de leur interprétation qualitative. (shrink)

Cet article présente et discute la méthodologie de construction d’un corpus plurilingue en diachronie longue (1681-1914). Puisqu’il n’existait pas de corpus alsacien significatif, un important travail de construction d’un corpus significatif a été mené afin de constituer un corpus documentant les contacts linguistiques dans les écrits des locuteurs-scripteurs alsaciens. Cette tâche a présenté un certain nombre de défis méthodologiques causés par le contact des langues, la variation sociolinguistique et diachronique, le manque de sources primaires et de documents numérisés. Parmi ces (...) défis entrent aussi en compte la complexité du contexte historico-politico-sociolinguistique et les rapports entre oralité et scripturalité. (shrink)

W. Dilthey’s program of “criticism of historical reason” was formed in a polemic with the legacy of I. Kant on the basis of transcendental reflection of the data of descriptive psychology. It was focused on understanding the radical difference between the sciences of the spirit and the sciences of nature. Starting from a critical rethinking of Kant's legacy within the boundaries of his own version of the academic philosophy of life, Dilthey began to talk about the fact that the reason, (...) directing the cognitive activity of the subject, is characterized, first of all, not by the theoretical “purity”, but by its involvement in the “open” flow of history, which it gives meaning and sense through language. It interacts with historical experience, which arises through the synthesis of actual events perception in the time flow and memory images with real categories and concepts constructed by the intellect of the human subject. The ability to judge what is happening in history, its assessment in a humanistic perspective, is also considered by Dilthey as inseparable from the work of historical reason. The reason involved in the flow of time and life cannot be a carrier of theoretical “purity” and acts as inherently hermeneutic in its nature. Dilthey presented an interesting analysis of the main levels of hermeneutical procedure - emotional perception, expression and understanding, aimed at comprehension of the diversity of spiritual and cultural worlds in synchrony and diachrony of their existence. Denying the possibility of comprehending the meaning and sense of history by constructing substantialist schemes, he asserted the importance of narrative representation of the past in the light of the present. Dilthey's project of “criticism of historical reason” was based on the idea of the “openness” of the meaning of the past, due to its rootedness in the very way of human existence in time. This idea was inherited and further developed in the horizon of the fundamental ontology of M. Heidegger and other contemporary thinkers of hermeneutical orientation. (shrink)